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Feng R, Lillevang SK, Ahrné L. Effect of Water Temperature and Time during Heating on Mass Loss and Rheology of Cheese Curds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112881. [PMID: 34829162 PMCID: PMC8623044 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the manufacturing of mozzarella, cheese curds are heated to the desired stretching temperature traditionally by immersion in water, which influences the curd characteristics before stretching, and consequently the final cheese properties. In this study, cheese curds were immersed in hot water at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C up to 16 min and the kinetics of mass loss and changes of rheological properties were investigated. The total mass of cooked curds increased up to 10% during the first minute, independent of the temperature, as a consequence of water retention. Fat was the main component lost into the cooking water (<3.5% w/w), while the concentration of protein increased up to 3.4% (w/w) compared to uncooked curds due to the loss of other components. Curds macrostructure during cooking showed that curds fully fuse at 70 °C/4 min; 80 °C/2 min and 90 °C/1 min, while after intensive cooking (>8 min) they lost the ability to fuse as a consequence of protein contraction and fat loss. Storage modulus, representing the curd strength, was dependent on cooking temperature and positively, and linearly, correlated with curd protein content (21.7–24.9%). This work shows the potential to modify curd composition and structure, which will have consequences for further processing and final product properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Feng
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | | | - Lilia Ahrné
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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Mezo-Solís JA, Moo-Huchin VM, Sánchez-Zarate A, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Estrada-León RJ, Ibáñez R, Toro-Mujica P, Chay-Canul AJ, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Physico-Chemical, Sensory and Texture Properties of an Aged Mexican Manchego-Style Cheese Produced from Hair Sheep Milk. Foods 2020; 9:E1666. [PMID: 33203078 PMCID: PMC7697642 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and texture changes of the Manchego-style cheese produced from hair sheep (Pelibuey) throughout 180 days of ripening, as well as consumer's acceptance. Cheese pH was constant from 1 to 180 days of ripening. Moisture, water activity, fat, elasticity and hardness decreased from day 1 to day 180, while protein, trichloroacetic acid-soluble N and free amino acid increased. Cheese lightness decreased as ripening time increased, while elasticity and hardness decreased. Principal Component Analysis was useful in discriminating cheeses according to their physicochemical composition and that allowed cheeses to be classified in two groups according to their ripening time and this resulted in those with less than 60 days and those with more than 90 days of ripening. Compared with cheeses ripened at 1 and 90 days, aged cheeses at 180 days reduced scores for appearance, color, odor, taste, texture and overall acceptance. Overall, Manchego-style cheeses from hair sheep had the usual ripened-cheese physicochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alberto Mezo-Solís
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, R/A. La Huasteca 2a Sección, Villahermosa CP 86280, Tabasco, Mexico; (J.A.M.-S.); (A.S.-Z.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Moo-Huchin
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, TecNM-Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida, Av. Tecnológico s/n, Mérida 97000, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Sánchez-Zarate
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, R/A. La Huasteca 2a Sección, Villahermosa CP 86280, Tabasco, Mexico; (J.A.M.-S.); (A.S.-Z.)
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Toluca CP 50000, Mexico;
| | | | - Rodrigo Ibáñez
- Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Paula Toro-Mujica
- Instituto de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Universidad de O’Higgins, Campus Colchagua, San Fernando3070000, Chile;
| | - Alfonso J. Chay-Canul
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, R/A. La Huasteca 2a Sección, Villahermosa CP 86280, Tabasco, Mexico; (J.A.M.-S.); (A.S.-Z.)
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Gulati A, Galvin N, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, O'Donovan M, McManus JJ, Fenelon MA, Guinee TP. Grazing of dairy cows on pasture versus indoor feeding on total mixed ration: Effects on low-moisture part-skim Mozzarella cheese yield and quality characteristics in mid and late lactation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8737-8756. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Loudiyi M, Karoui R, Rutledge DN, Montel MC, Rifa E, Aït-Kaddour A. Fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis to monitor molecular changes during heating and cooling of Cantal-type cheeses with different NaCl and KCl contents. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:963-975. [PMID: 28714272 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of NaCl content of cheeses has received considerable attention by research during the past decades because of its health effects. Nonetheless, NaCl reduction is a challenge since it plays an important role in cheese quality, such as structure, texture and functional properties. Several methods were used to evaluate the effect of NaCl on these attributes. In this study, Cantal-type cheeses with different salts (NaCl and KCl) were analyzed for their structure at a molecular level and rheological properties during heating (20-60 °C) and cooling (60-20 °C). The structure was investigated by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and the rheological properties by small-amplitude oscillatory test. RESULTS Independent components analysis (ICA) gave three independent components that were attributed to coenzyme/Maillard reaction products (IC1), tryptophan (IC2) and vitamin A (IC3). Signal proportions of each IC depicted information regarding the changes in those fluorophores with salts, heating and cooling. In addition, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of the IC proportions and rheological measurements related modifications at a molecular level evaluated by fluorescence to cheese texture (0.34 < R2 < 0.99). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that SFS can monitor and characterize modification of Cantal-type cheeses at a molecular level, based on the analysis of the fluorescence spectra by ICA. The nature of correlation between signal proportions and the rheological parameters depicted that rheological attributes of cheeses observed at the macroscopic level can be derived from fluorescence spectra. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Loudiyi
- VetAgro Sup, Lempdes, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMRF, Aurillac, France
| | - Romdhane Karoui
- Université d'Artois, EA 7394, Institut Charles Viollette, Lens, France
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | | | - Etienne Rifa
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMRF, Aurillac, France
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Effect of salt and fat reduction on proteolysis, rheology and cooking properties of Cheddar cheese. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ibáñez RA, Waldron DS, McSweeney PL. Effect of fat content and temperature on the translucency of Cheddar cheese. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guinee T, Pudja P, Miočinović J, Wiley J, Mullins C. Textural and cooking properties and viscoelastic changes on heating and cooling of Balkan cheeses. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7573-86. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guinee T, O’Callaghan D. Effect of increasing the protein-to-fat ratio and reducing fat content on the chemical and physical properties of processed cheese product. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6830-6839. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wadhwani R, McMahon D. Color of low-fat cheese influences flavor perception and consumer liking. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2336-46. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reducing the level of added disodium phosphate alters the chemical and physical properties of processed cheese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-011-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Johnson ME, Kapoor R, McMahon DJ, McCoy DR, Narasimmon RG. Reduction of Sodium and Fat Levels in Natural and Processed Cheeses: Scientific and Technological Aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8:252-268. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Joshi N, Muthukumarappan K, Dave R. Effect of Calcium on Physicochemical Properties of Fat-free Mozzarella Cheese. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Joshi NS, Muthukumarappan K, Dave RI. Understanding the role of calcium in functionality of part skim Mozzarella cheese. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1918-26. [PMID: 12836925 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of calcium on softening, melting, and flow characteristics of part skim Mozzarella cheese was evaluated. Four cheeses containing different calcium levels (viz. 0.65, 0.48, 0.42, and 0.35%) were manufactured by direct acidification using glucono-delta-lactone on four different occasions. Preacidification of milk was done to alter the calcium content of the cheeses. Cheeses were made with uniform composition. Lowering of calcium to 25, 35, and 45% levels increased the melt by 1.4, 2.1, and 2.6 times, respectively, 1 d after manufacture. Low calcium cheeses softened and melted at lower time and temperatures. These cheeses flowed faster and to a greater extent. Higher proteolysis at a faster rate was observed in low calcium cheeses. Refrigerated storage up to 30 d also increased melt area, flow rate, extent of flow, and soluble protein and lowered softening and melting times in all the cheeses. The effect of calcium reduction was more noticeable as compared to the effect of storage on functionality of Mozzarella cheese. Improved softening, melting, and flow properties of low calcium part skim Mozzarella cheese is a clear advantage to cheese manufacturers and end users as they may not have to wait 15 to 20 d for proteolysis of cheese to obtain desired melt properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Joshi
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007-0647, USA
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Pastorino AJ, Dave RI, Oberg CJ, McMahon DJ. Temperature effect on structure-opacity relationships of nonfat mozzarella cheese. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2106-13. [PMID: 12362441 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effect of heating on the structure of nonfat Mozzarella cheese and then to relate changes in structure to changes in cheese opacity. Cheese was made according to a direct-acid, stirred-curd procedure. Cheese samples, at 4 degrees C, were taken on d 1 and placed into glass bottles, which were sealed and heated. Once the cheese reached 10 degrees C or 50 degrees C, the bottles were placed on a scanner and color values measured. Samples were also taken on d 1 for chemical, micro, and ultrastructural analyses. Applying heat increased cheese opacity. At 50 degrees C the cheese was more opaque than at 10 degrees C. The increase in temperature induced changes in cheese structure. Larger high-density protein aggregates and increased protein concentration in the protein matrix were observed in cheese at 50 degrees C. Applied heat would favor hydrophobic interactions, and possibly, re-association of beta-casein and calcium with the protein matrix, promoting protein-to-protein interactions. Thus, the protein matrix contracts, occupying less cheese matrix area, and microphase separation occurs, causing serum pockets to grow in size, and microstructural heterogeneity to increase. It is proposed that the increased size of aggregates and heterogeneity of the cheese at 50 degrees C promote light reflection, thus increasing cheese opacity. We concluded that applying heat alters protein interactions in the cheese matrix, manifested as changes in cheese structure. Such changes in structure help provide an understanding of changes in cheese opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pastorino
- Western Dairy Center, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA
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