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Vinyard JR, Ravelo A, Sarmikasoglou E, Monteiro HF, Arce-Cordero JA, Johnson ML, Agustinho BC, Lobo RR, Yungmann MG, Winter AHR, Gilbertsen LM, Mills MN, Soltis M, Ghizzi LG, Gusmão JO, Ferraretto LF, Faciola AP. Effects of exogenous amylolytic or fibrolytic enzymes inclusion on in vitro fermentation of lactating dairy cow diets in a dual-flow continuous-culture system. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1002-1012. [PMID: 36543642 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of including exogenous amylolytic or fibrolytic enzymes in a diet for high-producing dairy cows on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermentors were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments were control (CON), a xylanase and glucanase mixture (T1), an α-amylase mixture (T2), or a xylanase, glucanase, and α-amylase mixture (T3). Treatments were included at a rate of 0.008% of diet dry matter (DM) for T1 and T2 and at 0.02% for T3. All treatments replaced the equivalent amount of soybean meal in the diet compared with CON. All diets were balanced to have the same nutrient composition [30.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 16.1% crude protein (CP), and 30% starch; DM basis], and fermentors were fed 106 g/d divided into 2 feedings. At each feeding, T2 was pipetted into the respective fermentor and an equivalent amount of deionized water was added to each fermentor to eliminate potential variation. Experimental periods were 10 d (7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection). Composite samples of daily effluent were collected and analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH3-N, and lactate concentrations, degradability of DM, organic matter, NDF, CP, and starch, and flow and metabolism of N. Samples of fermentor contents were collected from each fermentor at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding to determine kinetics of pH, NH3-N, lactate, and VFA concentrations over time. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.), and the repeated variable of time was included for kinetics measurements. Treatment did not affect mean pH, degradability, N flow and metabolism, or the concentrations of VFA, NH3-N, or lactate in the effluent samples. Treatment did not affect pH, acetate:propionate ratio, or the concentrations of lactate, NH3-N, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, or caproate. However, the concentration of total VFA tended to change at each time point depending upon the treatment, and T2 tended to have a greater proportion of 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate than CON, T1, or T3. As 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate are branched-chain VFA that are synthesized from branched-chain amino acids, T2 may have an increased fermentation of branched-chain amino acids or decreased uptake by fibrolytic microorganisms. Although we did not observe changes in N metabolism due to the enzymes, there could be changes in microbial populations that utilize branched-chain VFA. Overall, the tested enzymes did not improve in vitro ruminal fermentation in the diet of high-producing dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A Ravelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - H F Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - J A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - M L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - B C Agustinho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - M G Yungmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A H R Winter
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - L M Gilbertsen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - M N Mills
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - M Soltis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - L G Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - J O Gusmão
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
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OBEIDAT BELALS. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation improves lactation performance of Awassi ewes fed a high forage diet. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i7.81492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yang J, Refat B, Guevara-Oquendo VH, Yu P. Lactational performance, feeding behavior, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows fed whole-plant faba bean silage-based diet with fibrolytic enzyme. Animal 2022; 16:100606. [PMID: 35970105 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-plant faba bean silage has a high content in indigestible fiber. Improvement of fiber digestibility of faba bean silage would benefit animal production. However, there is no study on pretreating fibrolytic enzyme in whole-plant faba bean silage-based diet for dairy cows on animal performance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of pretreating whole-plant faba bean silage-baseddiet with fibrolytic enzyme (a mixture of xylanase and cellulase; AB Vista, UK) derived from Trichoderma reesei(FETR) on lactational performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and feeding behavior of dairy cows. The animal trial was conducted using eight lactating Holstein cows (BW = 710 ± 44 kg and Days in Milk (DIM) = 121 ± 17 days) with four levels of FETR (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mL of FETR/kg DM of silage) in a replicated Latin square design. These enzyme treatments were selected based on the previous in situ and in vitro findings that showed positive responses to the whole-plant faba bean silage. The enzyme treatments were directly applied on the silage prior to mixing process. The total mixed rations contained 31% of faba bean silage, 14% of grass hay, 3.5% of straw, 30% of barley and corn grain and 21.5% of concentrate. There was no significant difference of applying FETR on nutrient intake (P > 0.05) except for CP intake, which was reduced in FETR group compared to control (P < 0.01, 4.4 vs 4.54 kg/d). There was a linear effect found in NDF digestibility when treated with FETR, where maximum improvement was achieved with 0.5 mL of FETR application. The milk fat yield, percentage of milk fat and fat-corrected milk were linearly affected by the increasing level of enzyme. The cows fed a diet supplemented with enzymes tended to have a lower milk fat. Feed efficiency linearly responded to incremental levels of FETR. There was no enzyme effect on feeding behavior and nitrogen balance and utilization. Results from this study indicated that supplementing fibrolytic enzyme on whole-plant faba bean silage diets for dairy cows improved lactational performance, intake and digestibility with 0.5 mL of FETR application. However, adding higher enzyme level resulted in negative effects on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenchieh Yang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Basim Refat
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Victor H Guevara-Oquendo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Yang JC, Guevara-Oquendo VH, Christensen D, Lardner HB, Refat B, Rodríguez Espinosa ME, Yu P. Utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its plant silage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6114-6125. [PMID: 35152802 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2028126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to review recent progress and update on utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions and nutritive and anti-nutritional characteristics of whole legume faba bean and its silage. The study focused on strategies to improve the utilization and bioavailability of fiber through pre-treating exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The review includes features of nutrition and anti-nutritional factors and environment impact, forage fiber fermentation, degradation and digestion, legume bean in various diets, use of exogenous enzyme and factor affecting enzyme action in fiber digestion as well as exogenous enzyme response. This review also provides very recent research on effects of fibrolytic enzyme on rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter and fiber of whole plant faba bean silage and effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from trichoderma reesei on lactational performance, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows fed whole plant faba bean silage-based diet. This study provides an insight on nutritive and anti-nutritive characteristics of whole legume bean and its plant silage and utilization of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in fiber fermentation, degradation, and digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Yang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Victor H Guevara-Oquendo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David Christensen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Herbert Bart Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Basim Refat
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - María E Rodríguez Espinosa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Pech-Cervantes AA, Ogunade IM, Jiang Y, Estrada-Reyes ZM, Arriola KG, Amaro FX, Staples CR, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Effects of a xylanase-rich enzyme on intake, milk production, and digestibility of dairy cows fed a diet containing a high proportion of bermudagrass silage. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7671-7681. [PMID: 33814135 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that milk production in dairy cows was increased by adding a specific xylanase-rich exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (XYL) to a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 10% bermudagrass silage (BMD). Two follow-up experiments were conducted to examine whether adding XYL would increase the performance of dairy cows consuming a TMR containing a higher (20%) proportion of BMD (Experiment 1) and to evaluate the effects of XYL on in vitro fermentation and degradability of the corn silage, BMD, and TMR (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 40 lactating Holstein cows in early lactation (16 multiparous and 24 primiparous; 21 ± 3 d in milk; 589 ± 73 kg of body weight) were blocked by milk yield and parity and randomly assigned to the Control and XYL treatments. The TMR contained 20% BMD, 25% corn silage, 8% wet brewer's grain, and 47% concentrate mixture in the dry matter (DM). Cows were fed the XYL-treated or untreated experimental TMR twice per day for 10 wk after a 9-d covariate period. In Experiment 2, ruminal fluid was collected from 3 cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a diet containing 20% bermudagrass haylage, 25% corn silage and 55% concentrate. In Experiment 1, compared with Control, application of XYL did not affect DM intake (24.0 vs. 23.7 kg/d), milk yield (35.1 vs. 36.2 kg/d), fat-corrected milk yield (36.1 vs. 36.9 kg/d), or yields of milk fat (1.29 vs. 1.31 kg/d) or protein (1.07 vs. 1.08 kg/d). However, intake of neutral detergent fiber (4.67 vs. 4.41 kg/d) tended to increase with XYL; consequently, milk protein concentration was increased by XYL (3.02 vs. 2.95%). Feed efficiency tended to be lower in cows fed XYL (1.57 vs. 1.52 kg of fat-corrected milk/kg of DM intake) compared with Control. In Experiment 2, XYL tended to increase the rate of gas production in the TMR, the molar proportion of propionate for corn silage, and that of valerate for the TMR. In addition, XYL increased in vitro DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber degradability of BMD and corn silage. Application of XYL to a diet with a relatively high proportion of BMD tended to increase digestible neutral detergent fiber intake, increased milk protein concentration, and in vitro degradability of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. However, XYL did not affect milk production and tended to decrease feed efficiency in early lactation cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I M Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Z M Estrada-Reyes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - K G Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - F X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Bureenok S, Langsoumechai S, Pitiwittayakul N, Yuangklang C, Vasupen K, Saenmahayak B, Schonewille JT. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of Napier grass silage. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1681910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smerjai Bureenok
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sioudome Langsoumechai
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Pitiwittayakul
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chalermpon Yuangklang
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kraisit Vasupen
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Benya Saenmahayak
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jan Thomas Schonewille
- Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zilio EMC, Del Valle TA, Ghizzi LG, Takiya CS, Dias MSS, Nunes AT, Silva GG, Rennó FP. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4179-4189. [PMID: 30879828 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactation diets are composed mostly of carbohydrates that are not fully fermented by rumen microbes. The aim of this study was to evaluate exogenous fibrolytic (Fibrozyme, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and amylolytic (Amaize, Alltech Inc.) enzymes on nutrient intake, sorting index, total-tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, milk yield, and composition of dairy cows in mid-lactation. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (181 ± 35 d in milk, 571 ± 72.7 kg of body weight, and 29.6 ± 5.24 kg/d of milk yield at the start of experiment) were blocked according to milk yield and randomly allocated to treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were (1) control, basal diet without exogenous enzymes; (2) fibrolytic enzyme (FIB), dietary supplementation of Fibrozyme at 12 g/d (51 IU of xylanase activity/kg of diet dry matter); (3) amylolytic enzyme (AMY), dietary supplementation of Amaize at 8 g/d (203 fungal amylase units/kg of diet dry matter); and (4) both fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes (FIB+AMY) added at the same dose of the individual treatments. Enzyme products were added to the concentrate during its preparation (once a week). The supply of FIB and AMY had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility. However, an interaction effect was observed on sorting index of feed particle size between 8 and 19 mm. Amylolytic enzyme increased the sorting for feed particles between 8 and 19 mm, only when fed without FIB. In addition, AMY decreased the sorting for feed with particle size greater than 19 mm. An interaction effect was observed between FIB and AMY for ruminal butyrate concentration and N excretion. Amylolytic enzyme increased ruminal butyrate concentration in cows treated with FIB. Further, FIB decreased milk protein production and feed efficiency only in cows not fed AMY. Amylolytic enzyme reduced urinary N excretion. Exogenous enzymes had no effect on milk production and composition of dairy cows. This study lacks evidence that fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes can affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactation cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissandra M C Zilio
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Tiago A Del Valle
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Lucas G Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Caio S Takiya
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Mauro S S Dias
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Guilherme G Silva
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil 13635-900.
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Mohammadabadi T, Shakarami MH, Elghandour MM, Salem AZ, Monroy JC. Effect of Natuzyme Enzyme on Fecal Digestion and Fermentation of Wheat Straw and Alfalfa Hay in Arabian Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Refat B, Christensen DA, McKinnon JJ, Yang W, Beattie AD, McAllister TA, Eun JS, Abdel-Rahman GA, Yu P. Effect of fibrolytic enzymes on lactational performance, feeding behavior, and digestibility in high-producing dairy cows fed a barley silage–based diet. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7971-7979. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Freiria LBD, Zervoudakis JT, Paula NFD, Cabral LDS, Boas YRV, Silva PIJLDRE, Melo ACB, Possamai AJ. Kinetic parameters of ruminal degradation in vitro with combinations of exogenous enzymes in diets of production systems simulated. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY This study evaluated the effects of eight combinations of three exogenous enzymes with fibrolytic activity (FIB), amylolytic activity (AMZ), and proteolytic activity (PRO) on the accumulated gas production (PG) and kinetic parameters in simulated fermentations in two diet production systems using the in vitro gas production technique. In experiment 1, ruminal fluid was obtained from two Santa Ines sheep, cannulated in the rumen, kept in a feedlot and fed a diet containing a roughage:concentrate ratio of 20:80. In experiment 2, the ruminal fluid was obtained from two Santa Ines sheep, cannulated in the rumen, and kept on pasture (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The accumulated gas production was measured during a 96-hour incubation, measured at 18 different time points. After incubation, the pH, dry matter degradability, organic matter in vitro digestibility, digestibility of neutral detergent insoluble fiber, metabolizable energy, partitioning factor, gas yield, short chain fatty acids and microbial protein production were determined. In the in vitro fermentation using the feedlot diet, the increased use of fibrolytic enzymes increased PG and improved the profile characteristics and kinetic parameters of the fermentation, regardless of the combination with other enzymes. In the in vitro fermentation using the forage diet, increased fibrolytic enzymes also increased PG, with improvements in the kinetic parameters and the profile of the fermentation, independent of the use of the other enzymes. The addition only of fibrolytic enzymes has major potential to optimize the use of feedlot diets as well of forage in ruminant feed.
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Gandra J, Miranda G, Goes R, Takiya C, Del Valle T, Oliveira E, Freitas Junior J, Gandra E, Araki H, Santos A. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation through ruminal bolus on eating behavior, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Jersey heifers fed either corn silage- or sugarcane silage-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Arriola KG, Oliveira AS, Ma ZX, Lean IJ, Giurcanu MC, Adesogan AT. A meta-analysis on the effect of dietary application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4513-4527. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khota W, Pholsen S, Higgs D, Cai Y. Fermentation quality and in vitro methane production of sorghum silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1568-1574. [PMID: 28728399 PMCID: PMC5666192 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase enzyme on fermentation quality, microorganism population, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of sorghum silages were studied. Methods Commercial inoculant Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso 1 (CH), local selected strain Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) TH 14 and Acremonium cellulase (AC) were used as additives in sorghum silage preparation. Results Prior to ensiling Sorghum contained 104 LAB and 106 cfu/g fresh matter coliform bacteria. The chemical compositions of sorghum was 26.6% dry matter (DM), 5.2% crude protein (CP), and 69.7% DM for neutral detergent fiber. At 30 days of fermentation after ensiling, the LAB counts increased to a dominant population; the coliform bacteria and molds decreased to below detectable level. All sorghum silages were good quality with a low pH (<3.5) and high lactic acid content (>66.9 g/kg DM). When silage was inoculated with TH14, the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) lower and the CP content significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to control, CH and AC-treatments. The ratio of in vitro methane production to total gas production and DM in TH 14 and TH 14+AC treatments were significantly (p<0.05) reduced compared with other treatments while in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production did not differ among treatments. Conclusion The results confirmed that L. casei TH14 could improve sorghum silage fermentation, inhibit protein degradation and decrease methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waroon Khota
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suradej Pholsen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - David Higgs
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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Silva T, Takiya C, Vendramini T, Jesus EFD, Zanferari F, Rennó F. Effects of dietary fibrolytic enzymes on chewing time, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactating dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Romero J, Macias E, Ma Z, Martins R, Staples C, Beauchemin K, Adesogan A. Improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3486-3496. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Considerations on the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve forage utilization. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:247437. [PMID: 25379525 PMCID: PMC4212537 DOI: 10.1155/2014/247437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of cell wall fractions of forage in the rumen is incomplete due to the complex links which limit their degradation. It is therefore necessary to find options to optimize the use of forages in ruminant production systems. One alternative is to use exogenous enzymes. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes are of fungal or bacterial origin and increase nutrient availability from the cell wall, which consists of three fractions in different proportions depending on the species of forage: digestible, potentially digestible, and indigestible. The response to addition of exogenous enzymes varies with the type of forage; many researchers infer that there are enzyme-forage interactions but fail to explain the biological mechanism. We hypothesize that the response is related to the proportion of the potentially digestible fraction. The exogenous enzyme activity depends on several factors but if the general conditions for enzyme action are available, the potentially digestible fraction may determine the magnitude of the response. Results of experiments with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in domestic ruminants are inconsistent. This, coupled with their high cost, has made their use unattractive to farmers. Development of cheaper products exploring other microorganisms with fibrolytic activity, such as Fomes fomentarius or Cellulomonas flavigena, is required.
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Faramarzi-Garmroodi A, Mesgaran MD, Parand E, Vakili A. In vitro effect of the adding of an exogenous enzyme blend (Natuzyme®) on rumen microbial fermentation and methane production of diets containing different NDF concentrations. QSCIENCE CONNECT 2014. [DOI: 10.5339/connect.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Faramarzi-Garmroodi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, P O Box 91775-1163, Iran
| | - M. Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, P O Box 91775-1163, Iran
| | - E. Parand
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, P O Box 91775-1163, Iran
| | - A.R. Vakili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, P O Box 91775-1163, Iran
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Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:427-42. [PMID: 24363327 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ruminants to convert plant biomass unsuitable for human consumption into meat and milk is of great societal and agricultural importance. However, the efficiency of this process is largely dependent on the digestibility of plant cell walls. Supplementing ruminant diets with exogenous enzymes has the potential to improve plant cell wall digestibility and thus the efficiency of feed utilization. Understanding the complexity of the rumen microbial ecosystem and the nature of its interactions with plant cell walls is the key to using exogenous enzymes to improve feed utilization in ruminants. The variability currently observed in production responses can be attributed to the array of enzyme formulations available, their variable activities, the level of supplementation, mode of delivery, and the diet to which they are applied as well as the productivity level of the host. Although progress on enzyme technologies for ruminants has been made, considerable research is still required if successful formulations are to be developed. Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have provided novel insight into the structure and function of rumen microbial populations. Knowledge of the rumen microbial ecosystem and its associated carbohydrases could enhance the likelihood of achieving positive responses to enzyme supplementation. The ability to sequence microbial genomes represents a valuable source of information in terms of the physiology and function of both culturable and unculturable rumen microbial species. The advent of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and proteomic techniques will further enhance our understanding of the enzymatic machinery involved in cell wall degradation and provide a holistic view of the microbial community and the complexities of plant cell wall digestion. These technologies should provide new insight into the identification of exogenous enzymes that act synergistically with the rumen microbial populations that ultimately dictate the efficiency of feed digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Meale
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy Cows. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10220-011-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy CowsThe aim of the study was to determine the degree to which feeding total mixed rations (TMR) with fibrolytic enzymes and/or live yeast cultures to periparturient dairy cows will affect feed intake and conversion, milk yield and chemical composition, and metabolic and reproductive parameters of the cows. The experiment was conducted from 3 weeks before calving to 10 weeks of lactation on 36 Polish Red-and-White Holstein-Friesian (PHF Red) cows assigned to four analogous groups, 9 animals each. Cows from the control group (C) were fed an unsupplemented diet, those from group E received a diet supplemented (15 g/day) with enzyme preparation (Fibrozyme™) containing a blend of active xylanase and cellulase, cows from group D a diet with yeast preparation (Yea - Sacc1026) supplemented (10 g/day) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026 live yeast culture, and cows from group ED were fed a diet supplemented with a mixture (25 g/day) of both feed additives. The preparations were added to the concentrate included in the TMR diet. It was found that groups E and D showed a tendency towards higher dry matter and nutrient intake compared to group C. In groups E, D and ED there was also a tendency towards higher milk yield (by about 4-12% in the first 3 weeks of lactation) and slightly higher crude protein content (by an average of 0.16, 0.09 and 0.04 percentage units, respectively), without a clear effect on the other milk constituents. Significantly (P<0.05) lower milk urea content was also noted in group E compared to group C. Cows from groups E and D compared to group C, were characterized by better (P<0.05) efficiency of feed and nutrient conversion for kg milk production, especially during the first three weeks after calving. The experimental cows also showed a tendency towards improved blood metabolic profile, especially decreased levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and reduced activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The investigated preparations had no significant effect on the body weight, body condition and reproductive parameters of the cows.
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Arriola K, Kim S, Staples C, Adesogan A. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme application to low- and high-concentrate diets on the performance of lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:832-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Holtshausen L, Chung YH, Gerardo-Cuervo H, Oba M, Beauchemin K. Improved milk production efficiency in early lactation dairy cattle with dietary addition of a developmental fibrolytic enzyme additive. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:899-907. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bernard J, Castro J, Mullis N, Adesogan A, West J, Morantes G. Effect of feeding alfalfa hay or Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage with or without a cellulase enzyme on performance of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5280-5. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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BALA P, MALIK R, SRINIVAS B. Effect of fortifying concentrate supplement with fibrolytic enzymes on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in lactating goats. Anim Sci J 2009; 80:265-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Park JK, Jeong CS, Park DY, Kim HC, Lee SC, Kim CH. Effects of Increasing Inclusion Levels of Rumen Cellulolytic Bacteria Culture on In vivo Ruminal Fermentation Patterns in Hanwoo Heifers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2009.51.1.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eun JS, Beauchemin K. Relationship between enzymic activities and in vitro degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang SX, Tayo GO, Tan ZL, Sun ZH, Shen LX, Zhou CS, Xiao WJ, Ren GP, Han XF, Shen SB. Effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on in vitro fermentation characteristics of low-quality cereal straws. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1164-72. [PMID: 18203979 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme preparation (containing cellulase and xylanase) on in vitro fermentation characteristics of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage were examined using an in vitro gas production technique. Four levels of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplements (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw DM, respectively) were tested in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of yeast culture increased the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, rate of gas production, IVDMD, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD), and decreased the lag time for each type of straw. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation tended to increase cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, and rate of gas production; prolonged lag time of gas production; and enhanced IVDMD and IVOMD for 4 types of cereal straws, with the significance of this effect being dependent on the level of supplemented enzymes. There were significant interactions between fibrolytic enzymes and yeast on all in vitro gas production parameters, IVDMD, and IVOMD of each type of straw. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture could improve in vitro gas production fermentation of cereal straws.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Tang
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-ecological Engineering, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
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Reddish MA, Kung L. The Effect of Feeding a Dry Enzyme Mixture with Fibrolytic Activity on the Performance of Lactating Cows and Digestibility of a Diet for Sheep. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4724-9. [PMID: 17881695 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A dry enzyme mixture was added to the diets of lactating cows and growing lambs to evaluate its ability to improve milk production and nutrient digestibility, respectively. The enzyme mixture contained xylanase and cellulase activity over a broad range of pH (tested from 4 to 7). Twenty-four lactating cows between 50 and 150 d in milk and averaging about 40 kg of milk/ d were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 26% [dry matter (DM) basis] corn silage, 17% alfalfa silage, 7% chopped alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate. One-half of the cows were fed the TMR without supplementation and the remaining half of the cows were fed the same TMR supplemented with 10 g of the enzyme mixture/ cow per day. After 21 d, the treatments were crossed over for a second 21-d period. The dry enzyme mixture had no effect on DM intake, milk production, or milk composition. Addition of various concentrations of the enzyme mixture did not improve the in vitro digestion of neutral detergent fiber from the TMR. In a digestion trial, lambs were fed a commercial diet supplemented with 4 g of the enzyme mixture/lamb per day, and total feces and urine were collected. Although the ratio of enzyme to feed was much higher than it was in the experiment with lactating cows, addition of the enzyme mixture had no effect on the apparent digestion of DM, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, or N in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Reddish
- Delaware Agricultural Experimental Station, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-2150, USA
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Eun JS, Beauchemin K, Schulze H. Use of an in vitro fermentation bioassay to evaluate improvements in degradation of alfalfa hay due to exogenous feed enzymes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Eun JS, Beauchemin K. Assessment of the efficacy of varying experimental exogenous fibrolytic enzymes using in vitro fermentation characteristics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Beauchemin K, Krehbiel C, Newbold C. Chapter 7 Enzymes, bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast: principles for use in ruminant nutrition. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dean DB, Adesogan AT, Krueger N, Littell RC. Effect of Fibrolytic Enzymes on the Fermentation Characteristics, Aerobic Stability, and Digestibility of Bermudagrass Silage. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:994-1003. [PMID: 15738234 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the nutritive value and aerobic stability of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) silage could be improved by addition of proprietary, exogenous cellulase/hemicellulase enzyme preparations at ensiling. A 5-wk regrowth of Tifton 85 bermudagrass was conserved without treatment (control) or after treatment with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes including Promote NET (Pr), Biocellulase X-20 (X20), Biocellulase A-20 (A20), and Enzyme CT. The respective enzymes were applied at half the recommended rate, the recommended rate, or twice the recommended rate corresponding to 0.65, 1.3, and 2.6 g/kg of DM, 7.3, 14.5, and 29 mg/kg of DM, at 7.3, 14.4, and 29 mg/kg of DM, and 89, 178, and 356 mg/kg of DM, for Pr, X20, A20, and CT, respectively. The enzymes were sprayed on the bermudagrass at ensiling (not added at feeding as suggested by the manufacturers) to test the objectives of the study. Six 1-kg replicates of chopped (5 cm) forage were ensiled for 145 d in 2.8-L mini silos. Three silos per treatment were used for chemical analysis and 3 for aerobic stability monitoring. The silage juice was analyzed for organic acids, pH, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), ammonia-N, and soluble N. Freeze-dried samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and ADF (IVADFD) were determined after digesting the silages in buffered rumen fluid for 6 or 48 h in 2 ANKOM(II) Daisy Incubators. Compared with the other silages, those treated with Pr had lower DM losses, and lower pH and ammonia-N concentration than control silages. Residual WSC concentration was greater in Pr- and CT-treated silages than in control silages and greater in Pr-treated silages than CT-treated silages. Compared with control silages, NDF concentration was lower in silages treated with Pr, X20, and CT, and ADF concentration was lower in silages treated with Pr, X20, and A20. Nevertheless, Pr-treated silages contained lower ADF and NDF concentrations than silages treated with the other enzymes. Enzyme-treated silages contained less acetic acid than control silages, and Pr-treated silages had the lowest concentrations of acetic acid. Aerobic stability was increased by enzyme treatment but microbial counts were not affected. The 6-h IVDMD was increased by treatment with Pr and A20, however only Pr increased the IVDMD and IVNDFD at 48 h. The 48-h IVADFD was also increased by treatment with Pr, CT, and A20. These results show that when applied at ensiling, certain fibrolytic enzymes (particularly Promote) can improve the digestibility, fermentation, and aerobic stability of bermudagrass silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Dean
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Flint HJ. Polysaccharide Breakdown by Anaerobic Microorganisms Inhabiting the Mammalian Gut. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 56:89-120. [PMID: 15566977 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)56003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Flint
- Microbial Genetics Group Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom.
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