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Biesheuvel MM, Ward C, Penterman P, van Engelen E, van Schaik G, Deardon R, Barkema HW. Within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma bovis infections after initial detection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:516-529. [PMID: 37709017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks in cattle, including pathogen spread between age groups, are not well understood. Our objective was to estimate within-herd transmission across adult dairy cows, youngstock, and calves. Results from 3 tests (PCR, ELISA, and culture) per cow and 2 tests (PCR and ELISA) per youngstock and calf were used in an age-stratified susceptible-infected-removed/recovered (SIR) model to estimate within-herd transmission parameters, pathways, and potential effects of farm management practices. A cohort of adult cows, youngstock, and calves on 20 Dutch dairy farms with a clinical outbreak of M. bovis in adult cows were sampled, with collection of blood, conjunctival fluid, and milk from cows, and blood and conjunctival fluid from calves and youngstock, 5 times over a time span of 12 wk. Any individual with at least one positive laboratory test was considered M. bovis-positive. Transmission dynamics were modeled using an age-stratified SIR model featuring 3 age strata. Associations with farm management practices were explored using Fisher's exact tests and Poisson regression. Estimated transmission parameters were highly variable among herds and cattle age groups. Notably, transmission from cows to cows, youngstock, or to calves was associated with R-values ranging from 1.0 to 80 secondarily infected cows per herd, 1.2 to 38 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, and 0.1 to 91 secondarily infected calves per herd, respectively. In case of transmission from youngstock to youngstock, calves or to cows, R-values were 0.7 to 96 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, 1.1 to 76 secondarily infected calves per herd, and 0.1 to 107 secondarily infected cows per herd. For transmission from calves to calves, youngstock or to cows, R-values were 0.5 to 60 secondarily infected calves per herd, 1.1 to 41 secondarily infected youngstock per herd, and 0.1 to 47 secondarily infected cows per herd. Among on-farm transmission pathways, cow-to-youngstock, cow-to-calf, and cow-to-cow were identified as most significant contributors, with calf-to-calf and calf-to-youngstock also having noteworthy roles. Youngstock-to-youngstock was also implicated, albeit to a lesser extent. Whereas the primary focus was a clinical outbreak of M. bovis among adult dairy cows, it was evident that transmission extended to calves and youngstock, contributing to overall spread. Factors influencing transmission and specific transmission pathways were associated with internal biosecurity (separate caretakers for various age groups, number of people involved), external biosecurity (contractors, external employees), as well as indirect transmission routes (number of feed and water stations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1.
| | - Caitlin Ward
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | | | - Gerdien van Schaik
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands 7418 EZ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3584 CL
| | - Rob Deardon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1; Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1
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Okella H, Tonooka K, Okello E. A Systematic Review of the Recent Techniques Commonly Used in the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis in Dairy Cattle. Pathogens 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 37764986 PMCID: PMC10535753 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Mycoplasmal mastitis is greatly hampered by late seroconversion, slow growth of Mycoplasma organisms, intermittent shedding, and the high cost of diagnostic tests. To improve future diagnostic development, examining the available techniques is necessary. Accordingly, the present study systematically reviewed M. bovis diagnostic studies published between January 2000 and April 2023 utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The protocol registration was performed according to the Open Science Framework (osf.io/ug79h), and the electronic search was conducted in the World Catalog, Mendeley, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, Google Scholar, Prime Scholar, and PubMed Central databases using a Boolean operator and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 1194 pieces of literature retrieved, 67 studies were included. Four broad categories of up to 16 diagnostic approaches were reported: microbial culture, serological, DNA-based, and mass spectrometry. Overall, DNA-based techniques were the most published (48.0%), with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as the most promising user-friendly, equipment-free techniques. On the other hand, mass spectrometry was reported as the least utilized (2.9%) given the high equipment cost. Though costly and laboratory-allied, DNA-based techniques, particularly PCRs, were reported as the most rapid and specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedmon Okella
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Karen Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jaramillo D, Foxwell J, Burrows L, Snell A. Mycoplasma bovis testing for the screening of semen imported into New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36866578 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the fitness of three PCR assays for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in dilute (extended) bovine semen, and a reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) adaptation as a proxy for viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four commercial kit-based methods for nucleic acid extraction were compared to test for the presence of PCR inhibitors in nucleic acid extracted from undiluted and diluted semen. Then, analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity, and diagnostic specificity of two real-time PCR and one conventional PCR were evaluated for the detection of M. bovis DNA in semen and compared against microbial culture. Furthermore, an RT-PCR was adapted to detect RNA only and tested on viable and non-viable M. bovis to establish its ability to discriminate between the two. RESULTS No significant PCR inhibition was detected from the dilute semen. All DNA extraction methods except one were equivalent, regardless of semen dilution. The analytical sensitivity of the real-time PCR assays was estimated as 45.6 cfu per 200 µL semen straw (2.2 × 102 cfu/mL). The conventional PCR was 10 times less sensitive. No cross-reactivity was observed for the real-time PCR for any of the bacteria tested and the diagnostic specificity was estimated as 100 (95% CI = 94.04-100) %. The RT-PCR was poor in distinguishing between viable and non-viable M. bovis. The mean quantification cycle (Cq) values for RNA extracted from different treatments to kill M. bovis remained unchanged 0-48 hours after inactivation. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The real-time PCR were fit for the purpose of screening dilute semen for the detection of M. bovis to prevent incursion via importation of infected semen. The real-time PCR assays can be used interchangeably. The RT-PCR could not reliably indicate the viability of M. bovis. Based on the results from this study, a protocol and guidelines have been produced for laboratories elsewhere that wish to test bovine semen for M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - J Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - L Burrows
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - A Snell
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
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Velasco–Bolaños J, Jaramillo–Jaramillo AS, Villa–Arcila NA, Dufour S, Ceballos–Márquez A, Piepers S. Lack of evidence for Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk of herds located in mid-western Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n3.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma spp. is reported as a highly contagious mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cattle, without successful or low response to most common antibiotic treatments due to the lack of cell wall. In Colombia it has been reported in the Central Andean region during 2014. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk using microbiological and molecular diagnosis. A random longitudinal study enrolling 220 commercial dairy farms located in four provinces of the mid-western region of Colombia from four pasteurizer companies was performed. Bulk tank milk samples were collected once monthly for three months period for determining somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. cultures were done without pre-enrichment procedures directly in mycoplasma agar with cefoperazone to inhibit growth of opportunistic microorganisms, plates were incubated under 37° C and atmosphere of 10% CO2 and inspected during a 10d period. Molecular analysis was done by a multiplex PCR using specific primers targeting the 16S-23S rARN gene of Mycoplasma spp. and from non-pathogenic bacteria occasionally found in milk. LnSCC average of included dairy farms was 6.19 x103 cells/mL, Mycoplasma spp. was not isolated during microbiological cultures, and no DNA belonging to the species was detected by PCR in the 220 bulk tanks milk, with an estimated prevalence lower than 2.3%. This finding shows that there is not microbiological or molecular evidence that demonstrates the presence of the pathogen in the milk from the mid-western region of Colombia at herd level.
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LEE HH, THONGRUEANG N, LIU SS, HSU HY, TSAI YL. Prevalence of respiratory bacterial pathogens and associated management factors in dairy calves in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:946-953. [PMID: 35675980 PMCID: PMC9353091 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of
bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs
were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the
most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M.
haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H.
somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk
factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio
(OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H.
somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For
effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Hsun LEE
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Natcha THONGRUEANG
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Shyh-Shyan LIU
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Huan-Yu HSU
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
| | - Yi-Lun TSAI
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
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Liu Y, Xu S, Li M, Zhou M, Huo W, Gao J, Liu G, Kastelic JP, Han B. Molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma bovis associated with mastitis on dairy farms in China. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105106. [PMID: 32810702 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is regarded as the most prevalent mycoplasma species causing bovine mastitis worldwide. This study was conducted with the objectives to: (1) estimate M. bovis prevalence in samples from clinical mastitis and bulk tank milk; (2) assess genetic diversity and population structure of isolates; and (3) determine antibiotic susceptibility of isolates to nine antimicrobials. Milk samples (n = 476), including 450 clinical mastitis and 26 bulk tank milk samples from 23 farms (each with >1000 lactating cows) in 10 provinces of China were collected between May 2018 and September 2019. M. bovis cultured from milk samples were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of all isolates to nine antimicrobials were determined. Differences in minimum inhibitory concentration values were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction. The positive proportions of M. bovis in clinical mastitis samples and bulk tank milk samples were 39/450 (8.7%) and 11/26 (42.3%), respectively. Based on multi-locus sequence typing, the 50 isolates were identified as three sequence types, including sequence type 10 and two novel sequence types (newly registered as sequence type 172 and sequence type 173). The most prevalent type, sequence type 172 (31/50, 62.0%), had allelic profile 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 7, 4. In addition, sequence type 10 with allelic profile 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 3, 4 had a mid-range prevalence (11/50, 22.0%), whereas sequence type 173 with allelic profile 10, 3, 6, 13, 21, 6, 10 was the least prevalent (8/50, 16.0%). Both sequence type 10 and sequence type 172 were clustered in Clonal Complex 3, with isolates from the USA. M. bovis isolates in this study uniformly had low level minimum inhibitory concentrations to enrofloxacin and tiamulin. Overall variances among isolates were significant (Kruskal-Wallis test) for clindamycin (P = 0.006), erythromycin (P = 0.012) and tylosin (P =0.004). Relative to the sequence type 10 group, there were higher minimum inhibitory concentrations levels for the sequence type 173 group (H = -19.795, P = 0.003, for clindamycin; H = -19.574, P = 0.003, for erythromycin; and H = -18.881, P = 0.003, for tylosin) by post-hoc comparisons using pairwise comparisons of mean ranks following Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction. Hence, increasing antimicrobial resistance may have contributed to emergence of novel sequence types. These data provided a baseline for elucidating genetic diversity and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of M. bovis in the main dairy-farming provinces in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Mengyue Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Wenlin Huo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Yair Y, Borovok I, Mikula I, Falk R, Fox LK, Gophna U, Lysnyansky I. Genomics-based epidemiology of bovine Mycoplasma bovis strains in Israel. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:70. [PMID: 31969124 PMCID: PMC6977290 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis is an important etiologic agent of bovine mycoplasmosis affecting cattle production and animal welfare. In the past in Israel, M. bovis has been most frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and was rarely isolated from mastitis. This situation changed in 2008 when M. bovis-associated mastitis emerged in Israel. The aim of this study was to utilize whole genome sequencing to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and genomic diversity of M. bovis mastitis-associated strains and their genetic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from BRD in local feedlot calves and those imported to Israel from different European countries and Australia. Results Phylogeny based on total single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 225 M. bovis genomes clearly showed clustering of isolates on the basis of geographical origin: strains isolated from European countries clustered together and separately from Australian and Chinese isolates, while Israeli isolates were found in the both groups. The dominant genotype was identified among local mastitis-associated M. bovis isolates. This genotype showed a close genomic relatedness to M. bovis strains isolated from calves imported to Israel from Australia, to original Australian M. bovis strains, as well as to strains isolated in China. Conclusions This study represents the first comprehensive high-resolution genome-based epidemiological analysis of M. bovis in Israel and illustrates the possible dissemination of the pathogen across the globe by cattle trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Yair
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilya Borovok
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Mikula
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Rama Falk
- Israel Dairy Board, Laboratory for Udder Health and Milk Quality, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Larry K Fox
- Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Uri Gophna
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel.
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Al-Farha AAB, Hemmatzadeh F, Khazandi M, Hoare A, Petrovski K. Evaluation of effects of Mycoplasma mastitis on milk composition in dairy cattle from South Australia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:351. [PMID: 29178880 PMCID: PMC5702085 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma mastitis is increasingly posing significant impact on dairy industry. Although the effects of major conventional mastitis pathogens on milk components has been widely addressed in the literature, limited data on the effects of different Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma spp. on milk quality and quantity is available. The aim of this study was to determine the casual relationship of Mycoplasma spp. and A. laidlawii to mastitis and compare them to subclinical mastitis caused by conventional mastitis pathogens from a single dairy herd in South Australia; Mycoplasma spp. and A. laidlawii were detected using PCR applied directly to milk samples. The herd had mastitis problem with high somatic cell count and low response rate to conventional antimicrobial therapy. A total of 288 cow-level milk samples were collected aseptically and used in this study. RESULTS Conventional culture showed a predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by coagulase-positive staphylococci, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. PCR results showed a high prevalence of mycoplasmas (76.7%), including A. laidlawii (10.8%), M. bovis (6.2%), M. bovirhinis (5.6%), M. arginini (2%), and (52.1%) of cows were co-infected with two or more Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. Mycoplasma co-infection significantly increased somatic cell counts (SCC) similar to conventional mastitis pathogens and compared to non-infected cows with 389.3, 550.3 and 67.3 respectively; and decreased the milk yield with 29.0, 29.9 and 34.4 l, respectively. Mycoplasma co-infection caused significant increase in protein percentage, and significant decrease in fat percentage and total milk solids, similar to other conventional mastitis pathogens. In contrast, changes in milk composition and yield caused by various individual Mycoplasma species were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasma mastitis had on-farm economic consequences similar to common conventional mastitis pathogens. Results of our study indicate that co-infection Mycoplasma mastitis caused similar effect on milk composition to other mastitis pathogens and we hope these findings raise the awareness of the importance of their detection on routine diagnostic panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Bar Al-Farha
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Northern Technical University, Technical Foundation, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Manouchehr Khazandi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Andrew Hoare
- South East Vets, Mt Gambier, South Australia 5290 Australia
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
- Davies Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371 Australia
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Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Improvements in diagnosis of disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The major disease problems associated with Mycoplasma bovis are contagious mastitis and respiratory disease in cattle. Its importance has increased worldwide due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents and the lack of an effective vaccine. Chronically infected silent carriers introduce infection to naïve herds and M. bovis diseases can cause significant economic losses to the affected herds. Availability of a suitable diagnostic tool for extensive screening will improve the ability to determine the appropriate treatment and the full impact of M. bovis in both beef and dairy cattle industries. The present review focuses on the past and present improvements in the diagnosis of disease caused by M. bovis in cattle.
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Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle: To cull or not to cull. Vet J 2016; 216:142-7. [PMID: 27687942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma bovis, is a major problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds in the USA and a serious, although sporadic, disease in Europe and the Middle East. It causes severe damage to the udder of cattle and is largely untreatable by chemotherapy. Mycoplasma mastitis has a distinct epidemiology and a unique set of risk factors, the most important of which is large herd size. The disease is often self-limiting, disappearing within months of outbreaks, sometimes without deliberate intervention. Improved molecular diagnostic tests are leading to more rapid detection of mycoplasmas. Typing tests, such as multi-locus sequence typing, can help trace the source of outbreaks. An approach to successful control is proposed, which involves regular monitoring and rapid segregation or culling of infected cows. Serious consideration should be given by owners of healthy dairy herds to the purchase of M. bovis-free replacements. Increased cases of disease could occur in Europe and Israel if the trend for larger dairy herds continues.
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Gagea MI, Bateman KG, Shanahan RA, van Dreumel T, McEwen BJ, Carman S, Archambault M, Caswell JL. Naturally Occurring Mycoplasma Bovis—Associated Pneumonia and Polyarthritis in Feedlot Beef Calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:29-40. [PMID: 16566255 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is perceived as an emerging cause of mortality in feedlot beef cattle. This study examined the lesions and infectious agents in naturally occurring M. bovis–associated bronchopneumonia and arthritis and the relationship of this condition with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. Standardized pathologic, immunohistochemical, and microbiologic investigations were conducted on 99 calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival in 72 feedlots. Cranioventral bronchopneumonia with multiple foci of caseous necrosis was identified in 54 of 99 calves, including 30 with concurrent fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Mycoplasma bovis was consistently identified in these lesions by culture and immunohistochemistry, but also commonly in healthy lungs and those with pneumonia of other causes. Focal lesions of coagulation necrosis, typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis, were often infected with both Mannheimia haemolytica and M. bovis. Arthritis was present in 25 of 54 (46%) calves with M. bovis pneumonia, and all calves with arthritis had pneumonia. BVDV infection was more common in calves with lesions of bacterial pneumonia than in those dying of other causes, but BVDV infection was not more common in calves with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia than those with fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia. Retrospective analysis identified cases of M. bovis pneumonia in the early 1980s that had milder lesions than the current cases. The findings suggest that, in at least some calves, M. bovis induces caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia within the lesions of pneumonic pasteurellosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/analysis
- Arthritis, Infectious/mortality
- Arthritis, Infectious/pathology
- Arthritis, Infectious/veterinary
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/complications
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/mortality
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/pathology
- Bronchopneumonia/microbiology
- Bronchopneumonia/pathology
- Bronchopneumonia/veterinary
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/microbiology
- Cattle Diseases/mortality
- Cattle Diseases/pathology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/microbiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/mortality
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/veterinary
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Mannheimia haemolytica/isolation & purification
- Mycoplasma bovis/immunology
- Mycoplasma bovis/isolation & purification
- Mycoplasma bovis/pathogenicity
- Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/microbiology
- Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/mortality
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/mortality
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/pathology
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/veterinary
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai I Gagea
- Departments of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Canada
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Petersen MB, Krogh K, Nielsen LR. Factors associated with variation in bulk tank milk Mycoplasma bovis antibody-ELISA results in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3815-3823. [PMID: 26971142 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relevance and limitations for using measurements of antibodies against Mycoplasma bovis in bulk tank milk (BTM) as a potentially cost-effective diagnostic tool for herd classification has not been evaluated before. Assuming that an increasing or high seroprevalence is a result of on-going or recent spread of M. bovis in a dairy herd, we tested the hypothesis that increasing prevalence of antibody-positive cows and young stock are associated with increasing BTM antibody ELISA values against M. bovis in Danish dairy herds with different courses of M. bovis infection. Furthermore, we tested whether herd size was associated with variations in the BTM responses. Thirty-nine Danish dairy herds selected to represent 4 different herd-level infection groups [8 control herds, 14 acute outbreak herds, 7 herds with previous outbreaks, and 10 herds with elevated BTM ELISA-values directed against M. bovis (>64% optical density measurement)] were visited 4 to 5 times, approximately 3mo apart. At each visit, 65 young stock were blood sampled. At the milk recording date closest to the herd visit date, 50 milk recording samples from individual lactating cows were randomly selected. In addition, a BTM sample was collected as a representative sample directly from the bulk tank by the dairies' milk truck drivers as part of the mandatory milk quality-control scheme. Blood and milk samples were tested for antibodies against M. bovis with a commercially available ELISA test (Bio-X BIO K 302, Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium). A linear mixed effects model was used to analyze the effects of the prevalence of antibody-positive lactating cows and young stock and herd size on the BTM M. bovis ELISA results. Herd was included as a random effect to account for clustering of BTM samples originating from the same herd. Increasing prevalence of antibody-positive lactating cows was the only variable associated with increasing M. bovis BTM ELISA optical density measurement. In contrast, the prevalence of antibody-positive young stock did not correlate with the BTM optical density measurement. In conclusion, some M. bovis associated herd infections are detectable by BTM ELISA-testing, but limitations exist and further investigations of the effect of different clinical disease expressions in the herds are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette B Petersen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Kaspar Krogh
- Kaspar Krogh, Veterinary Cattle Specialist, 8560 Kolind, Denmark
| | - Liza R Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Foddai AC, Grant IR. An optimised milk testing protocol to ensure accurate enumeration of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by the PMS-phage assay. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Fu P, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Zhang H, Su D, Jiang F, Wu W. Development of a direct competitive ELISA for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis infection based on a monoclonal antibody of P48 protein. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:42. [PMID: 24533468 PMCID: PMC3942108 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a major, but often overlooked, pathogen documented to cause respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle throughout China since 2008. Here, we report the development of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dc-ELISA) to detect M. bovis antibody. Results We used a recombinant P48 protein and monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10E. MAb 10E, prepared against the recombinant P48 protein of M. bovis, identified all M. bovis strains with no cross-reactivity with other related pathogens. Coating micro plates with P48 protein instead of whole M. bovis cells as well as the use of mAb 10E produced a specific and sensitive Dc-ELISA for M. bovis antibody detection with a cut-off percent inhibition (PI) value of 32%. Compared with two commercial indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) kits, our Dc-ELISA offered a higher positive detection rate in 165 clinical bovine serum samples. Conclusions A rapid, sensitive, and reliable serological diagnosis method was developed for M. bovis, which can facilitate M. bovis surveillance, assisting researchers in understanding the ecology and epidemiology of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Salam HS, Hotzel H. Investigation of phenotypic variations amongst Mycoplasma bovis field German isolates using SDS-PAGE. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Boonyayatra S, Fox LK, Besser TE, Sawant A, Gay JM, Raviv Z. A PCR assay and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism combination identifying the 3 primary Mycoplasma species causing mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:196-205. [PMID: 22192198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the current research was to develop real-time PCR assays with improved sensitivity and the capacity to simultaneously speciate the 3 most common mycoplasma mastitis agents: Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma californicum, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Real-time PCR was chosen because it provides rapid results. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used as the gold standard for evaluating candidate real-time PCR assays. To ascertain the real-time PCR assay specificity, reference strains of Mycoplasma species, Acholeplasma axanthum, and common gram-positive and gram-negative mastitis pathogens were tested. No cross-reactions were observed. Mycoplasma spp. isolated from bovine milk samples (n=228) and other organ sites (n=40) were tested by the real-time PCR assays and the partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing assay. Overall accuracy of this novel real-time PCR was 98.51%; 4 of 228 isolates identified as M. bovis by the partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing assay were identified as both M. bovis and M. californicum by real-time PCR. Subsequent amplicon sequencing suggested the presence of both M. bovis and M. californicum in these 4 samples. Using a cycle threshold of 37, the detection limits for real-time PCR were 10 copies of DNA template for both M. bovis and M. bovigenitalium, and 1 copy for M. californicum. This real-time PCR assay is a diagnostic technique that may be used as a screening tool or as a confirmation test for mycoplasma mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boonyayatra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Boonyayatra S, Fox LK, Gay JM, Sawant A, Besser TE. Discrimination between Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species of bovine origin using digitonin disc diffusion assay, nisin disc diffusion assay, and conventional polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:7-13. [PMID: 22362930 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological culture of milk samples has been used as a standard diagnosis for Mycoplasma mastitis. This technique is effective in isolating mollicutes that are Mycoplasma-like; however, isolates may be misinterpreted as Acholeplasma species, which are indistinguishable from Mycoplasma species by culture. A study to contrast the abilities of 2 culture-based tests, digitonin and nisin disc diffusion assays and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, to discriminate between Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene partial sequencing as the gold standard of comparison. A total of 288 bovine mollicute field isolates (248 from milk and 40 from other organ sites) and 13 reference strains were tested. Results obtained from the digitonin disc diffusion assay when it was performed with all field isolates were 92.7% and 99.0% in agreement with the gold standard using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Considering only milk isolates, agreements between the digitonin disc diffusion assay with the gold standard were 97.2% and 100% using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Culture identification using the nisin disc diffusion assay and the PCR was in a 100% agreement with the gold standard. Comparable results using culture-based nisin and digitonin disc diffusion assays, and PCR, to distinguish Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species was found, especially for isolates from bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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18
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Maunsell F, Woolums A, Francoz D, Rosenbusch R, Step D, Wilson D, Janzen E. Mycoplasma bovis Infections in Cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:772-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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19
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Amores J, de la Fe C, Gómez-Martín Á, Corrales JC, Contreras A, Sánchez A. Preserved goat milk as a valid sample for the PCR detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Clothier KA, Jordan DM, Thompson CJ, Kinyon JM, Frana TS, Strait EL. Mycoplasma bovis real-time polymerase chain reaction assay validation and diagnostic performance. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:956-60. [PMID: 21088183 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important bacterial pathogen in cattle, producing a variety of clinical diseases. The organism, which requires specialized culture conditions and extended incubation times to isolate and identify, is frequently associated with concurrent infection with other pathogens which can potentially be more easily identified. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is a valuable diagnostic technique that can rapidly identify infectious agents in clinical specimens. A real-time PCR assay was designed based on the uvrC gene to identify M. bovis in diagnostic samples. Using culture as the gold standard test, the assay performed well in a variety of diagnostic matrices. Initial validation testing was conducted on 122 milk samples (sensitivity: 88.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 68.4-100%], specificity: 100%); 154 lung tissues (sensitivity: 89.0% [95% CI: 83.1-94.9%], specificity: 97.8% [95% CI: 93.5-100%]); 70 joint tissue/fluid specimens (sensitivity: 92.3% [95% CI: 82.1-100%], specificity: 95.5% [95% CI: 89.3-100%]); and 26 nasal swabs (sensitivity: 75.0% [95% CI: 45.0-100%], specificity: 83.3% [95% CI: 66.1-100%]). Low numbers of other sample matrices showed good agreement between results of culture and PCR. A review of clinical cases from 2009 revealed that, in general, PCR was used much more frequently than culture and provided useful diagnostic information in conjunction with clinical signs, signalment, and gross and histopathologic lesions. Diagnostic performance of the real-time PCR assay developed as a testing method indicates that it is a rapid, accurate assay that is adaptable to a variety of PCR platforms and can provide reliable results on an array of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Clothier
- Iowa State University, Veterinary Department of Production Animal Medicine, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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21
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Boonyayatra S, Fox L, Besser T, Sawant A, Gay J. Effects of storage methods on the recovery of Mycoplasma species from milk samples. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:210-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rossetti BC, Frey J, Pilo P. Direct detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk and tissue samples by real-time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 24:321-3. [PMID: 20561921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis is of great economic importance to the beef and dairy industry. Here we describe a new specific real-time PCR assay targeting the uvrC gene that was developed to directly detect M. bovis from milk and tissue samples without laborious DNA purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigna C Rossetti
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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23
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Amores J, Sánchez A, Martín AG, Corrales JC, Contreras A, de la Fe C. Viability of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in goat milk samples stored under different conditions. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:347-50. [PMID: 20413227 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Control programs for contagious agalactia (CA) involve monitoring milk samples to detect this disease. This study was designed to establish the effects of the preservatives generally used in dairy laboratories and storage temperature on the viability of Mycoplasma (M.) agalactiae (Ma) and M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) in goat milk samples. In total, 1440 determinations were conducted for each mycoplasma species in milk samples subjected to different storage temperatures (refrigeration at 4°C or freezing at -20°C), preservation strategies (no preservative, NP; azidiol, AZ; or bronopol, BR) and storage times at each temperature (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24h at 4°C and 48h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks at -20°C). Our findings reveal the similar viability of Mmc in milk samples stored at 4°C for 24h under the three preservation conditions examined. In contrast, the isolation of Ma in refrigerated milk samples was compromised by the presence of BR, and in smaller measure by the treatments AZ and NP. Freezing milk samples considerably reduced the viability of both mycoplasmas. Given the different sensitivity of the two mycoplasma species to BR, refrigerated milk samples treated with AZ could be used to detect infections caused by both species through culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Amores
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
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24
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Use of a novel real-time PCR technique to monitor and quantitate Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle herds with mastitis and respiratory disease. Vet J 2009; 186:299-303. [PMID: 19926318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis infection of cattle tends to persist in affected herds and can be resistant to treatment. Given that the level of shedding of the organism can reflect the state of ongoing infection, a study was established to quantify the degree of such shedding in milk samples from infected herds using a novel real-time PCR technique. While the M. bovis load in herds with clinical disease was significantly higher than in disease-free herds (P<0.001), infection persisted in the latter. Similarly, M. bovis was detected more frequently in conjunctival swabs from calves with respiratory disease when compared with samples from animals that did not exhibit such clinical signs. This novel real-time PCR assay is specific for M. bovis and can detect bacterial loads as low as 100 colony forming units/mL of milk.
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25
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McDonald WL, Rawdon TG, Fitzmaurice J, Bolotovski I, Voges H, Humphrey S, Fernando K, Canagasebey Y, Thornton RN, McIntyre L. Survey of bulk tank milk in New Zealand for Mycoplasma bovis , using species-specific nested PCR and culture. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:44-9. [PMID: 19252542 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To survey the dairy cattle population in New Zealand for the presence or absence of Mycoplasma bovis. METHODS A random cross-sectional survey of bulk tank milk from dairy herds in New Zealand based on regionally proportioned sampling, weighted towards herds with a high bulk tank milk somatic cell count (SCC) was used to detect M. bovis at a between-herd prevalence of 2%, with 99% confidence. Bulk tank milk samples collected on-farm were tested using a nested M. bovis PCR, and bacteriological culture employing enrichment in mycoplasma broth and direct plating onto mycoplasma agar. RESULTS Mycoplasma bovis was not detected in any of the 244 bulk tank milk samples by either PCR or culture. CONCLUSIONS This survey provides further evidence that M. bovis is not present in the dairy cattle population in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L McDonald
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand.
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26
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Maunsell FP, Donovan GA. Mycoplasma bovis Infections in young calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2009; 25:139-77, vii. [PMID: 19174287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has emerged as an important pathogen of young intensively reared calves in North America. A variety of clinical diseases are associated with M bovis infections of calves, including respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis, and some less common presentations. Clinical disease associated with M bovis often is chronic, debilitating, and poorly responsive to antimicrobial therapy. Current control measures are centered on reducing exposure to M bovis through contaminated milk or other sources, and nonspecific control measures to maximize respiratory defenses of the calf. This article focuses on the clinical and epidemiologic aspects of M bovis infections in young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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27
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Radaelli E, Luini M, Loria G, Nicholas R, Scanziani E. Bacteriological, serological, pathological and immunohistochemical studies of Mycoplasma bovis respiratory infection in veal calves and adult cattle at slaughter. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lorusso A, Decaro N, Greco G, Corrente M, Fasanella A, Buonavoglia D. A real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:918-23. [PMID: 17897194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive, specific tool for detection and quantification of Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA in sheep milk samples. METHODS AND RESULTS A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the membrane-protein 81 gene of M. agalactiae was developed. The assay specifically detected M. agalactiae DNA without cross-amplification of other mycoplasmas and common pathogens of small ruminants. The method was reproducible and highly sensitive, providing precise quantification of M. agalactiae DNA over a range of nine orders of magnitude. Compared with an established PCR assay, the real-time PCR was one-log more sensitive, detecting as few as 10(1) DNA copies per 10 microl of plasmid template and 6.5x10(0) colour changing units of reference strain Ba/2. CONCLUSIONS The real-time PCR assay is a reliable method for the detection and quantification of M. agalactiae DNA in sheep milk samples. The assay is more sensitive than gel-based PCR protocols and provides quantification of the M. agalactiae DNA contained in milk samples. The assay is also quicker than traditional culture methods (2-3 h compared with at least 1 week). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The established real-time PCR assay will help study the patterns of shedding of M. agalactiae in milk, aiding pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lorusso
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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29
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important and emerging cause of respiratory disease and arthritis in feedlot cattle and young dairy and veal calves, and has a variety of other disease manifestations in cattle. M. bovis is certainly capable of causing acute respiratory disease in cattle, yet the attributable fraction has been difficult to estimate. In contrast, M. bovis is more accepted as a cause of chronic bronchopneumonia with caseous and perhaps coagulative necrosis, characterized by persistent infection that seems poorly responsive to many antibiotics. An understanding of the disease has been recently advanced by comparisons of natural and experimentally induced disease, development of molecular diagnostic tools, and understanding some aspects of virulence, yet uncertainties regarding protective immunity, the importance of genotypic diversity, mechanisms of virulence, and the role of co-pathogens have restricted our understanding of pathogenesis and our ability to effectively control the disease. This review critically considers the relationship between M. bovis infection and the various manifestations of the bovine respiratory disease complex, and addresses the pathogenesis, clinical and pathologic sequelae, laboratory diagnosis and control of disease resulting from M. bovis infection in the bovine respiratory tract.
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Filioussis G, Christodoulopoulos G, Thatcher A, Petridou V, Bourtzi-Chatzopoulou E. Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine clinical mastitis cases in Northern Greece. Vet J 2007; 173:215-8. [PMID: 16243548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis was detected in 18/219 (8.2%) quarter milk samples collected from cases of bovine clinical mastitis in Northern Greece between November 1997 and March 1999. The cases occurred in 2/37 (5.4%) of the herds examined. The micro-organism was isolated from bulk milk samples (BTS) from the two positive herds but was not isolated from 111 composite milk samples collected from clinically healthy cows from all 37 herds. Isolates were identified as M. bovis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Other micro-organisms were also isolated from the M. bovis positive samples. The M. bovis-positive cows had all been imported into Greece from other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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31
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Cai HY, Bell-Rogers P, Parker L, Prescott JF. Development of a real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine milk and lung samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:537-45. [PMID: 16475511 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using hybridization probes on a LightCycler platform was developed for detection of Mycoplasma bovis from individual bovine mastitis milk and pneumonic lung tissues. The detection limit was 550 colony forming units (cfu)/ml of milk and 650 cfu/25 mg of lung tissue. A panel of bovine Mycoplasma and of other bovine-origin bacteria were tested; only M. bovis strains were positive, with a melting peak of 66.6 degrees C. Mycoplasma agalactiae PG2 was also positive and could be distinguished because it had a melting peak of 63.1 degrees C. In validation testing of clinical samples, the relative sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.3% for individual milks and 96.6% and 100% for the lung tissue. Using M. bovis real-time PCR, the M. bovis culture-positive milk samples were estimated to contain between 5 x 10(4) and 7.7 x 10(8) cfu/ml and the M. bovis culture-positive lungs between 1 x 10(3) and 1 x 10(9) cfu/25 mg. Isolation, confirmed with the real-time PCR and colony fluorescent antibody test, showed that at the herd level, the proportion of samples positive for M. bovis isolation in mastitis milk samples submitted to the Mastitis Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, was 2.4% (5/201). We conclude that this probe-based real-time PCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method to identify M. bovis infection in bovine milk and pneumonic lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Y Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Abstract
The Mycoplasma sp. that cause mastitis are simple, cell wall-less, bacteria that can colonize and cause diseases in other extramammary sites in the bovine. Prevalence of mycoplasma mastitis appears to be increasing in many locations throughout the world. The best method to identify this group of pathogens is through direct culture on mycoplasma agar media. However, limitations with this culture procedure are the duration of culture, 10 days, special conditions required and thus added expense, and the lack of primary specificity to distinguish between true pathogens and commensal organisms. Thus culture of bulk tank milk samples has been advocated as a primary screening method to determine the mycoplasma status of a herd. This monitoring system is reasonably successful but the sensitivity of detection of Mycoplasma sp. in bulk tank milk is affected by a significant minority of cows that might shed the organism at levels below the threshold of detection. Contagious mastitis control procedures have been effective in controlling outbreaks of mycoplasma mastitis. Yet new methods of control might be warranted, methods that may prevent the outbreak. Current data suggests that a significant number of new outbreaks may occur via internal or animal-to-animal transmission of mycoplasma mastitis pathogens from asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Fox
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA.
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Bashiruddin JB, Frey J, Königsson MH, Johansson KE, Hotzel H, Diller R, de Santis P, Botelho A, Ayling RD, Nicholas RAJ, Thiaucourt F, Sachse K. Evaluation of PCR systems for the identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis: a collaborative trial. Vet J 2005; 169:268-75. [PMID: 15727920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic differentiation between the ruminant pathogens Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis is known to be problematic when only conventional serological and biochemical tests are used. The main reason for this is that both agents share a considerable number of related proteins and common epitopes. DNA-based detection methods offer advantages in terms of specificity and sensitivity. However, there is an urgent need to compare currently used PCR assays because they target different genomic regions and, therefore, may perform differently. In the present work, five laboratories, which use PCR routinely, evaluated the specificity of four different PCR systems for M. agalactiae and three systems for M. bovis on a total of 41 strains of the two Mycoplasma species including six previously unidentified strains. As the vast majority of PCR examinations (97.1% of all tests) correctly identified the strains the specificity of all seven detection systems appears to be high. In four cases, incorrect identification by conventional diagnostic methods was rectified by PCR. Isolates from non-typical hosts, i.e. three M. bovis strains from small ruminants and two M. agalactiae strains from cattle, were characterised by sequencing the 16S and part of the 23S ribosomal RNA genes.
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Thomas A, Linden A, Mainil J, Bischof DF, Frey J, Vilei EM. Mycoplasma bovis shares insertion sequences with Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: Evolutionary and developmental aspects. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 245:249-55. [PMID: 15837379 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new insertion elements, ISMbov1, ISMbov2 and ISMbov3, which are closely related to ISMag1 (Mycoplasma agalactiae), ISMmy1 and IS1634 (both Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC), respectively, have been discovered in Mycoplasma bovis, an important pathogen of cattle. Southern blotting showed that the genome of M. bovis harbours 6-12 copies of ISMbov1, 11-15 copies of ISMbov2 and 4-10 copies of ISMbov3, depending on the strain. A fourth insertion element, the IS30-like element, is present in 4-8 copies. This high number of IS elements in M. bovis, which represent a substantial part of its genome, and their relatedness with IS elements of both M. agalactiae and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC suggest the occurrence of two evolutionary events: (i) a divergent evolution into M. agalactiae and M. bovis upon infection of different hosts; (ii) a horizontal transfer of IS elements during co-infection with M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC and M. bovis of a same bovine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Thomas
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, B43A, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Abstract
PCR has become a widely used tool for detection, identification and differentiation of pathogenic microorganisms in diagnosis of animal and human diseases. However, quite a number of currently used protocols can be further optimized to exclude nonspecific reactions. On the one hand, target sequences as defined by primer binding sites should be checked carefully for the absence of significant homologies to other organisms in order to insure high specificity of detection. A major part of PCR assays is still based on target sequences in the ribosomal RNA operon, but, as the differentiating potential of this region is limited, genes encoding cellular proteins, such as toxins, surface antigens or enzymes, have been shown to be a viable alternative in many instances. On the other hand, various approaches are available to improve the performance of the amplification reaction itself. The kinetics of amplification is known to be heavily dependent on primer-to-template ratio, efficiency of primer annealing and enzyme-to-template ratio. In the present paper, recently published PCR detection assays for microorganisms, particularly bacterial pathogens, are reviewed and optimization strategies are explained. The practical implications and epidemiological consequences of routine use of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sachse
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals (BFAV), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a major, but often overlooked, pathogen causing respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle. It is found worldwide and has spread into new areas, including Ireland and parts of South America, in the last decade. In Europe, it is responsible for at least a quarter to a third of all calf pneumonia although this may be an underestimate as few laboratories regularly monitor for mycoplasmas. Like all mollicutes, M. bovis is inherently refractory to certain groups of antibiotics because it does not possess a cell wall; furthermore evidence is accumulating that strains of M. bovis are becoming resistant to antibiotics, including tetracycline, tilmicosin and spectinomycin, traditionally used for their control. No vaccines are presently available for the control of M. bovis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J Nicholas
- Mycoplasma Group, Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Abstract
Mycoplasmal bovine mastitis is potentially a highly contagious disease that can cause severe economic problems in affected herds. The purchase of replacement heifers and cows are frequently the origin of mycoplasmal mastitis outbreaks in previously Mycoplasma-free herds. Purchased cows and heifers should be quarantined and tested for mycoplasmal mastitis before admission to the regular herd. Detection of Mycoplasma-infected cows by culture of milk is straightforward, although there are problems of sensitivity for its detection in milk samples that are inherent to the nature of the disease and laboratory procedures. After detection of infected cows, the best way to protect the herd is to culture all cows in the herd, cows with clinical mastitis, and all heifers and cows after calving and before entering the milking herd. Control of mycoplasmal mastitis requires test and culling from the herd of Mycoplasma-positive cows if possible. When a large number of cows are infected, strict segregation with adequate management is an option; however, animals in this group should never re-enter the Mycoplama-free herd. The functioning of the milking equipment and milking procedures should be evaluated carefully and any flaws corrected. There is no treatment for mycoplasmal mastitis, and vaccination has not proven to be efficacious to prevent, decrease the incidence, or ameliorate the clinical signs of mycoplasmal mastitis. Waste milk should not be fed to calves without pasteurization. M bovis may cause several other pathologies in animals of different ages on a farm, including pneumonia, arthritis, and ear infections. The survival of mycoplasmas in different farm microenvironments needs to be further investigated for its impact on the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén N González
- Quality Milk Production Services, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 22 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY 14850-1263, USA.
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