Investigation and comparison of the protective activities of three functional proteins-lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin-in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury

Exploring interplay between bovine milk-derived α-lactalbumin, pathogenic bacteria, and bacteriophages at the molecular interface of inflammation

There is so far no available data about how the additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of the combined form of alpha-lactalbumin (α-La) and bacteriophages might modulate the cellular milieu of the host-pathogen interface. A co-culture of colonocytes and hepatocytes was stimulated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in the presence of KPP22 phage and incubated for 6 hours in medium alone or medium supplemented with bovine milk-origin α-La. The combination of KPP22 phage and α-La significantly inhibited P.a PAO1-elicited secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and ICAM-1, which are the mediators and enzymes associated with the inflammatory response to an infectious-inflamed milieu. Cell viability was higher in the P.a PAO1+ KPP22 phage group compared to the P.a PAO1alone group. KPP22 phage and α-La, either alone or in combination, rescued P.a PAO1-induced aberrant PGE1/PGE2 production ratios. The convergence of ingested α-La and phages mitigates pro-inflammatory mediators. α-La leads to an increased sensitivity of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to phages. Structural, functional, or immunological similarities between ingested α-La and phages play an important role in the mitigation of infection-driven pathobiological processes.

The immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin and its derived peptides on NF-κB signaling pathway: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lactoferrin is a versatile protein with important modulatory functions in inflammation and immune response. This glycoprotein can bind and sequester iron and LPS, thereby intervening in certain signaling pathways and biological processes. In the present meta-analysis, we aimed to pool experimental data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin and its derived peptides on the NF-κB signaling pathway.

MATERIALS

We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases and obtained all related articles published before April 2022. Finally, 25 eligible studies were selected, and their reports were analyzed.

METHODS

We used Review Manager Version 5.2 to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval. In addition, the source of heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression and sensitivity analysis. The symmetry of the funnel plot and Egger's test were also used to evaluate publication bias utilizing Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.

RESULTS

Comparing the group of cells and animals exposed to lipopolysaccharide alone with the group that received pretreatment with lactoferrin and its derivatives, we observed significant reductions in TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 levels by 8.73 pg/mL, 2.21 pg/mL, and 3.24 pg/mL, respectively, in the second group. Additionally, IKK-β, p-IκB, and NF-κB (p65) levels were significantly lower by 7.37-fold, 15.02-fold, and 3.88-fold, respectively, in various cells and tissues.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, lactoferrin and its derived peptides can be considered potent prophylactic and therapeutic candidates against inflammation-associated diseases by targeting the NF-kB pathway.

The temporal characteristics of the disruption of gut microbiota, serum metabolome, and cytokines by silica exposure in wistar rats

Silicosis is one of the most frequent, rapidly developing, and lethal types of pneumoconiosis. However, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenesis and progress remains unclear. We investigated the fundamental processes of silicosis incidence and progression using a combination of lung function testing, histopathology, 16 S rRNA, untargeted metabolomics, and cytokine chips at different exposure times (4 or 8 weeks). The results show that silica exposure damages lung tissue reduces lung function, and increases with time. Cytokines with time-specific properties were found in lung lavage fluid: IFN-γ (4 weeks; P＜0.05), TNF-α, M-CSF, GM-CSF (8 weeks; P＜0.01). In addition, silica exposure for different periods interferes to varying degrees with the metabolism of lipids. The composition of the intestinal microbiota changed with increasing exposure time and there were time-specific: Allobaculum, Turicibacter、Jeotgalicoccu、Coprococcus 1 (4 weeks; P＜0.05), Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group、Ruminiclostridium 5 (8 weeks; P＜0.05). We found strong associations between cytokines, gut microbiota changes, and metabolic disturbances at different exposure times. These results suggest that time-specific changes in crosstalk among cytokines, the gut microbiota, and metabolites may be a potential mechanism for silica-induced lung injury.

The expression and clinical significance of miRNA-183 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury patients with cerebral small vessel disease

Background

To investigate the expression and clinical significance of micro (mi)RNA-183 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).

Methods

A total of 138 patients with CSVD complicated with CIRI admitted to our hospital from May 2018 to May 2019 were selected and divided into the CIRI group (138 cases of patients with cerebral vascular disease complicated with CIRI) and the control group [60 cases with no abnormalities in cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy volunteers]; the results of craniocerebral MRI were subsequently recorded. The serum levels of miRNA-183 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain (RT-qPCR), and the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A correlation analysis of serum miRNA-183 level and imaging lesion characteristics in patients with CSVD was also conducted.

Results

RT-qPCR showed that the peripheral blood miRNA-183 level in the CIRI group was increased compared to that in the control group; the level of miRNA-183 in the control group was 30.03±6.32, while the level of miRNA-183 in the CIRI group was 36.78±10.11, which was a statistically significant difference (t=2.475, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the patient levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β in the CIRI group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the serum miRNA-183 level in the CIRI group was positively correlated with an increase of imaging lesions (r=0.997, P<0.05).

Conclusions

The level of miRNA-183 in CIRI patients with CSVD was higher than that of controls, and the level of miRNA-183 was positively correlated with the increase of imaging lesions.