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de Ondarza MB, de Souza VC, Kebreab E, Tricarico JM. Understanding potential opportunities and risks associated with feeding supplemental rumen available fats to mitigate enteric methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00836-1. [PMID: 38825101 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Supplemental dietary rumen available fats show promise as enteric methane (eCH4) mitigators for lactating dairy cows. However, concerns include variability in eCH4 response and possible negative effects on dairy cow performance. Successful implementation of this mitigation option requires better prediction of responses specifically to rumen available FA as well as understanding the modulating effects of other dietary and animal characteristics. Using meta-analytic and meta-regression techniques, 35 published studies with diet definition were used to assess changes in eCH4 emissions and lactation performance associated with supplemental fat, specific supplemental rumen available FA types, and other dietary characteristics. Enteric CH4 (g/d) was reduced by 3.77% per percentage unit of supplemental rumen available EE (RAEE). Supplemental rumen available PUFA (C18:2 and C18:3) and UFA (C18:1, C18:2, C18:3) mitigated eCH4 (g/d) emissions in dairy cows by 6.88 and 4.65% per percentage unit increase, respectively. The anti-methanogenic effects of PUFA, MUFA and MCFA increased with correspondingly greater basal dietary levels of each FA type. Higher rumen-degradable starch (RDS; > 18% DM) in the basal diet promoted greater reductions in eCH4 yield (eCH4/DMI, g/kg) with supplemental rumen available PUFA and UFA. Both milk fat percentage and yield (kg/d) were reduced with rumen available fat supplementation with a reduction of 7.8% and 6.0%, respectively, relative to control diets. Our results highlight the importance of determining basal levels of the rumen available FA before providing supplemental rumen available FA as an option for enteric eCH4 mitigation. Dairy nutritionists can use estimates generated from this analysis to predict changes in eCH4 emissions and dairy cow performance associated with dietary supplementation of rumen available EE and specific rumen available FA types for the purpose of eCH4 mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Carneiro de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 2111 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 2111 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Juan M Tricarico
- Dairy Management Inc., 10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018, USA.
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da Silva CS, da Gama MAS, Silva EAM, Ribeiro EF, Felix SB, Monteiro CCF, Mora-Luna RE, de Oliveira JCV, Dos Santos DC, de Ferreira MA. Full-fat corn germ improves the performance and milk fat yield of Girolando cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes as forage sources. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:104. [PMID: 38483713 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on milk production, milk composition, and nutrient use in cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes. Ten multiparous Girolando cows (average body weight 500 ± 66 kg, 90 ± 15 days in milk) were distributed in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin Square and assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of full-fat corn germ in substitution to ground corn. Full-fat corn germ increased fat-corrected milk yield by 2.2 kg/day and the synthesis of fat, lactose, and total solids in milk by 94.4, 60.0, and 201.10 g/day, respectively (p < 0.05). Cows fed corn germ quadratically increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake by 1.01 kg/day, with the intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients following the same pattern. Conversely, the substitution of corn for full-fat corn germ linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the total non-fiber carbohydrate intake from 5.79 to 4.40 kg/d. Except for ether extract and non-fiber carbohydrates, full-fat corn germ did not alter (p > 0.05) nutrient digestibility. Cows fed corn germ excreted less (p < 0.05) urea-N in milk and urine N. These results demonstrate that full-fat corn germ can partially replace ground corn to enhance the milk production efficiency of crossbred cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse. Furthermore, including sugarcane bagasse in FFCG-supplemented diets prevents milk fat depression in cows fed cactus cladodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S da Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil.
- , Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, PE, 52171900, Brasil.
| | - Marco Antônio S da Gama
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brasil
| | - Erick Alexandre M Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| | - Emília F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| | - Silas B Felix
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
| | - Carolina C F Monteiro
- Departmento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Alagoas, BR-316, 26, Santana do Ipanema, AL, 57500-000, Brasil
| | - Robert E Mora-Luna
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago, Macul, 4860, 6904411, Chile
| | | | - Djalma C Dos Santos
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, BR-232, km 253, 56, Arcoverde, PE, 500-000, Brasil
| | - Marcelo A de Ferreira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brasil
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Liu S, Wei Z, Deng M, Xian Z, Liu D, Liu G, Li Y, Sun B, Guo Y. Effect of a High-Starch or a High-Fat Diet on the Milk Performance, Apparent Nutrient Digestibility, Hindgut Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota of Lactating Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2508. [PMID: 37570317 PMCID: PMC10417356 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, changes in milk performance, nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation parameters and microflora were observed by inducing milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows fed with a high-starch or a high-fat diet. Eight Holstein cows were paired in a completely randomized cross-over design within two 35 d periods (18 d control period and 17d induction period). During the control period, all cows were fed the low-starch and low-fat diet (CON), and at the induction period, four of the cows were fed a high-starch diet with crushed wheat (IS), and the other cows were fed a high-fat diet with sunflower fat (IO). The results showed that, compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, when cows were fed the IS or IO diet, they had lower milk fat concentrations, energy corrected milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF. However, cows fed the IO diet had a lower apparent digestibility of ether extracts. In addition, we observed that when cows were fed the high-starch (IS) or high-fat (IO) diet, they had a higher fecal concentration of propionate and acetate, and a lower NH3-N. Compared to when the cows were fed the CON diet, cows fed the IS diet had a lower pH, and cows fed the IO diet had a lower concentration of valerate in feces. In the hindgut microbiota, the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 was increased, while the Verrucomicrobiota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group were decreased when cows were fed the IO diet. The relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 was increased, while the Alistipes and Verrucomicrobiota decreased, and the Treponema, Spirochaetota and Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group showed a decreasing trend when cows were fed the IS diet. In summary, this study suggested that high-starch or high-fat feeding could induce MFD in dairy cows, and the high-fat diet had the greatest effect on milk fat; the high-starch or high-fat diet affected hindgut fermentation and apparent fiber digestibility. The changes in hindgut flora suggested that hindgut microbiota may be associated with MFD in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suran Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Fuyang Bright Ecological Wisdom Ranch, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Fuyang 236328, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenyu Xian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (M.D.); (Z.X.); (D.L.); (G.L.); (Y.L.)
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Thanh LP, Loor JJ, Mai DTT, Hang TTT. Effect of Fish Oil and Linseed Oil on Intake, Milk Yield and Milk Fatty Acid Profile in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2174. [PMID: 37443972 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating linseed oil and fish oil in the diet on intake, ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy goats. Four crossbred Saanen lactating goats in mid-lactation and milking 1.30 ± 0.28 g/day were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The basal diet contained concentrate and Para grass (C:F 40:60). Treatments included a basal diet without oil supplementation (Ctrl) or with 2.5% linseed oil (LO2.5), 2.5% linseed oil and fish oil (3:2, w/w, LFO2.5), and 4.16% linseed oil and fish oil (3:2, w/w, LFO4.16). Diets had no effect on intake, milk yield, milk composition, or ruminal fermentation (p > 0.05). Compared with Ctrl, lower (p < 0.05) proportions of C10:0-C14:0 in milk fat were observed with LFO4.16. Compared with the Ctrl and linseed oil added alone, feeding LFO4.16 led to a greater (p < 0.01) concentration of C18:1 t11. Compared with both the Ctrl and LO2.5 diets, milk c9,t11 CLA was 4.53 and 2.94 times greater with the LFO4.16 diet. Compared with Ctrl and LO2.5 diets (0.06% and 0.08%), goats fed LFO2.5, and LFO4.16 had greater (p < 0.001) concentrations of C22:6n-3 (0.63% and 0.87%). Overall, the combined data suggested that including 4.16% linseed oil and fish oil in the diet of dairy goats was effective in improving the concentrations of health-promoting fatty acids in milk without affecting milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Duong Tran Tuyet Mai
- Department of Animal Sciences, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thuy Hang
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Can Tho University, Phung Hiep, Hau Giang 95000, Vietnam
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Razzaghi A, Leskinen H, Ahvenjärvi S, Aro H, Bayat A. Energy utilization and milk fat responses to rapeseed oil when fed to lactating dairy cows receiving different dietary forage to concentrate ratio. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Impact of Oil Sources on In Vitro Fermentation, Microbes, Greenhouse Gas, and Fatty Acid Profile in the Rumen. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study estimated the effects of oil sources on fermentation characteristics, greenhouse gas, microbial diversity, and biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen. In vitro ruminal incubation was performed with 7 mg of oil source, 15 mL rumen buffer, and 150 mg of synthetic diet at 39 °C for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Oil sources consisted of corn oil (CO; linoleic acid (C18:2n-6)), linseed oil (LSO; linolenic acid (C18:3n-3)), or Ca-salts (protected C18:2n-6). The ruminal gas was collected for CH4 and CO2 analysis. Incubated rumen buffer was sub-sampled for the analysis of microbial quantification, fermentation characteristics, and fatty acid profiles. The results showed that Ca-salt increased acetate (p = 0.013), while CO increased propionate (p = 0.007). Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and R. albus increased (p < 0.05) with Ca-salt after 12 h of incubation, while Streptococcus bovis increased (p < 0.05) by LSO. The CO and Ca-salt resulted in the highest C18:2n-6 (p = 0.002), while LSO resulted in the highest C18:3n-3 (p = 0.001). The Ca-salt had the lowest C18:0 (p = 0.002), but the highest C18:1cis-9 (p = 0.004). In conclusion, Ca-salt supplementation resisted biohydrogenation to some extent, decreased methanogenic archaea and protozoa, and exerted less toxic effects on fibrolytic bacteria.
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Chagas JC, Ramin M, Exposito RG, Smidt H, Krizsan SJ. Effect of a Low-Methane Diet on Performance and Microbiome in Lactating Dairy Cows Accounting for Individual Pre-Trial Methane Emissions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092597. [PMID: 34573563 PMCID: PMC8468840 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of partly replacing grass silage (GS) with maize silage (MS), with or without rapeseed oil (RSO) supplementation, on methane (CH4) emissions, production performance, and rumen microbiome in the diets of lactating dairy cows. The effect of individual pre-trial CH4-emitting characteristics on dietary emissions mitigation was also examined. Twenty Nordic Red cows at 71 ± 37.2 (mean ± SD) days in milk were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four dietary treatments (GS, GS supplemented with RSO, GS plus MS, GS plus MS supplemented with RSO) applied in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Partial replacement of GS with MS decreased the intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, milk production, yield of milk components, and general nutrient digestibility. Supplementation with RSO decreased the intake of DM and nutrients, energy-corrected milk yield, composition and yield of milk fat and protein, and general digestibility of nutrients, except for crude protein. Individual cow pre-trial measurements of CH4-emitting characteristics had a significant influence on gas emissions but did not alter the magnitude of CH4 emissions. Dietary RSO decreased daily CH4, yield, and intensity. It also increased the relative abundance of rumen Methanosphaera and Succinivibrionaceae and decreased that of Bifidobacteriaceae. There were no effects of dietary MS on CH4 emissions in this study, but supplementation with 41 g RSO/kg of DM reduced daily CH4 emissions from lactating dairy cows by 22.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana C. Chagas
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (S.J.K.); Tel.: +46-90-7868748 (J.C.C.)
| | - Mohammad Ramin
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Ruth Gomez Exposito
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.G.E.); (H.S.)
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.G.E.); (H.S.)
| | - Sophie J. Krizsan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (J.C.C.); (S.J.K.); Tel.: +46-90-7868748 (J.C.C.)
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Thanh LP, Phakachoed N, Suksombat W, Loor JJ, Hang TTT. Partial substitution of fish oil for linseed oil enhances beneficial fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation but reduces ruminal fermentation and digestibility in growing goats. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab116. [PMID: 34377951 PMCID: PMC8345834 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate effects of partial replacement of fish oil (FO) for linseed oil (LO) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation in growing goats. Experiment 1 was carried out in four growing male goats aged 6 months in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Goats were fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 g/kg dry matter either LO alone or in combination with tuna FO. Treatments were developed by replacing FO for LO at ratios of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg DM corresponding to FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 and FO-15, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out in an in vitro incubation system including 12 fermenters with the same four treatments. Each fermenter consisted of 40 mL goat ruminal fluid, 160 mL warm buffer, 2 g mixed substrates, and 50 mg FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 or FO-15. Fish oil inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) digestibility and nitrogen retention in Experiment 1. Increasing doses of FO in the diet induced a strong drop (P < 0.001) in ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and protozoa population at 3 h post incubation, but did not affect individual VFA proportions. Substitution of FO for LO decreased mean concentrations of C18:0 (P = 0.057), c-9,c-12 C18:2 and C18:3n-3 (P < 0.001), but increased (P < 0.001) C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Feeding FO-10 enhanced formation of ruminal c-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration compared with FO-0. Overall, combined data suggest that to improve ruminal concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and c-9,t-11 CLA for deposition in tissues or milk with minimal risk of affecting digestibility and ruminal fermentation, a dietary supplementation of 15 g/kg LO and 10 g/kg FO would be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Noppharat Phakachoed
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Kalasin University, Mueang, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Wisitiporn Suksombat
- Technopolis, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinoi at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tran Thi Thuy Hang
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Can Tho University, Phung Hiep, Hau Giang 95000, Viet Nam
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