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Chen P, Qiu Y, Liu G, Li X, Cheng J, Liu K, Qu W, Zhu C, Kastelic JP, Han B, Gao J. Characterization of Streptococcus lutetiensis isolated from clinical mastitis of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:702-714. [PMID: 33162075 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus lutetiensis, previously termed Streptococcus bovis type II/1, has rarely been associated with bovine mastitis. The objectives of this work were to characterize the molecular diversity, antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence genes of Strep. lutetiensis (n = 37) isolated from bovine clinical mastitis, as well as its pathogenic effects in a murine mastitis model. Genetic relationships of isolates were determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, virulence genes were detected by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by broth microdilution technique. The pathogenic effects of Strep. lutetiensis were studied with 2 infection models: bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro and murine mammary infection in vivo. Streptococcus lutetiensis isolates were clustered into 5 RAPD-types (A-E), with a dominant type A representing 84% of isolates. Eighteen (49%), 16 (43%), and 9 (24%) isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, tetracycline, and erythromycin, respectively. Prevalence of multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials) was 24% (9/37). The most prevalent virulence genes were bca (100%), speG (100%), hly (97%), scpB (95%), and ssa (95%). There was no difference between isolates from mild and moderate cases of bovine mastitis in prevalence of virulence genes. Streptococcus lutetiensis rapidly adhered to and subsequently invaded (1 and 3 h after infection, respectively) bovine mammary epithelial cells, resulting in elevated lactate dehydrogenase release (4 h after infection). Edema and hyperemia were observed in challenged mammary glands and bacteria were consistently isolated at 12, 24, and 48 h after infection. In addition, numerous neutrophils migrated into gland alveoli and interstitium of infected mammary tissue. We concluded that Strep. lutetiensis had potential to spread within a dairy herd and good adaptive ability in bovine mammary cells or tissue, which are generally characteristics of a contagious mastitis pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weijie Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Agri-Products Quality and Safety Testing Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 201708, China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Patil S, Bhadane B, Shirsath L, Patil R, Chaudhari B. Steroidal fraction ofCarissa carandasL. inhibits microbial hyaluronidase activity by mixed inhibition mechanism. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:298-306. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1541811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Bhadane
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Leena Shirsath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Ravindra Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, India
| | - Bhushan Chaudhari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India
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Two novel functions of hyaluronidase from Streptococcus agalactiae are enhanced intracellular survival and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2615-25. [PMID: 24711564 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00022-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is the causative agent of septicemia and meningitis in fish. Previous studies have shown that hyaluronidase (Hyl) is an important virulence factor in many Gram-positive bacteria. To investigate the role of S. agalactiae Hyl during interaction with macrophages, we inactivated the gene encoding extracellular hyaluronidase, hylB, in a clinical Hyl(+) isolate. The isogenic hylb mutant (Δhylb) displayed reduced survival in macrophages compared to the wild type and stimulated a significantly higher release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), than the wild type in macrophages as well as in mice. Furthermore, only Hyl(+) strains could grow utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA) as the sole carbon source, suggesting that Hyl permits the organism to utilize host HA as an energy source. Fifty percent lethal dose (LD50) determinations in zebrafish demonstrated that the hylb mutant was highly attenuated relative to the wild-type strain. Experimental infection of BALB/c mice revealed that bacterial loads in the blood, spleen, and brain at 16 h postinfection were significantly reduced in the ΔhylB mutant compared to those in wild-type-infected mice. In conclusion, hyaluronidase has a strong influence on the intracellular survival of S. agalactiae and proinflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting that it plays a key role in S. agalactiae pathogenicity.
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Alekseeva L, Rault L, Almeida S, Legembre P, Edmond V, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Even S, Taieb F, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Le Loir Y, Berkova N. Staphylococcus aureus-induced G2/M phase transition delay in host epithelial cells increases bacterial infective efficiency. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63279. [PMID: 23717407 PMCID: PMC3662696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly versatile, opportunistic pathogen and the etiological agent of a wide range of infections in humans and warm-blooded animals. The epithelial surface is its principal site of colonization and infection. In this work, we investigated the cytopathic effect of S. aureus strains from human and animal origins and their ability to affect the host cell cycle in human HeLa and bovine MAC-T epithelial cell lines. S. aureus invasion slowed down cell proliferation and induced a cytopathic effect, resulting in the enlargement of host cells. A dramatic decrease in the number of mitotic cells was observed in the infected cultures. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an S. aureus-induced delay in the G2/M phase transition in synchronous HeLa cells. This delay required the presence of live S. aureus since the addition of the heat-killed bacteria did not alter the cell cycle. The results of Western blot experiments showed that the G2/M transition delay was associated with the accumulation of inactive cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1, a key inducer of mitosis entry, and with the accumulation of unphosphorylated histone H3, which was correlated with a reduction of the mitotic cell number. Analysis of S. aureus proliferation in asynchronous, G1- and G2-phase-enriched HeLa cells showed that the G2 phase was preferential for bacterial infective efficiency, suggesting that the G2 phase delay may be used by S. aureus for propagation within the host. Taken together, our results divulge the potential of S. aureus in the subversion of key cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, and shed light on the biological significance of S. aureus-induced host cell cycle alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Alekseeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Lucie Rault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Sintia Almeida
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrick Legembre
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, U1085, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Edmond
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, U1085, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergine Even
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Taieb
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC U1043, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Arlot-Bonnemains
- CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Biologie, Santé, Innovation technologique, Université Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Siemieniuch MJ, Szóstek AZ, Korzekwa AJ, Woclawek-Potocka I, Galváo AM, Okuda K, Skarzynski DJ. Lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, and nitric oxide affect secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:278-88. [PMID: 22608768 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), nitric oxide donor (NONOate), or the combination of TNF + IL-1α + NONOate on the following: (i) secretion of prostaglandin (PG)-F(2α), PGE(2), leukotriene (LT)-B(4), and LTC(4) by epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus of bovine mammary gland; (ii) messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription of enzymes responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [PTGS2], prostaglandin E synthase [PTGES], prostaglandin F synthase [PGFS], and arachidonate 5-lipooxygenase [ALOX5]); and (iii) proliferation of the cells. The cells were stimulated for 24 h. Prostaglandins and LT were measured by enzyme immunoassay, mRNA transcription of enzymes was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the cell viability was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. All factors increased PG secretion, but the highest stimulation was observed after TNF and IL-1α (P < 0.001). Tumor necrosis factor, NONOate, and TNF + IL-1α + NONOate increased LTB(4) production (P < 0.01), whereas LTC(4) was increased by LPS, TNF, and IL-1α (P < 0.01). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, and the reagents combination increased PTGS2, PTGES, and PGFS mRNA transcription (P < 0.01), whereas ALOX5 mRNA transcription was increased only by TNF (P < 0.001). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, NONOate, and the combination of reagents increased the cell number (P < 0.001). Mediators of acute-clinical Escherichia coli mastitis locally modulate PG and LT secretion by the epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus, which might be a useful first line of defense for the bovine mammary gland. Moreover, the modulation of PG and LT secretion and the changing ratio of luteotropic (PGE(2), LTB(4)) to luteolytic (PGF(2α), LTC(4)) metabolites may contribute to disorders in reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Piotrowska-Tomala
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
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Denis M, Lacy-Hulbert SJ, Buddle BM, Williamson JH, Wedlock DN. Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill S. uberis. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:145-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Iguzquiza IA, Salvetti NR, Quaino OA, Calvinho LF. The effect of a single intramammary infusion of a biological response modifier in cows at drying off. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dallard BE, Ruffino V, Heffel S, Calvinho LF. Effect of a Biological Response Modifier on Expression of Growth Factors and Cellular Proliferation at Drying Off. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:2229-40. [PMID: 17430922 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agents that increase natural protective mechanisms have been proposed for the prevention and treatment of intramammary infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing primarily subclinical chronic mastitis that responds poorly to antibiotic therapy. The objectives of this study were to describe the effects of a single intramammary infusion of a lipopolysaccharide-based biological response modifier (BRM) on mammary epithelial cellular proliferation and expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in uninfected and Staph. aureus-infected bovine mammary glands during involution. Three groups of 12 cows, 6 Staph. aureus-infected and 6 uninfected, were infused with BRM or placebo in 2 mammary quarters and killed at 7, 14, and 21 d of involution. The proportion of infected quarters, mammary cell proliferation, and IGF-I and VEGF expression were evaluated. Biological response modifier treatment decreased the proportion of Staph. aureus-infected mammary quarters at 7 d of involution, but a similar number of isolations were observed at 14 and 21 d of involution in either treated or control quarters. The percentage of proliferating mammary epithelial cells was higher in infected than uninfected quarters at every observation period, irrespective of the treatment administered, whereas uninfected BRM-treated quarters showed increased cell proliferation at 7 d of involution. Insulin-like growth factor-I expression in uninfected quarters was not affected by treatment and showed a decrease at 21 d of involution. Expression of IGF-I was greater in infected than uninfected quarters at every observation period, irrespective of the treatment received. Expression of VEGF was greater in BRM-treated uninfected quarters at 7 d of involution compared with controls. In infected quarters, VEGF expression was lowest in BRM-treated quarters at 7 d of involution and increased throughout the observation period. Conversely, untreated infected quarters showed the highest VEGF expression at 7 d and decreased at 21 d of involution. Mammary cell proliferation and expression of IGF-I and VEGF were increased in Staph. aureus-infected quarters. Increased mammary cell proliferation and VEGF expression were observed in BRM-treated quarters during the first week of involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Dallard
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Rvdo. Padre Kreder 2805, (3080) Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Overton T, Waldron M. Nutritional Management of Transition Dairy Cows: Strategies to Optimize Metabolic Health. J Dairy Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)70066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Long E, Capuco AV, Wood DL, Sonstegard T, Tomita G, Paape MJ, Zhao X. Escherichia coli induces apoptosis and proliferation of mammary cells. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:808-16. [PMID: 11526434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2001] [Revised: 02/28/2001] [Accepted: 02/28/2001] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cell apoptosis and proliferation were assessed after injection of Escherichia coli into the left mammary quarters of six cows. Bacteriological analysis of foremilk samples revealed coliform infection in the injected quarters of four cows. Milk somatic cell counts increased in these quarters and peaked at 24 h after bacterial injection. Body temperature also increased, peaking at 12 h postinjection. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the mastitic tissue than in the uninfected control. Expression of Bax and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme increased in the mastitic tissue at 24 h and 72 h postinfection, whereas Bcl-2 expression decreased at 24 h but did not differ significantly from the control at 72 h postinfection. Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9, stromelysin-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator was also observed in the mastitic tissue. Moreover, cell proliferation increased in the infected tissue. These results demonstrate that Escherichia coli-induced mastitis promotes apoptosis and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Long
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Ledbetter TK, Paape MJ, Douglass LW. Cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, free-radical scavengers, inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:286-93. [PMID: 11277188 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine cytotoxic effects of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and peroxynitrite on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells before and after addition of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, and free-radical scavengers. SAMPLE POPULATION Polymorphonuclear neutrophils from 3 lactating cows. PROCEDURE Cells from the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T were cultured. Monolayers were treated with activated bovine PMN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1), 4-amino-benzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, histidine, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). At 24 hours, activity of lactate dehydrogenase in culture medium was used as a relative index of cell death. Tyrosine nitration of proteins in MAC-T cell lysates was determined by visual examination of immunoblots. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide, PMA, and < or = 0.1 mM SIN-1 were not toxic to MAC-T cells. Activated PMN, > or = 6 mg of histidine/ml, and 0.5 mM SIN-1 were toxic. Together, histidine and 500,000 activated PMN/ml also were toxic. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine did not have an effect, but ABAH decreased PMN-mediated cytotoxicity. Ten and 50 U of SOD/ml protected MAC-T cells from cytotoxic effects of 0.5 mM SIN-1. Compared with control samples, nitration of MAC-T tyrosine residues decreased after addition of 500,000 PMN/ml or > or = 6 mg of histidine/ml. Superoxide dismutase increased and SIN-1 decreased tyrosine nitration of MAC-T cell proteins in a dose-responsive manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Peroxynitrite, MPO, and histidine are toxic to mammary secretory epithelial cells. Superoxide dismutase and inhibition of MPO activity mitigate these effects. Nitration of MAC-T cell tyrosine residues may be positively associated with viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Ledbetter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Abstract
Bacterial hyaluronidases, enzymes capable of breaking down hyaluronate, are produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria that initiate infections at the skin or mucosal surfaces. Since reports of the hyaluronidases first appeared, there have been numerous suggestions as to the role of the enzyme in the disease process. Unlike some of the other more well studied virulence factors, much of the information on the role of hyaluronidase is speculative, with little or no data to substantiate proposed roles. Over the last 5 years, a number of these enzymes from Gram-positive organisms have been cloned, and the nucleotide sequence determined. Phylogenetic analysis, using the deduced amino acid sequences of the Gram-positive hyaluronidases, suggests a relatedness among some of the enzymes. Molecular advances may lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of hyaluronidases in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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Almeida RA, Luther DA, Oliver SP. Incubation of Streptococcus uberis with extracellular matrix proteins enhances adherence to and internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 178:81-5. [PMID: 10483726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Streptococcus uberis (UT 888 and UT 366) isolated from cows with clinical mastitis were co-cultured with bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) with and without laminin, fibrinogen, fibronectin or collagen. Incubation of S. uberis with extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs) increased adherence to and internalization into MAC-T cells. Both strains of S. uberis exhibited greater adherence when co-cultured in the presence of collagen than with any other ECMP. However, adherence was always higher when strains were co-cultured with ECMP than in medium alone. S. uberis UT 888 adhered better to MAC-T cells than S. uberis UT 366. The influence of ECMPs on bacterial internalization into MAC-T cells was similar to adherence, however, differences among ECMPs were less noticeable. S. uberis UT 888 had a higher internalization index than S. uberis UT 366. It is possible that ECMPs induce or up-regulate proteins that selectively adhere to ECMPs which could serve as a bridge between the eukaryotic cell and the bacterial pathogen that leads to internalization of the ECMP-bound pathogen into the mammary epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA.
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Zavizion B, Bramley AJ, Politis I. Cell cycle regulation of mammary epithelial cell detachment by Staphylococcus aureus. J DAIRY RES 1996; 63:543-53. [PMID: 8933306 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900032088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Staphylococcus aureus on detachment of bovine mammary epithelial cells in culture was examined. Mammary epithelial cells became detached from fresh monolayers following a 3 h incubation in the presence of Staph. aureus M60. Two different procedures indicated that cell detachment coincided with the S-phase of the cell cycle. The roles of proteinases, toxins and Ca availability in inducing cell detachment were examined. Addition of the proteinase inhibitor phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (1 mM) to the culture medium prevented cell detachment. Addition of a combination of purified staphylococcal proteinases XVI and XVII-B to the culture medium of mammary epithelial cells induced cell detachment in the absence of Staph. aureus. Cell detachment may be caused by a staphylococcal proteinase. However, addition of Ca (10 mM) to the culture medium abolished Staph. aureus-induced cell detachment, despite the fact that proteinase activity was still apparently present. Isogenic mutants of Staph. aureus M60, expressing either alpha or beta toxins but not both, induced cell detachment, but to a lesser extent than the wild type. Thus, Ca and toxins play some role during cell detachment. Clones established from detached cells that were washed and replated showed the same susceptibility to Staph. aureus-induced cell detachment as the parental cells. This indicated that there is no subclone of mammary epithelial cells more sensitive to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zavizion
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05404, USA
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Zavizion B, Bramley AJ, Politis I. Effects of Staphylococcus aureus products on growth and function of bovine mammary myoepithelial cells in vitro. J DAIRY RES 1995; 62:577-86. [PMID: 8568028 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900031307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of culture supernatants conditioned by the growth of Staphylococcus aureus M60 on in vitro growth and functional properties of bovine mammary myoepithelial cells were examined. Myoepithelial cell proliferation was reduced by Staph. aureus M60 culture supernatants. Exposure of myoepithelial cells to culture supernatants of isogeneic mutants of Staph. aureus M60 that produced either alpha or beta toxins reduced proliferation, but to a lesser extent than supernatants from the wild type strain. Thus, alpha and beta toxins may play some role in affecting myoepithelial cell proliferation. Of the cells tested, 42% contracted following addition of oxytocin (10(-7) M) in the culture medium. Treatment of myoepithelial cells for 15 min with Staph. aureus M60 supernatants, prior to addition of oxytocin in the culture medium, increased the number of cells that contracted to 92%. Exposure of cells for 3 h to the same supernatant, prior to addition of oxytocin in the culture medium, abolished oxytocin responsiveness, had no effect on immunolocalization of actin and vimentin, but affected the localization of alpha-actinin within myoepithelial cells. Treatment of myoepithelial cells for 3 h with a combination of purified staphylococcal proteinases XVI and XVII-B abolished oxytocin responsiveness and mimicked the effect of the Staph. aureus culture supernatant. We conclude that Staph. aureus M60 culture supernatant affected proliferation and functional properties of myoepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zavizion
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
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