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Mohamed RS, Mohamed RH, Wehrend A, Tahoun EA, Hussein HA. The effects of saline water consumption on sperm parameters, testicular histopathology, hormonal and antioxidants concentrations in Barki Rams. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:219. [PMID: 38778406 PMCID: PMC11112924 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effects of water salinity on the sperm parameters, levels of cortisol, LH, FSH, testosterone and antioxidants as well as the testes' histopathology in Barki rams. Fifteen healthy Barki rams (1-1.5 years) were divided into three equal depending on the type of drinking water for nine months. The rams in the tap water group (TW, water that contained 350 ppm of total dissolved salts (TDS). Males in the high saline water group (HSW) were permitted to consume high saline water with 8,934 ppm TDS, whereas those in the second group were permitted to have moderately saline water (MSW, 4,557 ppm TDS). High salt concentration in drinking water had adverse effect on sperm viability, morphology and sperm cell concertation. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentrations in blood were significantly higher in the MSW and HSW groups than in TW. There was a significant decrease in glutathione concentration as well as superoxide dismutase activity in TDS and HSW. Cortisol was most highly concentrated in the HSW, next in the MSW, and least in TW. The testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations in the HSW and MSW groups were significantly lower than in TW. As the salt concentration in drinking water increases, damage to testicular tissue. The MSW group demonstrating vacuolation of lining epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei in the epididymis and necrosis and desquamation of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules while HSW group displaying desquamated necrotic cells and giant cell formation in the epididymis, as well as damage to some of the seminiferous tubules and showed congestion, vacuolation of spermatogenic epithelium of seminiferous tubules, and desquamated necrotic spermatogenic epithelium. In conclusion, the salinity of the water has detrimental impacts on the sperm morphology, viability and concentration, hormones and antioxidant levels in Barki rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha S Mohamed
- Department of Animal Health, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragab H Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Enas A Tahoun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt.
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2
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Kaur U, Malacco VMR, Bai H, Price TP, Datta A, Xin L, Sen S, Nawrocki RA, Chiu G, Sundaram S, Min BC, Daniels KM, White RR, Donkin SS, Brito LF, Voyles RM. Invited review: integration of technologies and systems for precision animal agriculture-a case study on precision dairy farming. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad206. [PMID: 37335911 PMCID: PMC10370899 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision livestock farming (PLF) offers a strategic solution to enhance the management capacity of large animal groups, while simultaneously improving profitability, efficiency, and minimizing environmental impacts associated with livestock production systems. Additionally, PLF contributes to optimizing the ability to manage and monitor animal welfare while providing solutions to global grand challenges posed by the growing demand for animal products and ensuring global food security. By enabling a return to the "per animal" approach by harnessing technological advancements, PLF enables cost-effective, individualized care for animals through enhanced monitoring and control capabilities within complex farming systems. Meeting the nutritional requirements of a global population exponentially approaching ten billion people will likely require the density of animal proteins for decades to come. The development and application of digital technologies are critical to facilitate the responsible and sustainable intensification of livestock production over the next several decades to maximize the potential benefits of PLF. Real-time continuous monitoring of each animal is expected to enable more precise and accurate tracking and management of health and well-being. Importantly, the digitalization of agriculture is expected to provide collateral benefits of ensuring auditability in value chains while assuaging concerns associated with labor shortages. Despite notable advances in PLF technology adoption, a number of critical concerns currently limit the viability of these state-of-the-art technologies. The potential benefits of PLF for livestock management systems which are enabled by autonomous continuous monitoring and environmental control can be rapidly enhanced through an Internet of Things approach to monitoring and (where appropriate) closed-loop management. In this paper, we analyze the multilayered network of sensors, actuators, communication, networking, and analytics currently used in PLF, focusing on dairy farming as an illustrative example. We explore the current state-of-the-art, identify key shortcomings, and propose potential solutions to bridge the gap between technology and animal agriculture. Additionally, we examine the potential implications of advancements in communication, robotics, and artificial intelligence on the health, security, and welfare of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder Kaur
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Victor M R Malacco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huiwen Bai
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tanner P Price
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Arunashish Datta
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Xin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shreyas Sen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert A Nawrocki
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - George Chiu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shreyas Sundaram
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Byung-Cheol Min
- Department of Computer and Information Technology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kristy M Daniels
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Robin R White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard M Voyles
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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3
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Effects of short-term exposure to drinking water contaminated with manure on water and feed intake, production and lying behaviour in dairy cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Golher DM, Patel BHM, Bhoite SH, Syed MI, Panchbhai GJ, Thirumurugan P. Factors influencing water intake in dairy cows: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:617-625. [PMID: 33145618 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water is a very critical nutrient in the diet of lactating animals as it performs several functions, viz., transfer of nutrients and excretions of waste products produced during metabolism, digestion, and body temperature regulation of all living organisms. Besides growth, other parameters like milk production, reproduction, adaptive potential, and feed consumption are also influenced by water status in feed and body reserves. Water intake in dairy cows is influenced directly or indirectly by several factors; direct factors include animal-related factors such as breed, body size, physiological stage, age, health, stress, and ecological adaptations and environmental factors, viz., season of the year, environmental temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. These factors significantly influence the drinking water intake of dairy cows. Nonetheless, different managemental practices such as rearing type, feeding practices, housing, water availability, and its quality can also affect water intake indirectly. However, overall understanding of these factors affecting water intake in dairy cows could help to improve the dairy husbandry practices and subsequently health, production, and welfare of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Golher
- Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai, India.
| | - B H M Patel
- LPM Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S H Bhoite
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Livestock Supervisor Shivankhed, Zilla Parishad Latur, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - M I Syed
- Saint Alphonsus Medical Group, Ontario, OR, USA
| | | | - P Thirumurugan
- Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, Malpura, Rajasthan, 304501, India
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Thakuri S, Baskota P, Khatri SB, Dhakal A, Chaudhary P, Rijal K, Byanju RM. Methane emission factors and carbon fluxes from enteric fermentation in cattle of Nepal Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141184. [PMID: 32768783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a first estimate of the country-specific enteric methane (CH4) emission factors (EFs) and the net CH4 fluxes for the local and improved cattle breeds (LCB and ICB) in Nepal using the IPCC Tier 2 methodology. The country-specific herd structure, morphological and feed characteristics data of cattle were collected from the field survey. In LCB, adult males had the highest mean live body weights (BWs) ranging from 222 ± 42 kg in the Hill to 237 ± 36 kg in the Plain region, while for improved cattle, adult females had the highest BW of 334 ± 45 kg in the Hill to 308 ± 38 kg in the Plain regions. Weight gains of ICB were higher than the LCB. Local calves gained BWs of 97 ± 20 g day-1, while improved calves gained a weight of 202 ± 41 g day-1. The CH4 EFs ranged from 13 ± 3 to 46 ± 9 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 for different age-groups of the LCB, while for the ICB, the EFs ranged from 14 ± 3 to 75 ± 15 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1. Overall, the EFs were 33 ± 7 and 46 ± 9 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 for LCB and ICB, respectively. The estimated enteric EFs of cattle in the Hill and Plain regions were not statistically different (p > 0.05), but a significant difference existed between the breeds (LCB and ICB; p < 0.05). The net CH4 flux was 254 ± 51 Gg yr-1 from enteric fermentation in cattle of Nepal using the country-specific EFs, about 15% higher than using the default EFs (221 ± 66 Gg yr-1). We underline that the emission estimation, deploying the country-specific EFs, will be more accurate, contributing to reduce the uncertainties in the national GHG inventories and supporting the mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Thakuri
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal.
| | - Preshika Baskota
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Singh Bahadur Khatri
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Anandita Dhakal
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Pashupati Chaudhary
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Kedar Rijal
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
| | - Rejina Maskey Byanju
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal
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6
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Temple D, Manteca X. Animal Welfare in Extensive Production Systems Is Still an Area of Concern. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.545902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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7
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Raisbeck MF. Water Quality for Grazing Livestock I. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:547-579. [PMID: 32943304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is the most important nutrient for rangeland livestock. However, competition with municipalities, industry, and other water users often results in grazing livestock being forced to use water supplies that are less than perfect. Surface water in western rangleands are often contaminated by mineral extraction, irrigation runoff and other human activities. Mineral contaminants in drinking water are additive with similar contaminants in feedstuffs. The goal of this and the subsequent article is to provide producers and veterinarians with the basic background to make informed decisions about whether a given water supply is "safe" for livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merl F Raisbeck
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, 2852 Riverside, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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Manure contamination of drinking water influences dairy cattle water intake and preference. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Beggs D, Jongman E, Hemsworth P, Fisher A. The effects of herd size on the welfare of dairy cows in a pasture-based system using animal- and resource-based indicators. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3406-3420. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ghanem M, Zeineldin M, Eissa A, El Ebissy E, Mohammed R, Abdelraof Y. The effects of saline water consumption on the ultrasonographic and histopathological appearance of the kidney and liver in Barki sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29540632 PMCID: PMC5989016 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of varying degrees of water salinity on the ultrasonographical and histopathological appearance of the liver and kidneys in Barki sheep. Thirty Barki sheep (initial weight, 29.48 ± 0.81 kg) were allocated into three groups (n=10 per group) based on the type of drinking water for 9 months: the tap water (TW) group (350 ppm total dissolved solids [TDS]); the moderate saline water (MSW) group (4,557 ppm TDS); and the high saline water (HSW) group (8,934 ppm TDS). After 9 months, the body weight was significantly decreased in sheep subjected to MSW (P=0.0347) and HSW (P=0.0424). Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine were significantly increased (P<0.05) in sheep subjected to MSW and HSW. Ultrasonographic examination of the right and left kidneys revealed an increased length of both kidneys with crystal formation, particularly in male sheep. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver showed hyperechogenic dots varying in size and number between males and females. Histopathological examination of kidney revealed significant changes in both MSW and HSW groups such as hyaline matrix formation, atrophied glomerular tufts, and intramedullary congestion. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed slight fatty liver changes, slight fibrosis around the bile duct, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and vacuolar changes of hepatocytes in both MSW and HSW groups. In conclusion, water salinity negatively affects the body weight, liver and kidney appearance of Barki sheep and thus sheep production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghanem
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zeineldin
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt.,Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-61802, IL, U.S.A
| | - Attia Eissa
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Eman El Ebissy
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Rasha Mohammed
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Yassein Abdelraof
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt
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11
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Genčurová V, Hanuš O, Janů L, Macek A, Vyletělová M. Drinking water indicator evaluation in selected dairy cow farms with different management system in the Czech Republic. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200856040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Amenu K, Markemann A, Valle Zárate A. Water for human and livestock consumption in rural settings of Ethiopia: assessments of quality and health aspects. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9571-9586. [PMID: 23715736 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the quality and health aspects of water intended for human and livestock consumption in two rural districts of the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The study involved two parts: the first consisted of a questionnaire survey and farmers' group discussions, complemented by secondary health data, and the second part determined the chemical (total dissolved solids, pH, manganese, hexa-valent chromium, fluoride) and microbiological quality of different water sources during dry and wet seasons. The result showed a lack of sustainable access to safe water in the communities. Industrial pollution and mismanagement of water sources by human and livestock was found to be a source of potential health risk. Potentially linked human health problems like malaria, diarrhoea and gastrointestinal parasites were common in the districts. Overall, 76% of the assessed water sources (n = 25) failed to comply with World Health Organization guidelines for human drinking water, for at least one assessed parameter, mostly irrespective of the season. The non-compliance was mainly attributed to Escherichia coli contamination and/or high fluoride concentration. At least 20% of the water samples were also found to be unfit for livestock consumption based on assessed chemical parameters in both dry and wet seasons. To minimize the health risk associated with mismanagement and poor quality of water sources in the area, targeted action in the protection of surface water sources should be given priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Amenu
- Institute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany,
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13
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Effects of sodium bicarbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate supplementation on performance of high producing dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Beede
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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15
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Shapasand M, Alizadeh AR, Yousefi M, Amini J. Performance and Physiological Responses of Dairy Cattle to Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Under Heat Stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.10539504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Valtorta SE, Gallardo MR, Sbodio OA, Revelli GR, Arakaki C, Leva PE, Gaggiotti M, Tercero EJ. Water salinity effects on performance and rumen parameters of lactating grazing Holstein cows. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2008; 52:239-47. [PMID: 17786485 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-007-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen multiparous lactating grazing Holstein cows, 9 ruminally cannulated, average 136.1 +/- 14.6 days in milk, were randomly assigned to three treatments consisting of water containing different levels of total dissolved solids (TDS; mg/l): Treatment 1 = 1,000; Treatment 2 = 5,000 and Treatment 3 = 10,000, at the Experimental Dairy Unit at Rafaela Experimental Station (31 degrees 11'S latitude) during summer 2005. Animals were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three 28-day experimental periods, with 3 weeks for water adaptation and 1 week for measurements. Feed and water intake, milk production and composition, body weight and condition score and rumen parameters were evaluated. No treatment effects were observed in any of the variables evaluated, with the exception of water intake, which was higher for animals receiving 10,000 mg/l TDS in the drinking water (189 l/day vs. 106 and 122 l/day for cows receiving water with 1,000 and 5,000 mg/l TDS, respectively). Water intake was significantly higher for animals in treatment 10,000 (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the rumen presents a surprising buffer capacity and that consideration of TDS alone is insufficient to characterize drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Valtorta
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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17
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Kii WY, Dryden GM. Effect of drinking saline water on food and water intake, food digestibility, and nitrogen and mineral balances of rusa deer stags (Cervus timorensis russa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc41070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe salinity tolerance of Javan rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) was investigated with seven stags, aged 4·5 years. Animals were offered a medium-quality chaffed lucerne hay and given five different levels of water salinity: (a) control (570 mg/kg of total dissolved salts (TDS)) and (b) ‘saline’ water with TDS contents of 1000, 3500, 6000 and 8500 mg/kg. Food intake, food digestibility and nitrogen balance were not affected by increasing salt concentration in drinking water, however the drinking water (DW) intake, the total (food plus drinking) water intake and the DW:dry-matter ratio increased with increasing salt concentration. Some deer given water containing 8500 mg TDS per kg showed signs of stress which included large between-day fluctuations in water intake, opening of the orbital gland, head shaking, and rapid breathing. Rusa deer can tolerate drinking water containing 6000 mg TDS per kg for at least 9 days without harmful effect but may be unable to tolerate water with 8500 mg TDS per kg.
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