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Okafor PCJ, Homwong N. Dietary 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 Improved Serum Concentration Level and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity during Lactation but Had Meager Impact on Post-Farrowing Reproductive Performance in Sows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:419. [PMID: 38338062 PMCID: PMC10854743 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) promotes serum 25(OH)D3 concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP); however, post-farrowing reproductive performance of lactating sows fed with 14-epimer of 25(OH)D3 is uncertain. This study investigated post-farrowing reproductive performance, serum ALP activity, and serum 25(OH)D3 concentration in sows fed VD3, 25(OH)D3, or 14-epi 25(OH)D3. Weaned sows (n = 203) in parities 2 and 3 were blocked weekly and treated with 2000 IU/kg VD3 (T1), 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3:14-epi 25(OH)D3 (T2), or 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (T3) diets, all equilibrated to 2000 IU/kg as fed. Sow performance, treatment, and sampling period effects were analyzed. Environmental conditions were analyzed as covariates. The number of piglets weaned (p = 0.029), pre-weaning mortality (p = 0.029), sampling period (p < 0.001), and treatment and period interaction (p = 0.028) differed significantly. There was an increase in 25(OH)D3 during lactation due to physiological demands for milk calcium and milk production. Supplementing twice the concentration of 25(OH)D3 compared to its epimer, 25(OH)D3:14-epi 25(OH)D3, had no significant effect on the post-farrowing reproductive performance of lactating sows. The effect of 25(OH)D3 on post-farrowing reproductive performance and ALP activity in sows was influenced by metabolic demand for calcium due to physiological changes during lactation as well as epimer conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prester C. John Okafor
- Laboratory of Swine Science, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Nitipong Homwong
- Laboratory of Swine Science, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
- National Swine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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2
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Poindexter MB, Zimpel R, Vieira-Neto A, Husnain A, Silva ACM, Faccenda A, Sanches de Avila A, Celi P, Cortinhas C, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Effect of source and amount of vitamin D on serum concentrations and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:954-973. [PMID: 36543649 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effects of supplementing 2 amounts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcidiol; CAL) compared with equal amounts of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol; CHOL) on serum concentrations, absorptions, and retentions of Ca, Mg, and P in periparturient dairy cows. One hundred seventy-seven (133 parous and 44 nulliparous) pregnant Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment. Cows were blocked by parity and previous lactation milk yield (parous) or genetic merit for energy-corrected milk yield (nulliparous) and assigned randomly to receive 1 or 3 mg/d of CAL or CHOL in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were provided to individual cows as a top-dress to the prepartum diet from 250 d gestation until parturition. The prepartum diet had a dietary cation-anion difference of -128 mEq/kg of dry matter. All cows were fed a common postpartum diet containing 46 μg of vitamin D3/kg of dry matter without further supplementation of treatments. Concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, Ca, Mg, and P in serum were measured pre- and postpartum, in addition to total-tract digestibility and urinary excretion of Ca, Mg, and P in the prepartum period. Feeding 3 mg compared with 1 mg of CAL increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (CAL1 = 94 vs. CAL3 = 173 ± 3 ng/mL). In comparison, the increment in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 from feeding 3 mg compared with 1 mg of CHOL was small (CHOL1 = 58 vs. CHOL3 = 64 ± 3 ng/mL). Feeding CAL increased prepartum concentration of P in serum compared with CHOL (CHOL = 1.87 vs. CAL = 2.01 ± 0.02 mM), regardless of the amount fed, but neither source nor amount affected prepartum Ca or Mg in serum. Feeding CAL increased serum Ca and P for the first 11 d postpartum compared with CHOL (CHOL = 2.12 vs. CAL = 2.16 ± 0.01 mM serum Ca; CHOL = 1.70 vs. CAL = 1.78 ± 0.02 mM serum P) but the amount of vitamin D did not affect postpartum concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P in serum. Feeding CAL increased prepartum apparent digestibility of Ca compared with CHOL (CHOL = 26.6 vs. CAL = 33.5 ± 2.8%) but treatments did not affect Ca retention prepartum. Neither source nor amount of vitamin D affected Mg and P apparent digestibility, but CAL decreased the concentration of P excreted in urine during the prepartum period (CHOL = 1.8 vs. CAL = 0.8 ± 0.3 g/d). Calcidiol tended to increase the amount of Ca secreted in colostrum (CHOL = 9.1 vs. CAL = 11.2 ± 0.9 g/d) and Ca excreted in urine postpartum (CHOL = 0.4 vs. CAL = 0.6 ± 0.1 g/d) compared with CHOL. Collectively, feeding CAL at 1 or 3 mg/d compared with CHOL in the last 24 d of gestation is an effective way to increase periparturient serum P concentration and postpartum serum Ca of dairy cows fed a prepartum diet with negative DCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R Zimpel
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Vieira-Neto
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Husnain
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A C M Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Faccenda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Science, State University of Western Paraná, Marechal Condido Rondon, PR 85960-000, Brazil
| | - A Sanches de Avila
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Science, State University of Western Paraná, Marechal Condido Rondon, PR 85960-000, Brazil
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - C Cortinhas
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045
| | - J E P Santos
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C D Nelson
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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3
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Poindexter MB, Zimpel R, Vieira-Neto A, Husnain A, Silva ACM, Faccenda A, Sanches de Avila A, Celi P, Cortinhas C, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Effect of prepartum source and amount of vitamin D supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:974-989. [PMID: 36526464 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of supplementing 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcidiol, CAL) compared with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, CHOL) at 1 or 3 mg/d in late gestation on production outcomes of dairy cows. One hundred thirty-three parous and 44 nulliparous pregnant Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment. Cows were blocked by parity and previous lactation milk yield (parous) or genetic merit (nulliparous) and assigned randomly to receive 1 or 3 mg/d of CAL or CHOL in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (CAL1, CAL3, CHOL1, and CHOL3). Treatments were provided to individual cows as a top-dress to the prepartum diet from 250 d in gestation until parturition. The prepartum diet had a dietary cation-anion difference of -128 mEq/kg of dry matter. Production and disease were evaluated for the first 42 d in milk, and reproduction was evaluated to 300 d in milk. Incidence of postpartum diseases did not differ among treatments. Feeding CAL compared with CHOL increased yields of colostrum and colostrum fat, protein, and total solids, resulting in an increased amount of net energy for lactation secreted as colostrum (CHOL = 7.0 vs. CAL = 9.0 ± 0.7 Mcal). An interaction between source and amount was observed for milk yield: CAL3 increased milk yield compared with CHOL3 (CHOL3 = 34.1 vs. CAL3 = 38.7 ± 1.4 kg/d) but milk yield did not differ between CAL1 and CHOL1 (CHOL1 = 36.9 vs. CAL1 = 36.4 ± 1.4 kg/d). Concentrations of serum calcidiol on day of calving and average serum Ca from d 2 to 11 postpartum were positively associated with milk yield in the first 42 d in milk. Interactions between source and amount of vitamin D were also observed for pregnancy after first AI: the percentage of cows receiving CHOL1 and CAL3 that became pregnant was smaller than that of cows receiving CHOL3 and CAL1. However, pregnancy per AI and pregnancy by 300 d in milk did not differ among treatments. Overall, CAL3 increased milk yield compared with CHOL3, whereas in cows fed 1 mg/d (CAL1 and CHOL1), the source of vitamin D generally had no effect. The effect of CAL3 may be explained in part by serum CAL concentrations and postpartum serum Ca, which were associated with milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R Zimpel
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Vieira-Neto
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Husnain
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A C M Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Faccenda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Science, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Candido Rondon, PR 85960-000, Brazil
| | - A Sanches de Avila
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Science, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Candido Rondon, PR 85960-000, Brazil
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - C Cortinhas
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD 21045
| | - J E P Santos
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C D Nelson
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Lean I, LeBlanc S, Sheedy D, Duffield T, Santos J, Golder H. Associations of parity with health disorders and blood metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:500-518. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lean I, Golder H, LeBlanc S, Duffield T, Santos J. Increased parity is negatively associated with survival and reproduction in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:476-499. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva AS, Cortinhas CS, Acedo TS, Morenz MJF, Lopes FCF, Arrigoni MB, Ferreira MH, Jaguaribe TL, Ferreira LD, Gouvêa VN, Pereira LGR. Effects of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 with an acidogenic diet during the prepartum period in dairy cows: Mineral metabolism, energy balance, and lactation performance of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5796-5812. [PMID: 35570040 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) on plasma, mineral, and metabolite concentrations, mineral balance, mineral excretion, rumination, energy balance, and milk production of dairy cows. We hypothesized that supplementing 3 mg/d of 25(OH)D3 during the prepartum period would be more effective than supplementing vitamin D3 at the National Research Council (2001) levels to minimize calcium imbalance during the transition period and improve milk production of dairy cows. Forty multiparous, pregnant nonlactating-Holstein cows were enrolled in this study. Body weight, body condition score, parity, and milk yield in the previous lactation (mean ± standard deviation) were 661 ± 59.2, 3.46 ± 0.35, 1.79 ± 0.87, and 33.2 ± 6.43 kg/d, respectively. Cows were enrolled into the blocks (n = 20 for each treatment) at 30 d of the expected day of calving to receive an acidogenic diet (373 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 136 g/kg of crude protein, dry matter basis; -110 mEq/kg) associated with the treatments: (1) control (CTRL), vitamin D3 at 0.625 mg/d (equivalent to 25,000 IU of vitamin D3/d) or (2) 25(OH)D3 at 3 mg/d (equivalent to 120,000 IU of vitamin D3/d). All cows were fed with the base ration for 49 d after calving. Blood samples were taken on d 7, 0, 1, 2, 21, and 42, relative to calving. No effect of treatment was observed for prepartum dry matter intake or body condition score. A trend for increase of ionized Ca was observed for the cows fed 25(OH)D3, compared with the CTRL, but no effect of treatment was detected for total Ca or total P. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increased colostrum yield. The plasmatic concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with 25(OH)D3 supplementation. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation increased plasma glucose concentration at parturition. The postpartum dry matter intake was not influenced by treatments. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increases milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk and improves milk yield components in early lactation. Overall, these findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 at 3 mg/d can improve the energy metabolism and lactation performance, compared with the current-feeding practice of supplementing vitamin D3 at 0.625 mg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Silva
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-68, Brazil
| | - C S Cortinhas
- DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, SP, 04543-907, Brazil
| | - T S Acedo
- DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, SP, 04543-907, Brazil
| | - M J F Morenz
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - F C F Lopes
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - M B Arrigoni
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-68, Brazil
| | - M H Ferreira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - T L Jaguaribe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - L D Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - V N Gouvêa
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo 79106
| | - L G R Pereira
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
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Eder K, Grundmann SM. Vitamin D in dairy cows: metabolism, status and functions in the immune system. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:1-33. [PMID: 35249422 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of vitamin D in calcium homoeostasis in dairy cows, such as in other vertebrates, is known for many years. In recent years, new and interesting, non-classical functions of vitamin D have been elucidated, including effects on the immune system. The major aim of this review is to provide an overview of effects of vitamin D or its metabolites on the immune system in dairy cows. The first part of the review provides an overview of vitamin D metabolism, with particular reference to the role of various proteins (25- and 1-hydroxylases, vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor) in vitamin D signalling. The second part deals with the role of the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in plasma as an indicator of the vitamin D status in dairy cows, and its dependence on sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D supplementation. In this part also the "free hormone hypothesis" is discussed, indicating that the concentration of free 25(OH)D might be a more valid indicator of the vitamin D status than the concentration of total 25(OH)D. The third part deals with classical and the non-classical functions of vitamin D. Among the non-classical functions which are based on an autocrine vitamin D signalling, particular reference is given to the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites on the immune system in bovine immune cells and in dairy cows. Recent findings provide some indication that vitamin D or its metabolite 25(OH)D could enhance the immune function in dairy cows and be useful for the prevention and therapy of mastitis. However, the number of studies reported so far in this respect is very limited. Thus, much more research is required to yield clear concepts for an optimised usage of vitamin D to improve the immune system and prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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