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Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Satterfield MC, Washburn SE. Metabolism and Nutrition of L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1788. [PMID: 38929408 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although both L-glutamate (Glu) and L-glutamine (Gln) have long been considered nutritionally nonessential in ruminants, these two amino acids have enormous nutritional and physiological importance. Results of recent studies revealed that extracellular Gln is extensively degraded by ruminal microbes, but extracellular Glu undergoes little catabolism by these cells due to the near absence of its uptake. Ruminal bacteria hydrolyze Gln to Glu plus ammonia and, intracellularly, use both amino acids for protein synthesis. Microbial proteins and dietary Glu enter the small intestine in ruminants. Both Glu and Gln are the major metabolic fuels and building blocks of proteins, as well as substrates for the syntheses of glutathione and amino acids (alanine, ornithine, citrulline, arginine, proline, and aspartate) in the intestinal mucosa. In addition, Gln and aspartate are essential for purine and pyrimidine syntheses, whereas arginine and proline are necessary for the production of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator) and collagen (the most abundant protein in the body), respectively. Under normal feeding conditions, all diet- and rumen-derived Glu and Gln are extensively utilized by the small intestine and do not enter the portal circulation. Thus, de novo synthesis (e.g., from branched-chain amino acids and α-ketoglutarate) plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of Glu and Gln in the whole body but may be insufficient for maximal growth performance, production (e.g., lactation and pregnancy), and optimal health (particularly intestinal health) in ruminants. This applies to all types of feeding systems used around the world (e.g., rearing on a milk replacer before weaning, pasture-based production, and total mixed rations). Dietary supplementation with the appropriate doses of Glu or Gln [e.g., 0.5 or 1 g/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively] can safely improve the digestive, endocrine, and reproduction functions of ruminants to enhance their productivity. Both Glu and Gln are truly functional amino acids in the nutrition of ruminants and hold great promise for improving their health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shannon E Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Mellors SC, Wilms JN, Welboren AC, Ghaffari MH, Leal LN, Martín-Tereso J, Sauerwein H, Steele MA. Gastrointestinal structure and function of preweaning dairy calves fed a whole milk powder or a milk replacer high in fat. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2408-2427. [PMID: 36894427 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition of milk replacer (MR) for calves greatly differs from that of bovine whole milk, which may affect gastrointestinal development of young calves. In this light, the objective of the current study was to compare gastrointestinal tract structure and function in response to feeding liquid diets having a same macronutrient profile (e.g., fat, lactose, protein) in calves in the first month of life. Eighteen male Holstein calves (46.6 ± 5.12 kg; 1.4 ± 0.50 d of age at arrival; mean ± standard deviation) were housed individually. Upon arrival, calves were blocked based on age and arrival day, and, within a block, calves were randomly assigned to either a whole milk powder (WP; 26% fat, DM basis, n = 9) or a MR high in fat (25% fat, n = 9) fed 3.0 L 3 times daily (9 L total per day) at 135 g/L through teat buckets. On d 21, gut permeability was assessed with indigestible permeability markers [chromium (Cr)-EDTA, lactulose, and d-mannitol]. On d 32 after arrival, calves were slaughtered. The weight of the total forestomach without contents was greater in WP-fed calves. Furthermore, duodenum and ileum weights were similar between treatment groups, but jejunum and total small intestine weights were greater in WP-fed calves. The surface area of the duodenum and ileum did not differ between treatment groups, but the surface area of the proximal jejunum was greater in calves fed WP. Urinary lactulose and Cr-EDTA recoveries were greater in calves fed WP in the first 6 h post marker administration. Tight junction protein gene expression in the proximal jejunum or ileum did not differ between treatments. The free fatty acid and phospholipid fatty acid profiles in the proximal jejunum and ileum differed between treatments and generally reflected the fatty acid profile of each liquid diet. Feeding WP or MR altered gut permeability and fatty acid composition of the gastrointestinal tract and further investigation are needed to understand the biological relevance of the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Mellors
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1W2
| | - J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1W2; Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - A C Welboren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1W2
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1W2.
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Li C, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhao X, Liang H, Li K, Qu M, Qiu Q, Ouyang K. Glutamate Supplementation Improves Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Serum Metabolites in Heat-Stressed Hu Sheep. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851386. [PMID: 35464012 PMCID: PMC9026332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of glutamate supplementation on the physiological parameters of heat-stressed Hu sheep. Forty-eight male Hu sheep with an average initial body weight of 17.74 ± 0.17 kg were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet and a treatment group (GLU) was fed a basal diet + 3 g/head/day of L-glutamate. There were six replications in each group with four sheep in each replication for a 90 days feeding test. Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and serum hormones were measured during phase 1 (1–30 days), phase 2 (31–60 days), and phase 3 (61–90 days) of the experiment; rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and slaughter performance were measured at the end of the experimental periods. There were no differences in growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and immune indices between CON and GLU during phases 1 and 2. However, a higher average daily gain (ADG), a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI), and a lower F:G ratio (ADFI/ADG) were observed in GLU during phase 3 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of glutamate, globulin, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and growth hormone in GLU were higher than those in CON only on day 90 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of heat shock protein 70, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, corticosterone, triiodothyronine, and tetraiodothyronine in GLU were lower than those in CON on day 90 (p < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, ruminal pH, microbial crude protein, ammonia nitrogen, and isovalerate concentrations in GLU were higher than those in CON (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein in GLU was higher than those in CON (p < 0.05). There were no differences in carcass traits and organ indices but spleen weight and spleen index tended to be higher in GLU. In conclusion, dietary glutamate supplementation improved rumen fermentation, increased nutrition digestibility and metabolism, enhanced immunity, and promoted growth performance of heat-stressed Hu sheep. This suggests that a longer period of glutamate supplementation (not less than 60 days) at a level of 3 g/head/day is beneficial to Hu sheep under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiantong Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kairong Li
- Ganzhou Lvlinwan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co. Ltd., Ganzhou, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Terré M, Ortuzar I, Graffelman J, Bassols A, Vidal M, Bach A. Using compositional mixed-effects models to evaluate responses to amino acid supplementation in milk replacers for calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7808-7819. [PMID: 33865583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr in milk replacers (MR) for calves have been widely studied, but scarce information exists about potential roles of other AA (whether essential or not). The effects on growth performance of supplementation of 4 different AA combinations in a mixed ration (25.4% crude protein and 20.3% fat) based on skim milk powder and whey protein concentrate were evaluated in 76 Holstein male calves (3 ± 1.7 d old). The 4 MR were as follows: CTRL with no AA supplementation; PG, supplying additional 0.3% Pro and 0.1% Gly; FY, supplying additional 0.2% Phe and 0.2% Tyr; and KMT, providing additional 0.62% Lys, 0.22% Met, and 0.61% Thr. All calves were fed the same milk allowance program and were weaned at 56 d of study. Concentrate intake was limited to minimize interference of potential differences in solid feed intake among treatments. Animals were weighed weekly, intakes recorded daily, and blood samples obtained at 2, 5, and 7 wk of study to determine serum urea and plasma AA concentrations. Plasma AA concentrations were explored using compositional data analysis, and their isometric log-ratio transformations were used to analyze their potential influence on ADG and serum urea concentration using a linear mixed-effects model. We detected no differences in calf performance and feed intake. Plasma relative concentration of the AA supplemented in the KMT and PG treatments increased in their respective treatments, and, in PG calves, a slight increase in the proportion of plasma Gly, Glu, and branched-chain AA was also observed. The proportions of plasma branched-chain AA, His, and Gln increased, and those of Thr, Arg, Lys, and Glu decreased with calves' age. A specific log-contrast balance formed by Arg, Thr, and Lys was found to be the main driver for lowering serum urea concentrations and increasing calf growth. The use of compositional mixed-effects models identified a cluster formed by the combination of Arg, Thr, and Lys, as a potential AA to optimize calf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
| | - I Ortuzar
- Department of Statistics and Operation Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Graffelman
- Department of Statistics and Operation Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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