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Xia W, Liu Y, Loor JJ, Bionaz M, Jiang M. Dynamic Profile of the Yak Mammary Transcriptome during the Lactation Cycle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101710. [PMID: 37238139 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the transcriptome of the mammary tissue of four yaks during the whole lactation cycle. For this purpose, biopsies of the mammary gland were performed at -30, -15, 1, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 days relative to parturition (d). The transcriptome analysis was performed using a commercial bovine microarray platform and the results were analyzed using several bioinformatic tools. The statistical analysis using an overall false discovery rate ≤ 0.05 for the effect of whole lactation and p < 0.05 for each comparison identified >6000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) throughout lactation, with a large number of DEGs observed at the onset (1 d vs. -15 d) and at the end of lactation (240 d vs. 180 d). Bioinformatics analysis revealed a major role of genes associated with BTA3, BTA4, BTA6, BTA9, BTA14, and BTA28 in lactation. Functional analysis of DEG underlined an overall induction of lipid metabolism, suggesting an increase in triglycerides synthesis, likely regulated by PPAR signaling. The same analysis revealed an induction of amino acid metabolism and secretion of protein, with a concomitant decrease in proteasome, indicating a major role of amino acid handling and reduced protein degradation in the synthesis and secretion of milk proteins. Glycan biosynthesis was induced for both N-glycan and O-glycan, suggesting increased glycan content in the milk. The cell cycle and immune response, especially antigen processing and presentation, were strongly inhibited during lactation, suggesting that morphological changes are minimized during lactation, while the mammary gland prevents immune hyper-response. Transcripts associated with response to radiation and low oxygen were enriched in the down-regulated DEG affected by the stage of lactation. Except for this last finding, the functions affected by the transcriptomic adaptation to lactation in mammary tissue of yak are very similar to those observed in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yili Liu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Kinetics of lipogenic genes expression in milk purified mammary epithelial cells (MEC) across lactation and their correlation with milk and fat yield in buffalo. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Jin YC, Li ZH, Hong ZS, Xu CX, Han JA, Choi SH, Yin JL, Zhang QK, Lee KB, Kang SK, Song MK, Kim YJ, Kang HS, Choi YJ, Lee HG. Conjugated linoleic acid synthesis-related protein proteasome subunit α 5 (PSMA5) is increased by vaccenic acid treatment in goat mammary tissue. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4286-97. [PMID: 22818443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify proteins associated with the endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from trans-vaccenic acid (TVA; trans-11 C18:1, a precursor for CLA endogenous synthesis) in mammary tissues. Six lactating goats were divided into 2 groups. One group was given an intravenous bolus injection of TVA (150mg) twice daily over 4 d; the other group received saline injections. Treatment with TVA increased the concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and TVA in goat milk. Additionally, TVA treatment increased the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue. Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 3 proteins affected by infusions of TVA were identified. Proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit α type 5 (PSMA5) was upregulated, whereas peroxiredoxin-1 and translationally controlled tumor protein 1 were downregulated in TVA-treated animals compared with the vehicle-injected controls. Only the effect of TVA on PSMA5 could be confirmed by Western blot analysis. To further explore the regulation of PSMA5 in mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA, we used a differentiated bovine mammary epithelial cell line treated with TVA for 6h. Changes in cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations and mRNA expression patterns of both SCD and PSMA5 were monitored. The concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased after TVA treatment. The mRNA expression level of PSMA5 was significantly elevated to 6h, but SCD mRNA expression only increased in 2h after TVA treatment. These results indicate that PSMA5 is highly expressed in goat mammary tissue and bovine mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA. Our data suggest that PSMA5 protein is associated with CLA biosynthesis in mammary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Karlengen IJ, Harstad OM, Kjos NP, Salbu B, Aastveit AH, Taugbøl O. Cobalt reduces the Δ⁹-desaturase index of sow milk. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:676-84. [PMID: 21114550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine if cobalt (Co) reduces Δ(9) -desaturase indices in milk and blood lipids in sows. The experimental design consisted of a repeated measurement consisting of a pre-treatment period of a minimum of 9 days, a treatment period of 5 days and a post-treatment period of 6 days. Experimental animals consisted of 10 lactating sows; five sows had an intramuscular injection of 59 mg Co diluted in 5 ml 0.9% saline solution twice a day, whereas the other five had an intramuscular injection of 5 ml 0.9% saline solution twice a day as a control. Milk Δ(9) -desaturase indices for cis-9 18:1, cis-9 16:1 and cis-9 14:1 were significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) as a result of the Co-treatment, contrasting with the plasma Δ(9) -desaturase indices, which were unaffected. Potential mechanisms explaining how Co might reduce milk Δ(9) -desaturase indices are discussed. Moreover, the toxicological level of Co and potential implications of using Co-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a liquid marker in digestibility experiments are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Karlengen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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A note on the effect of use of bovine somatotropin on the fatty acid composition of the milk fat in dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Commencing on day 100 ± 10 of lactation, 10 Italian Friesian cows averaging 32·6 kg milk per day were injected biweekly with recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST), while 10 other cows averaging 33-4 kg milk per day were injected with a placebo. Cows were offered ad libitum a total mixed diet throughout the lactation. The experiment lasted 16 weeks; milk samples were taken before and 16, 62 and 91 days after the commencement of BST injection. The objective was to determine the impact of biweekly injections of BST on the synthesis and proportion of milk fatty acids, particularly on cis and trans isomers and on fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms (C15 and C17). A decrease in the proportion of shortchain (C4 to C14) fatty acids (P < 0·001) and an increase in the proportion of long-chain (C16 to C20) fatty acids (P < 0·001) were observed in the first period of the treatment. With regard to cis and trans isomers, a considerable increase of the cis isomers (P < 0·001), particularly C18.1cis9 (oleic acid) was observed, while differences in trans isomers were not statistically significant. Concentrations of C15 (pentadecanoic acid) were not affected but heptadecanoic acid (C17) concentration showed a considerable increase (P < 0·01) but only in the sample taken after 16 days.
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Jin YC, Lee HG, Xu CX, Han JA, Choi SH, Song MK, Kim YJ, Lee KB, Kim SK, Kang HS, Cho BW, Shin TS, Choi YJ. Proteomic analysis of endogenous conjugated linoleic acid biosynthesis in lactating rats and mouse mammary gland epithelia cells (HC11). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:745-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bernard L, Leroux C, Chilliard Y. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 606:67-108. [PMID: 18183925 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nutrition on milk fat yield and composition has largely been investigated in cows and goats, with some differences for fatty acid (FA) composition responses and marked species differences in milk fat yield response. Recently, the characterization of lipogenic genes in ruminant species allowed in vivo studies focused on the effect of nutrition on mammary expression of these genes, in cows (mainly fed milk fat-depressing diets) and goats (fed lipid-supplemented diets). These few studies demonstrated some similarities in the regulation of gene expression between the two species, although the responses were not always in agreement with milk FA secretion responses. A central role for trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA as regulators of milk fat synthesis has been proposed. However, trans-10 C18:1 does not directly control milk fat synthesis in cows, despite the fact that it largely responds to dietary factors, with its concentration being negatively correlated with milk fat yield response in cows and, to a lesser extent, in goats. Milk trans-10, cis-12 CLA is often correlated with milk fat depression in cows but not in goats and, when postruminally infused, acts as an inhibitor of the expression of key lipogenic genes in cows. Recent evidence has also proven the inhibitory effect of the trans-9, cis-11 CLA isomer. The molecular mechanisms by which nutrients regulate lipogenic gene expression have yet to be well identified, but a central role for SREBP-1 has been outlined as mediator of FA effects, whereas the roles of PPARs and STAT5 need to be determined. It is expected that the development of in vitro functional systems for lipid synthesis and secretion will allow future progress toward (1) the identification of the inhibitors and activators of fat synthesis, (2) the knowledge of cellular mechanisms, and (3) the understanding of differences between ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernard
- Adipose Tissue and Milk Lipid Laboratory, Herbivore Research Unit, INRA-Theix, 63 122 St Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Abstract
I have reviewed recent (March 1995-December 1997) papers on human milk lipids including many on fatty acid (FA) composition. The effects of maternal diets on the profiles are apparent. However, more data on the composition of milk lipids are needed. It is noteworthy that so few papers on milk FA composition have reported analyses using high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography columns. Two of these were on milk from women in North America. The diets in North America are varied and the number of analyses few. We do not have a reliable data base showing the ranges of biologically important acids. Except for the gangliosides, few new data on the other lipids appeared during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Jensen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4017, USA.
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Loor JJ, Herbein JH. Exogenous conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce bovine milk fat concentration and yield by inhibiting de novo fatty acid synthesis. J Nutr 1998; 128:2411-9. [PMID: 9868189 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.12.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent anticarcinogen secreted in milk of ruminants, but it inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation in mammary cell cultures. The potential for increasing CLA content of milk fat and the effects of elevated CLA availability on milk fat secretion were investigated. Four Holstein cows were used in a single crossover design with repeated measures to determine milk fatty acid concentration in response to a 24-h infusion of 200 g linoleic acid (LA) or a mixture of 100 g LA plus 100 g CLA (LCLA). Milk and blood samples were obtained 12 h before infusion and at 12-h intervals from 0 to 72 h. Compared with LA infusion, total CLA concentration in blood plasma at 24 h in response to LCLA was elevated fivefold, whereas CLA content of plasma triglycerides was increased 10-fold. Milk fat yield from 24 to 72 h was approximately 34% lower in response to LCLA compared with LA, due primarily to reduced yield of fatty acids with six to 16 carbons. Amount of CLA in milk increased from 0.5 g/100 g total fatty acids at 0 h to 3.3 g/100 g at 36 h in response to LCLA. Concentration of stearic acid in milk fat at 36 h in response to LCLA was nearly double the stearic acid concentration in response to LA. Oleic and arachidonic acid concentrations in milk declined as stearic acid increased in response to LCLA. Results indicated CLA content of milk fat reflects the amount available for absorption from the small intestine, and CLA appeared to be a potent inhibitor of de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Loor
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0315, USA
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Barber MC, Clegg RA, Travers MT, Vernon RG. Lipid metabolism in the lactating mammary gland. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1347:101-26. [PMID: 9295156 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Lynch JM, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Hartnell GF, Nemeth MA. Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk fat. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1794-809. [PMID: 1500575 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine Holstein cows were injected bi-weekly with a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bST, and 9 cows were injected with excipient. Intramuscular injections began at 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued at 14-d intervals for the full lactation. Administration of bST increased production of milk, total fat, and all milk fat components measured. Average fatty acid composition of milk fat was not influenced by bST treatment. Stage of lactation had a large influence on production and percentage of individual fatty acids in milk fat from both bST-treated and control cows. The stage of lactation impact on the fatty acid composition of milk fat reflected changes in the relative contributions of body fat mobilization and de novo synthesis of milk fat components in response to changes in energy balance. Initiation of bST treatment caused some transient changes in milk fatty acid composition that were related to energy balance. These changes were small compared with the normal changes because of stage of lactation in all cows. Phospholipid and cholesterol content of milk also changed with stage of lactation but were not influenced by bST treatment. Melting properties of milk fat were influenced greatly by stage of lactation. Bovine somatotropin did not cause any changes in composition or physical properties of milk fat that were outside the range of normal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lynch
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Hansen HO, Tornehave D, Knudsen J. Synthesis of milk specific fatty acids and proteins by dispersed goat mammary-gland epithelial cells. Biochem J 1986; 238:167-72. [PMID: 3800930 PMCID: PMC1147111 DOI: 10.1042/bj2380167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The method now described for preparation of dispersed lactating goat mammary-gland cells gives a high yield of morphologically and functionally normal mammary cells. The cells synthesize specific goat milk fatty acids in the right proportions, and they respond to hormones by increased protein synthesis. The cells can be frozen and thawed without losing the above properties, which makes them an excellent tool for metabolic and hormonal studies.
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Precht D, Frede E, Hagemeister H, Timmen H. Zur fütterungsbedingten Variation des Milchfettes der Kuh unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Regulationsmechanismen beim Fettstoffwechsel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19850870309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Calabro MA, Prasad MR, Wakil SJ, Joshi VC. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity in the mammary gland and liver of lactating rats. Lipids 1982; 17:397-402. [PMID: 6125866 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in microsomes from lactating rat mammary gland is very low (0.05-0.15 nmol/min/mg of protein) regardless of lactating time. In such microsomes, reductase activities and content of cytochrome b5 are several-fold lower than in normal rat liver microsomes. Preincubation of the mammary microsomes with purified terminal desaturase gives a 55-fold stimulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity, whereas preincubation with cytochrome b5 has no effect. However, preincubation of mammary microsomes with both cytochrome b5 and terminal desaturase results in a 200-fold stimulation of overall desaturation. These observations suggest that negligible stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in lactating rat mammary microsomes is due to a cytochrome b5 content and the absence of terminal enzyme. The hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity increases 9-fold during lactation. There is little or no change in the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity or in the concentrations of cytochrome b5 during this period, but the activity of the terminal desaturase increases with the increase of overall desaturation. These results suggest that liver is one of the more important sources of oleic acid for milk triglycerides.
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Christie WW. The effects of diet and other factors on the lipid composition of ruminant tissues and milk. Prog Lipid Res 1979; 17:245-77. [PMID: 370841 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(79)90009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Barbano DM, Sherbon JW. Stereospecific analysis of high melting triglycerides of bovine milk fat and their biosynthetic origin. J Dairy Sci 1975; 58:1-8. [PMID: 1112931 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(75)84508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distributions, melting ranges, amount of cis and trans isomers, and stereospecific fatty acid distributions were determined for high melting triglyceride fractions and bovine milk fat free of them. Distributions of fatty acids on the high melting triglycerides differed from distributions of fatty acids in the rest of the milk fat triglycerides. The significance of these results is evaluated in relation to the biosynthetic origin of high melting triglycerides. Stereospecific distributions of these fatty acids support previous speculations that the monoglyceride pathway may play a significant role in biosynthesis of high melting triglyceride in bovine milk fat.
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Wahle KW. Desaturation of long-chain fatty acids by tissue preparations of the sheep, rat and chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 48:87-105. [PMID: 4857599 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rao GA, Abraham S. Fatty acid desaturation by mammary gland microsomes from lactating mice. Lipids 1974; 9:269-71. [PMID: 4151590 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kinsella JE, Gross M. Palmitic acid and initiation of mammary glyceride synthesis via phosphatidic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 316:109-13. [PMID: 4722463 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kinsella JE. Preferential labeling of phosphatidylcholine during phospholipid synthesis by bovine mammary tissue. Lipids 1973; 8:393-400. [PMID: 4353290 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bommeli VW, Mosimann DW. Die Ultrastruktur der Milchdrüsenalveole des Rindes, insbesondere die Basalfalten des Epithels und der Mitochondrien-Desmosomen-Komplex. Anat Histol Embryol 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1972.tb00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kinsella JE, Heald CW. Na 1- 14 C stearate and Na 2- 14 C acetate metabolism and morphological analysis of late prepartum bovine mammary tissue. J Dairy Sci 1972; 55:1085-92. [PMID: 5049800 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(72)85629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kinsella JE. Differences in the fatty acid patterns synthesized from 14 C-acetate by functional and dedifferentiated bovine mammary cells. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:784-5. [PMID: 4658855 DOI: 10.1007/bf01923128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kinsella JE. The lipid composition of microsomal preparations from lactating bovine mammary tissue. Lipids 1972; 7:165-70. [PMID: 4336569 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abraham S, Kerkof PR, Smith S. Characteristics of cells dissociated from mouse mammary glands. II. Metabolic and enzymatic activities of parenchymal cells from lactating glands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 261:205-18. [PMID: 5062448 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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