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Cueva SF, Wasson DE, Martins LF, Räisänen SE, Silvestre T, Hristov AN. Lactational performance, ruminal fermentation, and enteric gas emission of dairy cows fed an amylase-enabled corn silage in diets with different starch concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4426-4448. [PMID: 38942561 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding an amylase-enabled corn silage (ACS) on the performance and enteric gas emissions in lactating dairy cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, 48 mid-lactation Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment. Treatments were diets containing the same proportion of corn silage (40% of dietary DM) as follows: (1) a conventional hybrid corn silage control (CON), (2) ACS replacing the control silage (ADR), and (3) the ADR diet replacing soybean hulls with ground corn grain to achieve the same dietary starch concentration as CON (ASR). Control corn silage and ACS were harvested on the same day and contained 40.3% and 37.1% DM and (% of DM): 37.2% and 41.0% NDF and 37.1% and 30.0% starch, respectively. Enteric gas emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system. Two cows were culled due to health-related issues during the covariate period. Ruminal fluid was collected from 24 cows (8 per treatment) using the orogastric ruminal sampling technique. When compared with CON, cows fed ADR had increased DMI during experimental wk 3, 4, and 9, but treatment did not affect milk or ECM milk yields (39.0 kg/d on average; SEM = 0.89). Compared with CON, feed efficiency (per unit of milk, but not ECM) tended to be lower for ADR, whereas milk true protein concentration (a tendency) and yield were lower for ASR. Milk urea N was decreased by both ADR and ASR diets relative to CON. Compared with CON, daily CH4 emission and emission intensity were increased by ADR but not ASR. Total protozoal count tended to be increased by both diets formulated with ACS when compared with control corn silage. Total-tract digestibility of dietary NDF was greater for ASR, and that of ADF was greater for both ADR and ASR versus CON. The molar proportion of acetate (a tendency) and acetate-to-propionate ratio were increased by ADR, but not ASR, when compared with CON. Replacement of CON with ACS (having lower starch concentration) in the diet of dairy cows increased DMI during the initial weeks of the experiment, maintained ECM, tended to decrease feed efficiency, and increased enteric CH4 emissions, likely due to increased intake of digestible fiber, compared with CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cueva
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - D E Wasson
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - L F Martins
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - T Silvestre
- Kemin Industries, Singapore 758200, Singapore
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
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Vettori JDM, Cavallini D, Giammarco M, Lanzoni L, Vignone O, Jalal H, Mammi L, Pezzi P, Formigoni A, Fusaro I. Parity and nutrient total-tract digestibility in dairy cows during transition period. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100313. [PMID: 37736571 PMCID: PMC10509770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cows experience many physiological, nutritional and social changes during transition period. This study aims to evaluate the differences in nutrients total-tract digestibility (nTTD) between primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows through the transition period. From -23, -5, 0, 7, 14, and 30 days from calving a sample of feed and feces samples were collected from 25 Holstein cows (11 PP and 14 MP) as well as daily rumination time through accelerometers. The results show that average nTTD were different (p ≤ 0.02) for amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber organic matter (aNDFom) and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (pdNDF240; 52.5 vs. 54.0 and 78.8 vs. 81.3, respectively in PP vs. MP), while no differences were found regarding pdNDF24 and starch (88.5 vs. 88.6 and 95.1 vs. 96.1, respectively in PP vs. MP). Total-tract starch digestibility (TTstarchD) was different among timepoints (p < 0.01), going from an average of 91.40 up to 97.39% of starch, on times -23 and 14, respectively. Differences in total-tract digestibility of aNDFom among timepoints (p < 0.01) was expected because of differences in diet composition among lactating and non-lactating cows. No differences in daily rumination time (p = 0.92), TTstarchD and total-tract potentially digestible NDF digestibility at 24 h (TTpdNDF24D) were recorded. Our findings show that fiber digestibility during the transition period is higher in MP probably for a different ruminal retention time. These differences should be considered when formulating rations for groups with different parity number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio de M. Vettori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Melania Giammarco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Oreste Vignone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Hassan Jalal
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ludovica Mammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Pezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Gong R, Song S, Ai Y, Wang S, Dong X, Ren Z, Xie H, Jiang B, Zhao L. Exploring the growing forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) dietary protein requirement based on gut microbiome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124163. [PMID: 36970665 PMCID: PMC10033606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to assess the appropriate dietary protein level of the forest musk deer (FMD), as nutritional needs are unclear. The microbiome in gastrointestinal tracts plays an important role in regulating nutrient utilization, absorption and host growth or development. Thus, we aimed to evaluate growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microbiome of growing FMD supplied with different protein levels of diets. Eighteen 6-month-old male FMD with an initial weight 5.0 ± 0.2 kg were used in a 62-day trial. The animals were randomly distributed to three groups, the dietary crude protein (CP) level was 11.51% (L), 13.37% (M), and 15.48% (H). The results showed that the CP digestibility decreased as dietary CP level increased (p < 0.01). Compared with group L and H, FMD in M group has higher average daily gain, feed efficiency and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. For the fecal bacterial community, the percentage of Firmicutes was increased, Bacteroidetes was decreased and the diversity of microbiota significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with the increasing of dietary protein. The proportion of Ruminococcaceae_005, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae were significantly increased wtih rising CP, the proportions of Bacteroides and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were significantly decrease nevertheless at the genus level. The higher abundance of f_Prevotellaceae and g_Prevotellaceae_UCG_004 were found at M group by LEfSe analysis. The relative abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Ruminococcaceae was positively correlated with the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), whereas Family_XIII_AD3011_group was negatively correlated with feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The UPGMA tree showed L and M groups were closer in clustering relationship, while H group was clustered separately into a branch, which indicated that the bacterial structure had changed greatly with protein level increased from 13.37 to 15.48%. Overall, our results indicated that the optimum dietary CP for the growing FMD was 13.37%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguang Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengjie Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaotian Ai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianggui Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhanjun Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhanjun Ren,
| | - Hui Xie
- Qinba Ecological Protection Center of Chenggu County, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Benmo Jiang
- Baoji Fengchun Forest Musk Breeding Base, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Shaanxi Shenglinyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Baoji, Shaanxi, China
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Oba M, Kammes-Main K. Symposium review: Effects of carbohydrate digestion on feed intake and fuel supply. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2153-2160. [PMID: 36357209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct effects on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts greater filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, because NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and conservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting the filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
| | - K Kammes-Main
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Cavallini D, Palmonari A, Mammi LME, Ghiaccio F, Canestrari G, Formigoni A. Evaluation of fecal sampling time points to estimate apparent nutrient digestibility in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1065258. [PMID: 36686178 PMCID: PMC9849752 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1065258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was the evaluation of nutrient excretion patterns in samples of feces collected every 2 h to define the best sampling protocol for estimation of apparent digestibility. Methods Four multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows, housed in a tie stall barn and milked twice a day (0800; 1900 h), were enrolled. Dry total mixed ration (TMR) without silages was fed once (0800 h) per day. Feces were sampled every 2 h for 72 h. Each sample was divided in 3 portions: hourly sample sample (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 00, 2, 4, 6), 8-h composite sample (00-06, 08-14 and 16-22), and a 24-h composite sample. Complete chemical analyses were performed and total tract nutrient digestibility was calculated using undegraded neutral detergent fiber at 240 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF240h) as a marker. Feeding and rumination patterns were also recorded during the trial. Results and discussion For some parameters, excretion was not constant throughout the day: neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom), undegraded neutral detergent fiber at 24 h of in vitro fermentation (uNDF24h), uDNF240h, total tract crude protein digestibility (TTCPD), total tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility (TTaNDFomD), total tract potentially degraded neutral detergent fiber at 240 h of in vitro fermentation digestibility (TTpdNDF240hD) with minimal values after new TMR delivery and maximal values 12 h after feed delivery. Feeding and ruminating behavior seemed to have an important role in the excretion pattern, due to the pushing and evacuating effect they have. Considering our results, two fecal samples at 12 and 24 h after the TMR delivery are suggested. For one daily sample, 12 h post time of most stable and constant rumination 0000-0600 h, which is also 8 h post feed delivery is suggested.
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Kahyani A, Ghorbani GR, Alikhani M, Ramezani O, Asemi Esfahani M, Ahmadi F, Nasrollahi SM. Chewing activities, sorting behaviour and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows fed diets with similar proportions of undigested neutral detergent fibre with wheat straw substituted for alfalfa hay, corn silage or both. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kahyani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholam R. Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Alikhani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Ramezani
- Department of Animal Science, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Asemi Esfahani
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Department of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
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Li F, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Usman S, Ding Z, Hao L, Guo X. Probiotic effect of ferulic acid esterase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum inoculated alfalfa silage on digestion, antioxidant, and immunity status of lactating dairy goats. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:38-47. [PMID: 36091259 PMCID: PMC9404276 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inoculating alfalfa silage with a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculum on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, antioxidant, and immunity status of lactating dairy goats. Twenty dairy goats were distributed into 2 experimental groups consisting of control diet (Lp MTD/1, including Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1 inoculated silage) against diet containing silage treated with ferulic acid esterase-producing L. plantarum A1 (Lp A1). Alfalfa silage inoculated with a ferulic acid esterase-producing Lp A1 had better fermentation quality than the Lp MTD/1 inoculation. The application of Lp A1 improved silage antioxidant capacity as indicated by greater total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in Lp A1 treated silage versus Lp MTD/1 treatment. Compared with Lp MTD/1 treated group, inoculation of silage with Lp A1 increased apparent total tract digestibility of dietary dry matter, organic matter and crude protein, and ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate and isobutyrate as well. The results of current study also demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity and immune performance of dairy goats with Lp A1 inoculation. Feeding Lp A1-treated silage increased dairy goats' serum antioxidase activity, such as T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px and catalase, and the serum concentration of immunoglobulin A, while decreased tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6. In addition, compared with Lp MTD/1, diet containing alfalfa silage inoculated with Lp A1 endowed dairy goats' milk with greater fat and protein contents, improved dairy goat milk quality without affecting feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Baibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Samaila Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zitong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, The Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Centre, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Corresponding author.
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Replacing alfalfa hay with paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) silage in diets do not affect the production performance of the low lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of Paper Mulberry Silage on the Growth Performance, Rumen Microbiota and Muscle Fatty Acid Composition in Hu Lambs. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is widely ensiled to feed sheep in southwestern China, as unconventional woody forage. Feeding lambs with paper mulberry silage (PMS) may improve certain feeding characteristics, thereby affecting the growth performance and meat quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of four diets of PMS on growth performance, rumen microbial composition, and muscle fatty acids profile in Hu lambs. The results showed that 30% and 40% PMS increased the dry matter intake and average daily gain of Hu lambs compared to the control group. PMS30 and PMS40 increased the content of C24:1, and PMS40 increased the content of C20:5n-3. The content of microbial protein (MCP) was higher in PMS40 than in others, but PMS30 and PMS40 reduced the total volatile fatty acid in rumen. PMS30 significantly increased the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. The abundance of ruminal Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group was significantly higher in PMS30 and PMS40 groups. Moreover, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group had a significant positive correlation with n3-polyunsaturated fatty acid. PMS40 might lead to a relatively high content of unsaturated fatty acids in longissimus dorsi muscle by increasing the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group in rumen.
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Cavallini D, Mammi LME, Biagi G, Fusaro I, Giammarco M, Formigoni A, Palmonari A. Effects of 00-rapeseed meal inclusion in Parmigiano Reggiano hay-based ration on dairy cows’ production, reticular pH and fibre digestibility. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1884005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cavallini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | | | - Giacomo Biagi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Teramo, Teramo, Italia
| | - Melania Giammarco
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Teramo, Teramo, Italia
| | - Andrea Formigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Alberto Palmonari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
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