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Dutta TK, Tripathi P, Chatterjee A, Mohammad A, Das AK. Effect of feeding Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted total mixed ration on growth performance, nutrient availability, carcass traits and composition in finisher Barbari kids. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:124. [PMID: 38613629 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the impact of feeding Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with varying concentrate (C) to roughage (R) ratios on feed intake, nutrient utilization, growth, and carcass characteristics in Barbari kids. Sixteen weaned male Barbari kids (av. age, 233 ± 11 days; weight, 13.86 ± 0.76 kg) were divided into two groups (T1 and T2), each receiving different pelleted diets (TMR) with distinct concentrate to roughage ratios (T1 with 60:40; T2 with 40:60). The kids were fed for 133 days, and a digestion trial was conducted at the end of the study. After completion, all kids were slaughtered. Although, kids under T1 consumed higher (P < 0.001) amount of dry matter, and crude protein compared to T2, which was due to a higher concentrate to roughage ratio in T1. But, the average daily body weight gain (ADG) of finisher kids was 88.53, and 79.83 g/d/kid in T1 and T2, respectively; however, the difference was non-significant. Digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrate was also greater in T1 compared to T2. Total digestible nutrients intake was higher (P < 0.001) in T1; similarly intake of digestible energy, and metabolizable energy were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in T1 compared to T2. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and NH3-nitrogen were also enhanced (P < 0.05) in T1 compared to T2. We observed similar carcass weight, and dressing percentage in both groups, and carcass composition remained unaffected. The pelleted diet containing greater ratio of concentrate: roughage (60:40) had no additional benefits in terms of ADG, and carcass traits in finisher kids. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted TMR diet containing C40: R60 (TDN 57.13%, DCP 7.64%, ME 9.11MJ/kg feed) is suitable for optimizing growth performance with desirable carcass traits, and meat composition in finisher Barbari kids reared under the intensive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Dutta
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, 741235, India.
- Nutrition, Feed Resource and Products Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah-281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prabhat Tripathi
- Division of Soil Physics, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, 462038, India
- Nutrition, Feed Resource and Products Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah-281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - A Mohammad
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Arun K Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata, 700037, India.
- Nutrition, Feed Resource and Products Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah-281 122, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Xiao J, Chen T, Peng R, Alugongo GM, Yang H, Liu S, Ma Y, Wang J, Li S, Cao Z. How neonatal diet affects the long-term development of rumination behavior, rumen fermentation and feed digestion in dairy calves fed a high milk level? ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:326-337. [PMID: 38362513 PMCID: PMC10867562 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study was to investigate growth performance, rumination development, rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes (about 20% of calf birth weight) of milk with or without forage inclusion and how these parameters correlate with each other. Immediately after birth, 160 newborn Holstein female calves (41.6 ± 4.2 kg of initial BW) were randomly divided into 2 treatments: 1) starter (CON, only starter) and 2) starter and hay (HAY, both starter and hay). The calves were fed their respective experimental diets from d 4 to 84, after which they were all introduced to similar diets until the end of the experiment on d 196. Treatment had no effect on growth and structural measurements throughout the experimental period. However, treatment had an effect on the other parameters, mainly during the post-weaning period. Forage supplementation tended to reduce starter dry matter intake (P = 0.05), while increasing the forage intake (P < 0.01) and the feed-to-gain ratio (P < 0.01). HAY calves had increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and physically effective NDF (peNDF) intakes (P < 0.05) and tended to lower (P < 0.01) starch intake compared to CON calves. The HAY calves had a higher rumination time (P < 0.01), ruminal pH (P < 0.01), and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P = 0.05) compared to the CON calves. Spearman correlation analysis showed that rumination time was positively related to the ruminal pH at d 84 (P = 0.01) and 196 (P = 0.02). The HAY calves had similar apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), NDF and ether extract (EE), but lower digestibility of organic matter (OM, P = 0.03), crude protein (CP, P < 0.01) and starch (P < 0.01) compared to those of the CON calves at week 12. Furthermore, there were no positive relationships between rumination time and nutrient digestibility or between rumination time per kilogram DM and nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, feeding hay to calves fed a high milk level improved rumination during the post-weaning period only, without a concomitant effect on growth performance throughout the experimental period, suggesting no detrimental effect of feeding forage in calves fed high milk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gibson M. Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Xiao J, Chen T, Peng R, Alugongo GM, Yang H, Khan MZ, Liu S, Ma Y, Wang J, Wang W, Wang Y, Li S, Cao Z. The age at first consumption of forage in calves and its effect on growth and rumination in the short- and long-term. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:107. [PMID: 37482622 PMCID: PMC10364370 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations into the effect of dietary forage on calf performance have been inconsistent, and there is a paucity of information exploring the effect of age on the growth performance and rumination of calves. Eighty-four female Holstein calves (41.5 ± 4.2 kg) were enrolled at birth, a subset of the calves were fed calf starter only (CON, n = 21) while the rest (n = 63) were classified into three treatment groups: the early (EHAY, n = 26, 5.1 ± 0.8 d), the middle (MHAY, n = 21, 7.9 ± 0.8 d) and the late (LHAY, n = 16, 12.1 ± 1.4 d) hay consumers. The short-term effect of the age at first forage consumption (AFF) on calves' feed intake was monitored until d 84. In addition, the long-term effects of AFF on body weight, structural growth and rumination behavior were recorded until d 196. Rumen samples were collected on d 1, 7, 35, 84 and 196 to analyze the rumen fermentation, while fecal samples were collected from d 78 to 84 to estimate digestibility parameters. RESULTS Treatment had no effect on feed intake. While, the EHAY calves tended to have lower BW and ADG compared to LHAY and CON calves. Several total-tract apparent digestibility parameters and digestible nutrients intake were significantly lower in EHAY calves compared with CON and LHAY calves. Calves in the EHAY group tended to begin ruminating ealier, while CON calves were the latest (12.3 vs. 15.5 days of age). A treatment and time interaction was present for rumination time due to greater rumination in calves consuming hay compared to CON calves in week 10 to 12, the differences in rumination disappeared afterwards, no long-lasting significant differences in the rumination and rumen fermentation parameters were found between treatments. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study showed that hay consumption earlier in life (in the first week, around 5 days of life) could negatively affect the growth of the calf in the short and long term. Compared to consuming hay from the second week (around 12 days of life) or feeding concentrate only without hay, starting to consume hay from the first week could compromise nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake independent of developing rumination behaviour and rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, International Calf and Heifer Organization, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Huang Y, Wang G, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Li C, Wang W, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang D, Cui P, Ma Z. Effects of milk replacer feeding level on growth performance, rumen development and the ruminal bacterial community in lambs. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1069964. [PMID: 36704552 PMCID: PMC9871810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding with a suitable level of milk replacer (MR) can improve the survival rate and stimulate the growth potential of early lambs. However, feeding excessive MR might be detrimental to rumen development and microbial colonization. Herein, we investigated the effects of feeding different levels of MR on rumen digestive function and ruminal microorganisms. Fourteen healthy male Hu lambs with similar birth weights and detailed pedigree records were divided into two groups to receive low (2% of average body weight per day) and high (4% of average body weight per day) levels of MR. We analyzed the effects of the MR feeding level on growth performance, fiber degradation rates, rumen fermentation parameters, enzyme activities and rumen histomorphology. We found that feeding with a high level of MR improved the average daily gain of early lambs, but decreased the starter intake, rumen weight and papillae length. We also analyzed the effects of the MR feeding level on the rumen microbiota using 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing data. The results showed that high a MR feeding level increased the rumen microbial diversity but decreased the abundance of many carbohydrate degrading bacteria. Several bacterial genera with significant differences correlated positively with rumen cellulase activity and the acid detergent fiber degradation rate. Our results suggested that a high level of MR could improve the growth performance of early lambs in the short term; however, in the long term, it would be detrimental to rumen development and have adverse effects on the adaptation process of the microbiota to solid feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanyu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Chong Li, ✉
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongwu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Retnani Y, Risyahadi S, Qomariyah N, Barkah N, Taryati T, Jayanegara A. Comparison between pelleted and unpelleted feed forms
on the performance and digestion of small ruminants:
a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/149192/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Malekkhahi M, Razzaghi A, Zadeh MA, Mohammadi BS, Khosravi P, Farrokhi MR, Drackley JK, Vyas D. Evaluating the effect of finely ground, dry-rolled, and crumbled corn grain on performance, feeding behavior, and starch digestion in Holstein dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3142-3152. [PMID: 35181134 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corn processing methods including finely ground (FGC), dry rolled (DRC), and crumbled corn (CRC) were evaluated to determine their effects on average daily gain (ADG), structural growth, starch digestibility, feeding behavior, and blood metabolites of young dairy heifers. In this study, 36 Holstein heifers [91 ± 4 d of age, 105 ± 6.5 kg of body weight (BW); mean ± standard deviation] housed in 9 pens (4 heifers per pen) were fed diets (dry matter basis) containing 20% forage (wheat straw) and 80% corn-based concentrate for 60 d. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on the type of corn grain used for the diets: (1) ground corn (FGC; fine: 1.11 ± 0.52 mm); (2) dry-rolled corn (DRC; 2.30 ± 0.68 mm); and (3) crumbled corn (CRC; 2.54 ± 0.70 mm). Heifers had ad libitum access to diets and water throughout the experiment and the feed intake was measured daily. Animals were weighed at the beginning (91 d of age) and end (151 d of age) of the study. The ADG (kg of BW/d) was calculated at the end of experiment at an individual level. Feeding behavior was recorded based on direct observation by monitoring each heifer every 5 min during a 22-h period at 150 d of age. The CRC and DRC tended to increase feed intake compared with FGC, whereas heifers fed CRC tended to have a greater withers height compared with other treatments. Feed efficiency was not affected; however, ADG and final BW increased in heifers fed the CRC diet compared with other diets. Feeding CRC increased total-tract starch digestibility compared with FGC and DRC diets (97.8 vs. 93.1 and 89.5%, respectively). Compared with FGC diet, feeding DRC and CRC tended to increase rumination time. The molar proportion of propionate was greater, and the molar proportion of acetate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lower in heifers fed CRC than in those fed DRC. The blood glucose and insulin-like growth factor concentrations increased in heifers fed CRC compared with feeding DRC; however, blood urea concentrations decreased by CRC feeding. In conclusion, thermal processing (CRC diet) improved total-tract starch digestibility, ADG, feed intake, and skeletal growth, but had no effect on feed efficiency during the experimental period. Our results indicated that the thermal processing of corn grain improved growth performance of weaned heifers; however, the performance of heifers over a 60-d period did not differ between mechanical processing methods (grinding and dry rolling).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malekkhahi
- Dan va Oloofeh Shargh, Animal and Poultry Feed Co., South Khorasan Province, Birjand 9719137717, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601.
| | - A Razzaghi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - M Ahmadi Zadeh
- Astan Ghods Razavi Dairy Farm Campus, South Khorasan Province, Tabbas 191, Iran
| | - B Satlekh Mohammadi
- Dan va Oloofeh Shargh, Animal and Poultry Feed Co., South Khorasan Province, Birjand 9719137717, Iran
| | - P Khosravi
- Dan va Oloofeh Shargh, Animal and Poultry Feed Co., South Khorasan Province, Birjand 9719137717, Iran
| | - M R Farrokhi
- Dan va Oloofeh Shargh, Animal and Poultry Feed Co., South Khorasan Province, Birjand 9719137717, Iran
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601
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Malekkhahi M, Vyas D, Bazgir A, Bagheri F, Norouzi Ebdalabadi M, Razzaghi A. Increased super-conditioning temperature of corn grain affects performance, skeletal growth, and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12486-12495. [PMID: 34538495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding super-conditioned corn at different temperatures on intake, growth performance, total-tract starch digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. Thirty-six Holstein female dairy calves (40 ± 1.72 kg of body weight, ± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 treatments: (1) ground corn (control; CON; n = 12), (2) corn super-conditioned at 75°C (T-75; n = 12), and (3) corn super-conditioned at 95°C (T-95; n = 12). Three mash starter feeds with an identical nutritional composition were blended with 5% chopped alfalfa hay and fed to individually-housed calves from d 3 to 77 of their birth. All calves were fed 4 L/d of pasteurized whole milk twice daily since d 3 to 56, followed by 2 L/d of morning feeding from d 57 to 63 of age. Calves were weaned on d 63 and remained in the study until d 77. The T-75 and T-95 diets increased total-tract starch digestibility compared with the CON diet. Dry matter intake and weaning or final BW were not affected by treatments; however, average daily gain and feed efficiency increased in calves fed T-95 in the overall period. The T-95 diet increased withers height and tended to increase hip height compared with other diets, but feeding behavior did not change throughout the experimental period. Ruminal pH decreased in calves fed the T-95 diet compared with T-75 and CON diets. The molar proportion of ruminal propionate increased, whereas the acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to decrease in calves fed the T-95 compared with CON diet. Calves fed the T-95 diet had the highest blood glucose concentration, whereas a trend for increased insulin concentration was observed in calves fed T-95 compared with other diets. In conclusion, super-conditioning temperature of corn (T-95 vs. T-75 and CON) improved the average daily gain, feed efficiency, and skeletal growth, but did not influence dry matter intake during the first 77 d of age. Finally, the total-tract starch digestibility increased, whereas ruminal pH dropped during the postweaning period as super-conditioning temperature elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malekkhahi
- Dordaneh Khorasan-e-Razavi Animal and Poultry Feed Co., Mashhad 917794883, Iran; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601.
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601
| | - A Bazgir
- Asiab Machine Iranian Industrial Manufacturing Group, Tehran 1386114311, Iran
| | - F Bagheri
- Dordaneh Khorasan-e-Razavi Animal and Poultry Feed Co., Mashhad 917794883, Iran
| | - M Norouzi Ebdalabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Khorasan-e-Razavi, Mashhad 91735-488, Iran
| | - A Razzaghi
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen 31600, Finland.
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Malekkhahi M, Naserian AA, Rahimi A, Bazgir A, Vyas D, Razzaghi A. Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and super-conditioned corn grain on production performance and total-tract digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6756-6767. [PMID: 33773788 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding ground, steam-flaked, or super-conditioned corn on production performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (130 ± 12 d in milk) in a completely randomized block design experiment were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments that contained 31% of one of the following corn types: (1) ground corn; (2) steam-flaked corn; and (3) super-conditioned corn. Actual milk yield was greater in the super-conditioned corn diet than in the steam-flaked and ground corn diets. Dry matter intake, 3.5% fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk remained unaffected by treatments; however, milk fat concentration decreased in the super-conditioned corn diet compared with the ground and steam-flaked corn diets. The molar proportion of ruminal acetate decreased in the super-conditioned corn diet compared with the ground and steam-flaked corn diets, whereas the molar proportion of propionate spiked in the super-conditioned corn diet. Ruminal pH dropped in cows fed super-conditioned corn compared with the other 2 diets. A similar pattern was observed for ruminal NH3-N and acetate-to-propionate ratio. Total-tract starch digestibility increased the most in the super-conditioned corn diet followed by the steam-flaked and ground corn diets (96.8, 95.1, and 92.5%, respectively). The neutral detergent fiber digestibility declined in cows fed the super-conditioned corn diet as opposed to other diets (~3.9%). The concentrations of 16:0 and mixed-FA in milk fat dropped in the super-conditioned corn-based diet compared with the ground corn diet. Milk trans-10 18:1 FA increased, whereas trans-11 18:1 FA decreased in cows fed the super-conditioned diet. We concluded that super-conditioned corn has the potential to increase milk yield and starch digestibility in lactating dairy cows; however, reduced milk fat output caused by altering ruminal pH and ruminal FA biohydrogenation pathways may not be desirable in certain markets. Future research is warranted to investigate how super-conditioned corn affects feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malekkhahi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - A A Naserian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 9177948974, Mashhad 9177948978, Iran
| | - A Rahimi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 9177948974, Mashhad 9177948978, Iran
| | - A Bazgir
- Asiab Machine Iranian Industrial Manufacturing Group, Tehran 1386114311, Iran
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville 32601
| | - A Razzaghi
- Innovation Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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9
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Li B, Sun X, Huo Q, Zhang G, Wu T, You P, He Y, Tian W, Li R, Li C, Li J, Wang C, Song B. Pelleting of a Total Mixed Ration Affects Growth Performance of Fattening Lambs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:629016. [PMID: 33681330 PMCID: PMC7928353 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.629016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding pelleted total mixed rations (TMR) instead of traditional loose concentrate plus forage to fattening lambs is an emerging practice. This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding pelleted TMR to fattening lambs on feed intake behaviour, growth performance, feed digestion, rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial community, serum parameters, slaughter performance, meat quality, and the economic outcome. Two physical forms (pelleted vs. un-pelleted) of TMR composed of the same ingredients with the same particle sizes were compared in three animal experiments. Feed intake and average daily gain were higher when the TMR was pelleted, but apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, and ether extract) and serum parameters were not affected and apparent total tract dry matter digestibility was slightly lower. Feeding pelleted TMR increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration and decreased rumen pH. Rumen microbial community was not affected by the physical form of the TMR at phylum level but changed slightly at genus level. Liveweight at slaughter and hot carcass weight were higher for lambs fed the pelleted compared to the un-pelleted TMR, while dressing percentage and meat quality were not affected. In conclusion, feeding pelleted TMR improves growth performance of fattening lambs mainly due to an increase in feed intake. Feeding pelleted TMR is a feasible strategy for intensive lamb fattening operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Qin Huo
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Guiguo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Peihua You
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
- Portal Agri-Industries Co., Ltd., Nanjing City, China
| | - Yuhua He
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Wannian Tian
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Rongquan Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Jianping Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
| | - Baijun Song
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
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