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Jiang J, Guo T, Wang J, Sun A, Chen X, Xu X, Dai S, Qin Z. A novel microbial community restructuring strategy for enhanced hydrogen production using multiple pretreatments and CSTR operation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118725. [PMID: 38518915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
To achieve rapid enrichment of the targeted hydrogen-producing bacterial population and reconstruction of the microbial community in the biological hydrogen-producing reactor, the activated sludge underwent multiple pretreatments using micro-aeration, alkaline treatment, and heat treatment. The activated sludge obtained from the multiple pretreatments was inoculated into the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for continuous operations. The community structure alteration and hydrogen-producing capability of the activated sludge were analyzed throughout the operation of the reactor. We found that the primary phyla in the activated sludge population shifted to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, which collectively accounted for 96.69% after undergoing several pretreatments. This suggests that the multiple pretreatments facilitated in achieving the selective enrichment of the fermentation hydrogen-producing microorganisms in the activated sludge. The CSTR start-up and continuous operation of the biological hydrogen production reactor resulted in the reactor entering a highly efficient hydrogen production stage at influent COD concentrations of 4000 mg/L and 5000 mg/L, with the highest hydrogen production rate reaching 8.19 L/d and 9.33 L/d, respectively. The main genus present during the efficient hydrogen production stage in the reactor was Ethanoligenens, accounting for up to 33% of the total population. Ethanoligenens exhibited autoaggregation capabilities and a superior capacity for hydrogen production, leading to its prevalence in the reactor and contribution to efficient hydrogen production. During high-efficiency hydrogen production, flora associated with hydrogen production exhibited up to 46.95% total relative abundance. In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that effluent pH and COD influenced the distribution of the primary hydrogen-producing bacteria, including Ethanoligenens, Raoultella, and Pectinatus, as well as other low abundant hydrogen-producing bacteria in the activated sludge. The data indicates that the multiple pretreatments and reactor's operation has successfully enriched the hydrogen-producing genera and changed the community structure of microbial hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tielan Guo
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ao Sun
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zhi Qin
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Mitropoulou G, Kompoura V, Nelios G, Kourkoutas Y. Pathogenic Biofilm Removal Potential of Wild-Type Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Strains. Pathogens 2023; 12:1449. [PMID: 38133332 PMCID: PMC10748307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance remains one of the greatest public health concerns. Biofilm formation has been postulated as a mechanism of microbial pathogens to resist antimicrobial agents. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and their metabolites have been proposed to combat bacterial biofilms due to their antimicrobial activity. In this vein, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biofilm removal potential of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) of five wild-type Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strains, isolated from Greek natural products, in comparison to the commercially available L. rhamnosus GG strain, against biofilms formed by common foodborne pathogens (Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus). The biofilm removal activity of LAB was assessed on a two-day-old mature biofilm using a microtiter plate-based procedure. Both non-neutralized and neutralized CFSs removed biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. The biofilm removal activity of the non-neutralized CFSs was significantly higher compared to the neutralized CFSs, as expected, with ranges of 60-89% and 30-80%, respectively. The biofilm removal efficiency of L. rhamnosus OLXAL-3 was significantly higher among the wild-type L. rhamnosus strains tested (20-100% v/v). In conclusion, our results suggest the great potential of the application of wild-type L. rhamnosus strain' CFSs as effective natural agents against pathogenic bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yiannis Kourkoutas
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (G.M.); (V.K.); (G.N.)
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3
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García-López JD, Teso-Pérez C, Martín-Platero AM, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Fonollá-Joya J, Martínez-Bueno M, Baños A. Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2 and Pediococcus acidilactici ST6, Two Bacteriocinogenic Isolated Strains from Andalusian Spontaneous Fermented Sausages. Foods 2023; 12:2445. [PMID: 37444181 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional spontaneously fermented foods are well known for their sensory and safety properties, which is mainly due to their indigenous microflora. Within this group of food, Mediterranean dry-cured sausages stand out as a significant source of lactic-acid bacterial strains (LAB) with biotechnological properties, such as their antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the biodiversity of antagonistic LAB strains from different Andalusian traditional sausages, such as salchichón and chorizo. First, a screening was carried out focusing on the antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus, selecting two strains due to their higher antibiosis properties, both in agar and liquid media. These bacteria were identified as Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2 and Pediococcus acidilactici ST6. In addition, genomic studies confirmed the presence of certain structural genes related to the production of bacteriocins. Finally, the culture supernatants of both strains were purified and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, obtaining the relative molecular mass and the amino acid sequence and identifying the peptides as the bacteriocins Pediocin-PA and Leucocin K. In conclusion, genomes and antimicrobial substances of P. acidilactici ST6, a Pediocin-PA producer, and Lpb. paraplantarum BPF2, a Leucocin K producer, isolated from Andalusian salchichón and chorizo, respectively, are presented in this work. Although further studies are required, these strains could be used alone or in combination as starters or protective cultures for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David García-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Claudia Teso-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Manuel Martín-Platero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Juristo Fonollá-Joya
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Baños
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Silva Tomoto ALD, de Assis TM, Filho FCMF, Silva Araujo TM, Vilver RM, Santoyo MC, Gomes SD. Production of Bacteriocins by Leuconostoc mesenteroides Using Wastewater from the Cassava Starch Industry as a Growing Medium. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiane Martins de Assis
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | | | - Thays Majara Silva Araujo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Raquel Minuceli Vilver
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Damasceno Gomes
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
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Fernandes A, Jobby R. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria and their potential clinical applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4377-4399. [PMID: 35290605 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides that have long been used in the food industry. Being a highly diverse and heterogeneous group of molecules the classification is ever-evolving. Their production is widespread among bacteria; nevertheless, their biosynthesis and mode of action remain fairly similar. With the advances in drug resistance mechanisms, it is important to look for alternatives to conventional approaches. Therefore, the advantages of bacteriocin over antibiotics need to be considered to provide a scientific basis for their use. Particularly in the last decade, intensive studies look at their potential as next-generation therapeutics against drug-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria are being tested as controlling agents for bacterial and viral infections; they can inhibit biofilm synthesis and have potential as contraceptives. Bioengineered peptides have shown enhanced activity and thereby indicate the lack of knowledge we possess regarding these bacteriocins. In this review, we have listed various Gram-positive LAB bacteriocins with their synthesis and mechanism of action. Recent developments in screening and purification technologies have been analyzed with an emphasis on their potential clinical applications. Although extensive research has been done to identify multifunctional bacteriocins, it is important to focus on the mechanism of action of these peptides to get them from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fernandes
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Maharashtra, 410206, India. .,Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Maharashtra, 410206, India.
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Genetic Diversity of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Isolates from Traditional Montenegrin Brine Cheese. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081612. [PMID: 34442691 PMCID: PMC8401054 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In many dairy products, Leuconostoc spp. is a natural part of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) accounting for flavor development. However, data on the genomic diversity of Leuconostoc spp. isolates obtained from cheese are still scarce. The focus of this study was the genomic characterization of Leuconostoc spp. obtained from different traditional Montenegrin brine cheeses with the aim to explore their diversity and provide genetic information as a basis for the selection of strains for future cheese production. In 2019, sixteen Leuconostoc spp. isolates were obtained from white brine cheeses from nine different producers located in three municipalities in the northern region of Montenegro. All isolates were identified as Ln. mesenteroides. Classical multilocus sequence tying (MLST) and core genome (cg) MLST revealed a high diversity of the Montenegrin Ln. mesenteroides cheese isolates. All isolates carried genes of the bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters, eight out of 16 strains carried the citCDEFG operon, 14 carried butA, and all 16 isolates carried alsS and ilv, genes involved in forming important aromas and flavor compounds. Safety evaluation indicated that isolates carried no pathogenic factors and no virulence factors. In conclusion, Ln. mesenteroides isolates from Montenegrin traditional cheeses displayed a high genetic diversity and were unrelated to strains deposited in GenBank.
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Composition and diversity of gut microbiota in Pomacea canaliculata in sexes and between developmental stages. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:200. [PMID: 34210255 PMCID: PMC8252327 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, is one of the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species and vector of some pathogens relevant to human health. Methods On account of the importance of gut microbiota to the host animals, we compared the communities of the intestinal microbiota from P. canaliculata collected at different developmental stages (juvenile and adult) and different sexes by using high-throughput sequencing. Results The core bacteria phyla of P. canaliculata gut microbiota included Tenericutes (at an average relative abundance of 45.7 %), Firmicutes (27.85 %), Proteobacteria (11.86 %), Actinobacteria (4.45 %), and Cyanobacteria (3.61 %). The female group possessed the highest richness values, whereas the male group possessed the lowest bacterial richness and diversity compared with the female and juvenile group. Both the developmental stages and sexes had important effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of P. canaliculata. By LEfSe analysis, microbes from the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were enriched in the female group, phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in the male group, family Mycoplasmataceae and genus Leuconostoc were enriched in the juvenile group. PICRUSt analysis predicted twenty-four metabolic functions in all samples, including general function prediction, amino acid transport and metabolism, transcription, replication, recombination and repair, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, etc. Conclusions This study provided a general understanding of the diversity characteristics of intestinal microbial communities of P. canaliculata, and indicated that developmental stage and gender could both influence the intestinal microbes of P. canaliculata. Further study may focus on the interaction between the gut microbiota and their host. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02259-2.
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Kamilari E, Efthymiou M, Anagnostopoulos DA, Tsaltas D. Cyprus Sausages' Bacterial Community Identification Through Metataxonomic Sequencing: Evaluation of the Impact of Different DNA Extraction Protocols on the Sausages' Microbial Diversity Representation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:662957. [PMID: 34079530 PMCID: PMC8165277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprus traditional sausages from the Troodos mountainous region of Pitsilia gained the protected geographical indication (PGI) designation from the European Committee (EU 2020/C 203/06). Still, we lack authentication protocols for the distinction of “Pitsilia” from industrially produced Cyprus sausages. Microbial activity is an essential contributor to traditional sausages’ sensorial characteristics, but whether the microbial patterns might be associated with the area of production is unclear. In the present research, we applied high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to provide a linkage between the area of production and Cyprus sausages’ bacterial diversity. To strengthen our findings, we used three different DNA extraction commercial kits: (i) the DNeasy PowerFood Microbial Kit (QIAGEN); (ii) the NucleoSpin Food Kit (MACHEREY-NAGEL); and (iii) the blackPREP Food DNA I Kit (Analytik Jena), in which we applied three different microbial cell wall lysis modifications. The modifications included heat treatment, bead beating, and enzymatic treatment. Results regarding metagenomic sequencing were evaluated in terms of number of reads, alpha diversity indexes, and taxonomic composition. The efficacy of each method of DNA isolation was assessed quantitatively based on the extracted DNA yield and the obtained copy number of (a) the 16S rRNA gene, (b) the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and (c) three Gram-positive bacteria that belong to the genera Latilactobacillus (formerly Lactobacillus), Bacillus, and Enterococcus via absolute quantification using qPCR. Compared with some examined industrial sausages, Pitsilia sausages had significantly higher bacterial alpha diversity (Shannon and Simpson indexes). Principal coordinates analysis separated the total bacterial community composition (beta diversity) of the three Pitsilia sausages from the industrial sausages, with the exception of one industrial sausage produced in Pitsilia, according to the manufacturer. Although the eight sausages shared the abundant bacterial taxa based on 16S rDNA HTS, we observed differences associated with bacterial diversity representation and specific genera. The findings indicate that the microbial communities may be used as an additional tool for identifying of the authenticity of Cypriot sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kamilari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Marina Efthymiou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios A Anagnostopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Tsaltas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Candeliere F, Raimondi S, Spampinato G, Tay MYF, Amaretti A, Schlundt J, Rossi M. Comparative Genomics of Leuconostoc carnosum. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:605127. [PMID: 33505375 PMCID: PMC7829361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc carnosum is a known colonizer of meat-related food matrices. It reaches remarkably high loads during the shelf life in packaged meat products and plays a role in spoilage, although preservative effects have been proposed for some strains. In this study, the draft genomes of 17 strains of L. carnosum (i.e., all the strains that have been sequenced so far) were compared to decipher their metabolic and functional potential and to determine their role in food transformations. Genome comparison and pathway reconstruction indicated that L. carnosum is a compact group of closely related heterofermentative bacteria sharing most of the metabolic features. Adaptation to a nitrogen-rich environment, such as meat, is evidenced by 23 peptidase genes identified in the core genome and by the autotrophy for nitrogen compounds including several amino acids, vitamins, and cofactors. Genes encoding the decarboxylases yielding biogenic amines were not present. All the strains harbored 1–4 of 32 different plasmids, bearing functions associated to proteins hydrolysis, transport of amino acids and oligopeptides, exopolysaccharides, and various resistances (e.g., to environmental stresses, bacteriophages, and heavy metals). Functions associated to bacteriocin synthesis, secretion, and immunity were also found in plasmids. While genes for lactococcin were found in most plasmids, only three harbored the genes for leucocin B, a class IIa antilisterial bacteriocin. Determinants of antibiotic resistances were absent in both plasmids and chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Candeliere
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gloria Spampinato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Moon Yue Feng Tay
- Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Joergen Schlundt
- Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Biogest-Siteia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Davoodvandi A, Marzban H, Goleij P, Sahebkar A, Morshedi K, Rezaei S, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Tarrahimofrad H, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Effects of therapeutic probiotics on modulation of microRNAs. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:4. [PMID: 33430873 PMCID: PMC7798223 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that exist within the human gut, and which are also present in different food products and supplements. They have been investigated for some decades, due to their potential beneficial impact on human health. Probiotics compete with pathogenic microorganisms for adhesion sites within the gut, to antagonize them or to regulate the host immune response resulting in preventive and therapeutic effects. Therefore, dysbiosis, defined as an impairment in the gut microbiota, could play a role in various pathological conditions, such as lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal and urogenital infections, various cancers, cystic fibrosis, allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, and can also be caused by antibiotic side effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. miRNAs are biochemical biomarkers that play an important role in almost all cellular signaling pathways in many healthy and disease states. For the first time, the present review summarizes current evidence suggesting that the beneficial properties of probiotics could be explained based on the pivotal role of miRNAs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Havva Marzban
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Goleij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology,Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Chang-Liao WP, Lee A, Chiu YH, Chang HW, Liu JR. Isolation of a Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strain With Anti-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Activities From Kefir Grains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1578. [PMID: 32760370 PMCID: PMC7373756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine grown under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to several viruses, which may cause infectious diseases and spread easily and rapidly, resulting in significant economic losses in animal husbandry. Previous studies have suggested that probiotics seem to be a new and promising alternative to vaccinations to protect animals against potential viral infections. In this study, we used the Vero cell culture model of infection to study porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). We screened lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with anti-PEDV potential from kefir grains, which are starter cultures used to ferment milk into kefir. Twenty-nine LAB strains were isolated and identified as Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, according to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and rpoA gene sequence analyses. The anti-PEDV activities of the LAB intracellular extracts were compared, and the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides showed higher anti-PEDV activities than that of the other species. Among the Ln. mesenteroides strains, a strain designated YPK30 showed a higher growth rate than that of the other strains and was further evaluated for its anti-PEDV activity. The results showed that the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 possessed in vitro prophylactic, therapeutic, and direct-inhibitory effects against PEDV in the Vero cell model. The expression levels of Type 1 interferon (IFN)-dependent genes, including Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), were significantly increased after treatment with intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 for 24 h. Such expression suggests that the anti-PEDV activity of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 could be attributed to its up-regulatory effect on the expression of MX1 and ISG15 genes. These results suggested that Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 has the potential to provide some levels of host protection against PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Thangavel G, Subramaniyam T. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Leuconostoc spp. Isolated from Indian Meat against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in Spinach Leaves. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:677-685. [PMID: 31508597 PMCID: PMC6728820 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Five Leuconostoc strains (CM17, CM19, PM30, PM32, and PM36) previously isolated from Indian meat showed promising antimicrobial activity against food pathogens in screening assay. This study evaluates the efficacy of these isolates against Escherichia coli Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC) 443 and Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC 657) in spinach leaves. Challenge studies were conducted by inoculating E. coli and L. monocytogenes at 6 to 7 Log10 CFU/g of the leaves respectively and treating them with cell free supernatant (CFS) of 48 h cultures of the isolates. The samples were stored at 4°C and analyzed over a period of 5 d. The study was conducted in triplicates and statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Anova. The counts of the pathogens did not increase over the 5 d period in the control samples, without any treatment. Whereas in the case of CFS treatments, significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in both E. coli and L. monocytogenes from 1 to 5 d with all the 5 strains as compared to the control. The counts of Listeria dropped by 0.5 to 1 log by 5 d, with PM 36 showing the highest reduction (1 log). In the case of E. coli, 1.1 to 1.5 log reduction was observed by 5 d, with again PM 36 showing the highest reduction (1.5). The overall results indicate that the isolates (specifically PM36) not only showed efficacy in in vitro studies but are also proved to be effective in food matrix making them potential clean label antimicrobial alternatives for food application.
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Elimination of the cryptic plasmid in Leuconostoc citreum by CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:151-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Cell-free supernatant fromLeuconostoc citreumMB1 revealed specific antilisterial activity. Preliminary studies demonstrated the proteinaceous, heat-stable, bacteriocin-like trait of the antimicrobial components present in the supernatant. Determination of the genes encoding bacteriocins by PCR and DNA sequencing led to amplification products highly homologous with leucocin A (found in diverseLeuconostocspecies) and UviB (found inLeuc. citreumKM20) sequences. Additionally, antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatant fromLeuc. citreumMB1 was revealed by an inhibition halo of the SDS-PAGE gel subjected to a direct detection usingListeria monocytogenesas indicator strain. Different assays were carried out to assess the capacity ofLeuc.citreumMB1 to controlList. monocytogenesgrowth: (i) inactivation kinetics of the pathogen by antilisterial compounds present in concentrated cell-free supernatant fromLeuc. citreumMB1, (ii) evaluation of optimalLeuc. citreumMB1 initial concentration to obtain maximumList. monocytogenesATCC 15313 inhibition, and (iii) biocontrol ofList. monocytogenesATCC 15313 withLeuc. citreumMB1 during growth in milk at refrigeration temperature. According to our results, it is unquestionable that at least one bacteriocin is active inLeuc. citreumMB1, since important antilisterial activity was verified either in its cell-free supernatant or in co-culture experiments. Co-culture tests showed that ∼107 CFU/mlLeuc. citreumMB1 was the optimal initial concentration to obtain maximum pathogen inhibition. Moreover,Leuc. citreumMB1 was able to delayList. monocytogenesgrowth at refrigerated temperature.
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O'Sullivan DJ, Giblin L, McSweeney PLH, Sheehan JJ, Cotter PD. Nucleic acid-based approaches to investigate microbial-related cheese quality defects. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23346082 PMCID: PMC3549567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial profile of cheese is a primary determinant of cheese quality. Microorganisms can contribute to aroma and taste defects, form biogenic amines, cause gas and secondary fermentation defects, and can contribute to cheese pinking and mineral deposition issues. These defects may be as a result of seasonality and the variability in the composition of the milk supplied, variations in cheese processing parameters, as well as the nature and number of the non-starter microorganisms which come from the milk or other environmental sources. Such defects can be responsible for production and product recall costs and thus represent a significant economic burden for the dairy industry worldwide. Traditional non-molecular approaches are often considered biased and have inherently slow turnaround times. Molecular techniques can provide early and rapid detection of defects that result from the presence of specific spoilage microbes and, ultimately, assist in enhancing cheese quality and reducing costs. Here we review the DNA-based methods that are available to detect/quantify spoilage bacteria, and relevant metabolic pathways in cheeses and, in the process, highlight how these strategies can be employed to improve cheese quality and reduce the associated economic burden on cheese processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. O'Sullivan
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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Metsoviti M, Paramithiotis S, Drosinos EH, Skandamis PN, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Papanikolaou S. Biotechnological valorization of low-cost sugar-based media for bacteriocin production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides E131. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:600-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Adventitious dairy Leuconostoc strains with interesting technological and biological properties useful for adjunct starters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-011-0022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Foligné B, Dewulf J, Breton J, Claisse O, Lonvaud-Funel A, Pot B. Probiotic properties of non-conventional lactic acid bacteria: immunomodulation by Oenococcus oeni. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 140:136-45. [PMID: 20452078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The widely used probiotic bacteria belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and have in most cases been isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. However, other "less conventional" bacteria, from allochthonous or extremophilic origin, sharing similar structural or functional features, may also confer specific health benefits to a host. Firstly, we explored the in vitro immuno-modulatory or immune-stimulatory activities of 25 wine lactic acid bacteria belonging to Oenococcus oeni and Pediococcus parvulus. While cytokines released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by P. parvulus strains, showed little variation, O. oeni strains induced strain-specific cytokine patterns. Some O. oeni strains were then further analyzed under various conditions for growth, dose and culture medium. In a second phase, we evaluated the oral tolerance and safety of two strains of O. oeni in mice fed a high dose of bacteria for a week. Finally, evidence was gathered on the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of a selected O. oeni strain using an experimental 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mouse model. Although results did not match the anti-inflammatory levels obtained with certain conventional probiotics, strain IOEB 9115 significantly lowered colonic injury and alleviated colitis symptoms. The 'natural' tolerance towards acid, ethanol, and phenolic compounds of O. oeni strains combined with a measureable immunomodulatory potential, suggest a possible use of selected strains isolated from wine as live probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Foligné
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lactic acid Bacteria & Mucosal Immunity, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 1, rue du Pr Calmette, BP 245, F-59019 Lille, France.
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19
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MIRHOSSEINI MAHBOUBEH, NAHVI IRAJ, EMTIAZI GITI, TAVASOLI MANOUCHER. Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria from dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Strausbaugh CA, Gillen AM. Bacteria and Yeast Associated with Sugar Beet Root Rot at Harvest in the Intermountain West. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:357-363. [PMID: 30769681 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-3-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An undescribed wet rot of roots was observed in surveys of recently harvested sugar beet roots in Idaho and eastern Oregon in 2004 and 2005. Microorganisms isolated from 287 roots fell into the following groups: A (41% of strains), B (29%), C (17%), D (11%), E (2%), and F (1%). Groups A, B, C, and F were composed of bacteria while groups D and E were yeasts. Subgroup A1 (80% of group A strains) included Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum strains and subgroup A2 (20%) contained Lactobacillus strains. Group B was dominated by subgroup B1 (92% of strains), which included Gluconobacter strains. When only one organism was isolated from rotted roots, strains from subgroup A1 were isolated most frequently. Group C was composed of enteric bacteria. Strain B322 of L. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum caused the most severe rot on root slices and produced symptoms similar to those in harvested roots. Results suggest that L. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum is among the first bacterial species to enter sugar beet roots, closely following fungal infections or entering directly through openings such as growth cracks. The bacterial rot leads to yield loss in the field but likely also leads to storage and factory-processing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Strausbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) NWISRL, Kimberly, ID 83341
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21
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Xiraphi N, Georgalaki M, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, Tsakalidou E, Drosinos EH. Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides E131. Meat Sci 2007; 80:194-203. [PMID: 22063322 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leuconostoc mesenteroides E131, isolated from Greek traditional fermented sausage, prepared without the addition of starters, produces a bacteriocin which is active against the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The bacteriocin was purified by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation, cation exchange, and reverse-phase chromatography. Bacteriocin is active at pH values between 4.0 and 9.0 and retains activity after incubation for 1h at 100°C. Proteolytic enzymes inactivated the bacteriocin after 1h of incubation, while renin resulted in full inactivation only after 24h. Lipase resulted in full inactivation after 4h. Applying molecular methods, it was determined that the bacteriocin produced, named as mesenterocin E131, was identical to mesenterocin Y105 and was expressed during the exponential growth phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Xiraphi
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
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22
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Hemme D, Foucaud-Scheunemann C. Leuconostoc, characteristics, use in dairy technology and prospects in functional foods. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Beresford T, Williams A. The Microbiology of Cheese Ripening. CHEESE: CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND MICROBIOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-558x(04)80071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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24
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Moschetti G, Blaiotta G, Villani F, Coppola S. Specific detection of Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides with DNA primers identified by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:422-4. [PMID: 10618258 PMCID: PMC91840 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.1.422-424.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis using primer 239 (5' CTGAAGCGGA 3') was performed to characterize Leuconostoc sp. strains. All the strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (with the exception of two strains), two strains formerly identified as L. gelidum, and one strain of Leuconostoc showed a common band at about 1.1 kb. This DNA fragment was cloned and sequenced in order to verify its suitability for identifying L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Sezione di Microbiologia Agraria, Alimentare ed Ambientale e di Igiene, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," I 80055 Portici, Italy
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25
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Choi HJ, Lee HS, Her S, Oh DH, Yoon SS. Partial characterization and cloning of leuconocin J, a bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc sp. J2 isolated from the Korean fermented vegetable Kimchi. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86:175-81. [PMID: 10063614 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leuconostoc sp. J2, isolated from naturally fermented Kimchi, produced a bacteriocin which was named leuconocin J. This bacteriocin exhibited an inhibitory activity against several lactic acid bacteria and some food-borne pathogens. The antimicrobial substance was secreted into the medium during the late log phase. It appears to be proteinaceous since its activity was completely inactivated by a range of proteolytic enzymes, and it was also relatively heat-stable. The bacteriocin was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, following dialysis. The apparent molecular mass of partially purified bacteriocin, as indicated by activity detection after Tricine-SDS-PAGE, was 2.5-3.5 kDa. Leuconostoc sp. J2 plasmid DNA digested by EcoRI was cloned into pUC118 and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha. Phenotypic expression of the bacteriocin production was detected in transformants harboring pULBJ5.5. Finally, Southern blotting with the 2.3 kb insert as a probe against plasmid digests of Leuconostoc sp. J2 revealed that the cloned foreign DNA originated from Leuconostoc sp. J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Choi
- Department of Biological Resources and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
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26
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Björkroth KJ, Vandamme P, Korkeala HJ. Identification and characterization of Leuconostoc carnosum, associated with production and spoilage of vacuum-packaged, sliced, cooked ham. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3313-9. [PMID: 9726876 PMCID: PMC106726 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.9.3313-3319.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/1998] [Accepted: 06/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc carnosum was shown to be the specific spoilage organism in vacuum-packaged, sliced, cooked ham showing spoilage during 3 weeks of shelf life. Identification of the specific spoilage organism was done by use of phenotypic data and ClaI, EcoRI, and HindIII reference strain ribopatterns. One hundred L. carnosum isolates associated with the production and spoilage of the ham were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), together with some meat-associated Leuconostoc species: L. citreum, L. gelidum, L. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum, and L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides. ApaI and SmaI digests divided the industrial L. carnosum strains into 25 different PFGE types, ApaI and SmaI types being consistent. Only one specific PFGE type was associated with the spoiled packages. This type also was detected in air and raw-meat mass samples. The spoilage strain did not produce bacteriocins. Only seven isolates belonging to three different PFGE types produced bacteriocins. Similarity analysis of the industrial L. carnosum strains revealed a homogeneous cluster which could be divided into eight subclusters consisting of strains having at most three-fragment differences. The L. carnosum cluster was clearly distinguished from the other meat-associated leuconostoc clusters, with the exception of the L. carnosum type strain. Ribotyping can be very helpful in the identification of L. carnosum, but its discriminatory power is too weak for strain characterization. PFGE provides good discrimination for studies dealing with the properties of homogeneous L. carnosum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Björkroth
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Fregeau Gallagher NL, Sailer M, Niemczura WP, Nakashima TT, Stiles ME, Vederas JC. Three-dimensional structure of leucocin A in trifluoroethanol and dodecylphosphocholine micelles: spatial location of residues critical for biological activity in type IIa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. Biochemistry 1997; 36:15062-72. [PMID: 9398233 DOI: 10.1021/bi971263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The first three-dimensional structure of a type IIa bacteriocin from lactic acid bacteria is reported. Complete 1H resonance assignments of leucocin A, a 37 amino acid antimicrobial peptide isolated from the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc gelidum UAL187, were determined in 90% trifluoroethanol (TFE)-water and in aqueous dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles (1:40 ratio of leucocin A:DPC) using two-dimensional NMR techniques (e.g., DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY). Circular dichroism spectra, NMR chemical shift indices, amide hydrogen exchange rates, and long-range nuclear Overhauser effects indicate that leucocin A adopts a reasonably well defined structure in both TFE and DPC micelle environments but exists as a random coil in water or aqueous DMSO. Distance geometry and simulated annealing calculations were employed to generate structures for leucocin A in both lipophilic media. While some differences were noted between the structures calculated for the two different solvent systems, in both, the region encompassing residues 17-31 assumes an essentially identical amphiphilic alpha-helix conformation. A three-strand antiparallel beta-sheet domain (residues 2-16), anchored by the disulfide bridge, is also observed in both media. In TFE, these two regions have a more defined relationship relative to each other, while, in DPC micelles, the C-terminus is folded back onto the alpha-helix. The implications of these structural features with regard to the antimicrobial mechanism of action and target recognition are discussed.
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Abstract
Bacteriocins are extracellular substances produced by different types of bacteria, including both Gram positive and Gram negative species. They can be produced spontaneously or induced by certain chemicals such as mitomycin C. They are biologically one of the important substances, and have been found to be useful in membrane studies and also in typing pathogenic microorganisms causing serious nosocomial infections. Bacteriocins are a heterogeneous group of particles with different morphological and biochemical entities. They range from a simple protein to a high molecular weight complex: the active moiety of each molecule in all cases seems to be protein in nature. The genetic determinants of most of the bacteriocins are located on the plasmids, apart from few which are chromosomally encoded. These bactericidal particles are species specific. They exert their lethal activity through adsorption to specific receptors located on the external surface of sensitive bacteria, followed by metabolic, biological and morphological changes resulting in the killing of such bacteria. This review summarises the classification, biochemical nature, morphology and mode of action of bacteriocins as well as their genetic determinants and the microbiological relevance of these bactericidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alfateh University of Medical Sciences, Tripoli, Libya
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29
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Davidson BE, Kordias N, Dobos M, Hillier AJ. Genomic organization of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 70:161-83. [PMID: 8879406 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of the genomes of the lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, and members of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Carnobacterium, is reviewed. The genomes contain a chromosome within the size range of 1.8 to 3.4 Mbp. Plasmids are common in Lactococcus lactis (most strains carry 4-7 different plasmids), some of the lactobacilli and pediococci, but they are not frequently present in S. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus or the intestinal lactobacilli. Five IS elements have been found in L. lactis and most strains carry multiple copies of at least two of them; some strains also carry a 68-kbp conjugative transposon. IS elements have been found in the genera Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc, but not in S. thermophilus. Prophages are also a normal component of the L. lactis genome and lysogeny is common in the lactobacilli, however it appears to be rare in S. thermophilus. Physical and genetic maps for two L. lactis subsp. lactis strains, two L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains and S. thermophilus A054 have been constructed and each reveals the presence of six rrn operons clustered in less than 40% of the chromosome. The L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 map contains 115 genetic loci and the S. thermophilus map has 35. The maps indicate significant plasticity in the L. lactis subsp. cremoris chromosome in the form of a number of inversions and translocations. The cause(s) of these rearrangements is (are) not known. A number of potentially powerful genetic tools designed to analyse the L. lactis genome have been constructed in recent years. These tools enable gene inactivation, gene replacement and gene recovery experiments to be readily carried out with this organism, and potentially with other lactic acid bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. Integration vectors based on temperate phage attB sites and the random insertion of IS elements have also been developed for L. lactis and the intestinal lactobacilli. In addition, a L. lactis sex factor that mobilizes the chromosome in a manner reminiscent to that seen with Escherichia coli Hfr strains has been discovered and characterized. With the availability of this new technology, research into the genome of the lactic acid bacteria is poised to undertake a period of extremely rapid information accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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