1
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Lee SM, Marbun TD, Kim EJ. Potential use of dried persimmon ( Diospyros kaki) byproducts as feed sources for ruminants. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:749-792. [PMID: 39165736 PMCID: PMC11331361 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and palatability of dried persimmon byproducts (persimmon peel [PP] and damaged whole persimmons [WP]) ensiled with rice straw in different mixing ratios. PP and WP were ensiled with rice straw at ratios of 3:7 (PP3R7, WP3R7), 5:5 (PP5R5, WP5R5), 7:3 (PP7R3, WP7R3), and 8:2 (PP8R2, WP8R2) for 70 d. WP3R7 had the highest (p < 0.05) crude protein and lactate contents compared to the other combinations. On the other hand, PP3R7 and PP8R2 had lower concentrations of neutral and acid-detergent fibers (p < 0.05) and produced lower amounts of ammonia-N (p < 0.05). The silages were compared to rice straw silage (RS), maize silage (MS), whole-crop rye silage (WCRS), and sorghum-sudangrass silage (SSGS) during an in vitro study. The results showed that PP8R2 and WP7R3 had higher (p < 0.05) dry matter digestibility values than RS, MS, WCRS, and SSGS in a 6 h incubation period. In addition, a palatability test of the silages was conducted on Hanwoo cattle, goats, and deer, using the cafeteria method. The palatability index rate of PP7R3 was the highest (p < 0.05) for the goats and the Hanwoo cattle, whereas PP8R2 had the highest (p < 0.05) rate for the deer and the Hanwoo cattle. In conclusion, dried persimmon byproducts in the form of PP and WPs can be used as ruminant feed when ensiled with RS at ratios of 7:3 and 8:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Moo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal
Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
| | - Tabita Dameria Marbun
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal
Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
- Research Institute for Innovative Animal
Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224,
Korea
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2
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Zhang S, Wang J, Lu S, Chaudhry AS, Tarla D, Khanaki H, Raja IH, Shan A. Effects of Sweet and Forge Sorghum Silages Compared to Maize Silage without Additional Grain Supplement on Lactation Performance and Digestibility of Lactating Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1702. [PMID: 38891748 PMCID: PMC11171229 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of replacing maize silage (MZS) with high-sugar sorghum silage (HSS) or forage sorghum silage (FSS) without additional grain supplement in the diets of dairy cows on nutrient digestibility, milk composition, nitrogen (N) use, and rumen fermentation. Twenty-four Chinese Holstein cows (545 ± 42.8 kg; 21.41 ± 0.62 kg milk yield; 150 ± 5.6 days in milk) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 8 cows/treatment). The cows were fed ad libitum total mixed rations containing (dry matter basis) either 40% MZS (MZS-based diet), 40% HSS (HSS-based diet), or 40% FSS (FSS-based diet). The study lasted for 42 days, with 14 days devoted to adaptation, 21 days to daily feed intake and milk production, and 7 days to the sampling of feed, refusals, feces, urine, and rumen fluid. Milk production was measured twice daily, and digestibility was estimated using the method of acid-insoluble ash. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA in SPSS 22.0 according to a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were used as fixed effects and cows as random effects. The results indicate that MZS and HSS had greater crude protein but less neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and a lower pH than FSS (p ≤ 0.04). High starch contents in MZS and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents in HSS were observed (p < 0.01). While the highest starch intake was observed for the MZS-based diet, the highest WSC intake was noted for the HSS-based diet, and the highest NDF, ADF, ADL intake was observed for the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The diets, including MZS and HSS, had greater digestibility than that of FSS (p ≤ 0.03). Feeding MZS- and HSS-based diets increased the yield, fat, and protein content of the milk, as well as feed conversion efficiency (p ≤ 0.03). However, feeding the MZS- and HSS-based diets decreased the contents of milk urea N, urinary urea N, and urinary N excretion more than the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The N use efficiency tended to increase relative to diets containing MZS and HSS compared with FSS (p = 0.06 and p = 0.09). Ruminal ammonia-N and pH were lower, but total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate were higher in cows fed the HSS- and MZS-based diets compared to those fed the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.03). It appears as though replacing MZS with HSS in the diet of cows without additional grain supplements has no negative influence on feed intake, milk yield, N utilization, or ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Grass Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas (Co-Construction by Ministries and Provinces), Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
| | - Shunping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China;
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Grass Resources Utilization around Tarim, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas (Co-Construction by Ministries and Provinces), Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Divine Tarla
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Dookie College, VIC 3647, Australia; (D.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hassan Khanaki
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Dookie College, VIC 3647, Australia; (D.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Imtiaz Hussain Raja
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
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Yi Q, Wang P, Tang H, Yu M, Zhao T, Sheng Z, Luo H. Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Ensiling Spent Mushroom Substrate with Microbial Additives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050920. [PMID: 36899777 PMCID: PMC10000080 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of Flammulina velutipes spent mushroom substrate silage (F-silage) and Pleurotus eryngii spent mushroom substrate silage (P-silage). Silage treatments included groups without any additives (control), with lactic acid bacteria (L), with cellulase (E), and with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase (M). Data analysis was performed using independent sample t-test and analysis of variance. After 45 days of ensiling, the pH in F-silage and P-silage from the L, E, and M groups were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The pH, acetic acid (AA), and propionic acid (PA) levels in P-silage were lower than those in F-silage, and the LA content in P-silage was higher than that in F-silage (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, the E treatment increased in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility (IVNDFD) and in vitro acid detergent fibre digestibility (IVADFD) in F-silage and P-silage (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of F-silage inoculated with L increased (p < 0.05) by 24 h compared to the control. The aerobic stability of P-silage inoculated with M increased (p < 0.05) by 6 h compared to the control. The improvement in fermentation quality and aerobic stability is extremely large in terms of applying M in F-silage and P-silage. The E is effective in improving the in vitro digestibility of P-silage. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the production of high-quality spent mushroom substrate fermented feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Yi
- Department of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Hongyu Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tianyue Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ziyang Sheng
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hailing Luo
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Cheng Q, Li M, Fan X, Chen Y, Sun H, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Chen C, Li P. Effects of epiphytic and exogenous lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and microbial community compositions of paper mulberry silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:973500. [PMID: 36090070 PMCID: PMC9453674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.973500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from various sources and evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial compositions of paper mulberry (PM) after 60 days of ensiling. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from Phalaris arundinacea silage, pickle, and fresh PM leaves; three of these strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, YC1; Levilactobacillus brevis, PC3; and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, BP17) and one commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GFJ) were subsequently used. Compared with other treatments, PC3 and BP17 increased (P < 0.05) the LAB count and crude protein content and decreased (P < 0.05) the molds and coliform bacteria counts, pH, and ammonia-N content of PM silages. BP17 and PC3 increased the relative Lactiplantibacillus abundance and decreased that of Lelliottia and Cladosporium, improving PM silage quality. Therefore, PC3 and BP17 can improve the fermentation quality of PM silage and could be used as silage starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Maoya Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yixiao Xie
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulong Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li,
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Effect of wilting and microbial inoculation on the fermentation profile, nutrient composition, and aerobic stability of Bermuda grass silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Comparisons of commercially available NIRS-based analyte predictions of haylage quality for equid nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Effects of whole-plant corn silage relocation on quality, chemical composition, and intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Przemieniecki SW, Purwin C, Mastalerz J, Borsuk M, Lipiński K, Kurowski T. Biostimulating effect of l-tryptophan on the yield and chemical and microbiological quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) herbage and silage for ruminant. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3969-3974. [PMID: 33301184 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effect of l-tryptophan (l-TRP) used in the cultivation of Lolium perenne on the yield, and chemical and microbiological quality of its herbage and silage. l-Tryptophan was applied in doses of 5, 0.5, 0.05 kg ha-1 . The experiment was conducted with a control group (C) and a comparative control group (C+) with higher nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS The dose of 5 kg ha-1 had a significant effect on herbage yield, which increased by 15% compared to group C and approximated the value achieved in group C+. The treatment with l-TRP caused a significant increase in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content only in Tr5 (165 g kg-1 DM), which was reflected in a more beneficial course of fermentation, lower pH (4.59), and a higher sum of fermentation acids, including lactic acid (94.7 g kg-1 DM). Ryegrass treatment with a high l-TRP dose effectively reduced the loads of Clostridium spp. and fungi, and increased the count of Bacillus spp. The l-TRP significantly reduced N-NH3 content in Tr05 (98.6 g kg-1 TN) compared with C+ (123 g kg-1 TN) and butyric acid content in Tr05 (from 1.35 g kg-1 DM in the C to 0.38 g kg-1 DM). CONCLUSION The most effective dose turned out to be a dose of 5 kg ha-1 , which allowed a higher yield and a better fermentation course to be achieved. This work presents the feasibility of using l-TRP to optimize nutrient consumption by Lolium perenne and ultimately to affect the quality of its silage as a feedstuff. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W Przemieniecki
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Mastalerz
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Borsuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lipiński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kurowski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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9
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Dual sensor measurement shows that temperature outperforms pH as an early sign of aerobic deterioration in maize silage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8686. [PMID: 33888808 PMCID: PMC8062529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality silage containing abundant lactic acid is a critical component of ruminant diets in many parts of the world. Silage deterioration, a result of aerobic metabolism (including utilization of lactic acid) during storage and feed-out, reduces the nutritional quality of the silage, and its acceptance by animals. In this study, we introduce a novel non-disruptive dual-sensor method that provides near real-time information on silage aerobic stability, and demonstrates for the first time that in situ silage temperature (Tsi) and pH are both associated with preservation of lactic acid. Aerobic deterioration was evaluated using two sources of maize silage, one treated with a biological additive, at incubation temperatures of 23 and 33 °C. Results showed a time delay between the rise of Tsi and that of pH following aerobic exposure at both incubation temperatures. A 11 to 25% loss of lactic acid occurred when Tsi reached 2 °C above ambient. In contrast, by the time the silage pH had exceeded its initial value by 0.5 units, over 60% of the lactic acid had been metabolized. Although pH is often used as a primary indicator of aerobic deterioration of maize silage, it is clear that Tsi was a more sensitive early indicator. However, the extent of the pH increase was an effective indicator of advanced spoilage and loss of lactic acid due to aerobic metabolism for maize silage.
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10
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Diepersloot EC, Pupo MR, Ghizzi LG, Gusmão JO, Heinzen C, McCary CL, Wallau MO, Ferraretto LF. Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Storage Length on Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Composition of Whole-Plant Sorghum Silage of Different Varieties. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660567. [PMID: 33927709 PMCID: PMC8076742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of a heterofermentative microbial inoculant and storage length on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and nutrient composition in whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) from different varieties. Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement, evaluated microbial inoculation [CON (50 mL distilled water) or LBLD (Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 21762, L. buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074; 300,000 CFU/g of fresh forage)] and storage length (14, 28, or 56 d) in forage WPSS. The LBLD silage had lower pH compared to CON, and greater concentrations of succinic acid, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), 1-propanol, 2,3-butanediol and total acids. After 56 d, lactic acid concentration was greater for CON, while acetic acid and aerobic stability were greater in LBLD silage. Experiment 2, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement, evaluated effects of microbial inoculation (same as experiment 1) and storage length (14, 28, or 56 d) in WPSS of three varieties [forage sorghum (Mojo Seed, OPAL, Hereford, TX), sorghum-sudangrass (Dyna-gro Seed, Fullgraze II, Loveland, CO, United States), or sweet sorghum (MAFES Foundation Seed Stocks, Dale, MS State, MS)]. The LBLD forage sorghum had greater acetic acid and 1,2-PD concentrations at 56 d and 28 d, respectively, but lower concentrations of propionic acid at 56 d and butyric acid at 14 and 28 d. Additionally, WSC concentration was greater for CON than LBLD at 28 d. Furthermore, CON sweet sorghum had greater lactic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid concentrations. However, greater acetic acid and 1,2-PD were observed for LBLD sweet sorghum. The CON sweet sorghum had greater concentration of WSC and yeast counts. The CON sorghum sudangrass had greater lactic and butyric acid concentrations than LBLD at 14 d, but lower acetic acid and 1,2-PD concentrations at 56 d. Yeast counts were greater for CON than LBLD sorghum sudangrass silage. Overall, results indicate inoculation of WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 21762, L. buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074 improves heterofermentative co-fermentation allowing the accumulation of acetic acid concentration and increasing antifungal capacities and aerobic stability of WPSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cole Diepersloot
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matheus R Pupo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lucas G Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Jessica O Gusmão
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso Heinzen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cody L McCary
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marcelo O Wallau
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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11
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Nazar M, Wang S, Zhao J, Dong Z, Li J, Kaka NA, Shao T. Abundance and diversity of epiphytic microbiota on forage crops and their fermentation characteristic during the ensiling of sterile sudan grass. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:27. [PMID: 33433734 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous epiphytic microbiota inoculation on the fermentation quality and microbial community of sudan grass silage. Gamma irradiated sudan grass was ensiled with distilled water (STR), epiphytic microbiota of sudan grass (SUDm), forage sorghum (FSm), napier grass (NAPm) and whole crop corn (WCCm). The FSm inoculated silage have significantly lower lactic acid (LA) concentration and higher pH during early ensiling, while LA concentration gradually and significantly increased with the progression of ensiling and have lower pH in relation to other treatments for terminal silage. Inoculation of NAPm resulted in lower LA and higher acetic acid (AA) concentrations, higher pH, ammonia-N and dry matter losses for terminal silage, followed by SUDm silage. Inoculations of WCCm significantly increased LA production and pH decline during early ensiling and have higher LA and pH then NAPm and SUDm silages during final ensiling. The early fermentation of SUDm silage was dominated by genus of Pediococcus. The genera of Lactobacillus were predominant in WCCm and NAPm silages during 3 days of ensiling, while Weissella dominated initial microbial community of FS silage. The terminal silage of NAPm was dominated by Enterobacter and Rosenbergiella, while Enterobacter and Lactobacillus dominated terminal SUDm silage. The final silage of FSm was dominated by Lactobacillus, Weissella and Pediococcus, while Lactobacillus and Acetobacter dominated terminal WCCm silages. The results demonstrated that among the four forages the epiphytic microbiota from forage sorghum positively influenced the microbial community and fermentability of sudan grass silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Nazar
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Niaz Ali Kaka
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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12
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The Effect of Ensiling on the Nutritional Composition and Fermentation Characteristics of Brown Seaweeds as a Ruminant Feed Ingredient. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061019. [PMID: 32545350 PMCID: PMC7341188 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, there has emerged a renewed interest in the inclusion of seaweed as an animal feed ingredient. Due to annual fluctuations in the availability and biochemical composition of seaweeds, effective preservation methods are needed. These are currently restricted to thermal processing methods. Ensiling is a commonly applied preservation technique for terrestrial forages intended for livestock feed but little is known about the characteristics of silage made from seaweeds. This study considered the potential of ensiling two brown seaweed species (Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissimi) with or without the use of a microbial inoculant. The potential applications of seaweed silage as a feed ingredient in ruminant diets were considered. The results showed that, depending on the species, ensiling may be a suitable preservation method for brown seaweeds. Abstract Ensiling could be an effective method to preserve seaweeds for animal feed applications, however, there is limited scientific knowledge in this area. Seaweeds are a promising ruminant feed ingredient, in part due to the content of phenolic compounds, which are receiving considerable interest as alternative antimicrobial agents in feed. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of ensiling on the nutritional composition and fermentation characteristics of two brown seaweed species, Fucus vesiculosus (FV) and Saccharina latissimi (SL) with or without the use of a Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) inoculant. The effect of ensiling on the stability of phlorotannin was also investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). After harvesting, the seaweeds were wilted for 24 h and subsequently ensiled in laboratory-scaled silos for 90 days. SL silage showed a stronger fermentation pattern (pH < 4), dominated by lactic acid (50–60 g/kg Dry Matter (DM)), and a slightly higher acetic acid content compared to FV silages (p < 0.05). The fermentability of FV was limited (pH > 4.8) with low lactic acid production (<5 g/kg DM). The addition of the LAB inoculant showed no effect on the fermentation process but a modest effect on the chemical composition of both species was observed after the 90-day ensiling period. The results showed no losses in the nutrient content of FV after ensiling, however losses in the Crude Protein (CP, −32%), ash (−36%), Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF, −77%) and Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF, −58%) content of SL were observed. The ensiling process had a limited effect on the in vitro true dry matter digestibility and phenolic content of either species. Therefore, ensilage may be a suitable preservation method for the use of brown seaweeds as a ruminant feed; however, species-specific differences were observed.
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Tao Y, Sun Q, Li F, Xu C, Cai Y. Comparative analysis of ensiling characteristics and protein degradation of alfalfa silage prepared with corn or sweet sorghum in semiarid region of Inner Mongolia. Anim Sci J 2019; 91:e13321. [PMID: 31777177 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with corn or sweet sorghum (SS) at different mixing ratios. The chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with and without corn or SS at mixing ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7 on a fresh matter (FM) basis were studied. The alfalfa had the highest crude protein (CP) content and lactate buffering capacity (LBC), but lower water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than corn and SS. After 60 days of ensiling, the corn and SS silages had good quality, with lower pH and ammonia-N content, and higher dry matter (DM) content than the alfalfa silages. In the alfalfa and corn mixture silages, the DM contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of corn, while the pH, non-protein N (NPN), ammonia-N, and peptide-N contents linearly decreased. In the alfalfa and SS mixture silages, the DM and NPN contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of SS, while the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia-N contents linearly decreased. This study suggests that alfalfa silage prepared with corn has more positive effect on fermentation quality and inhibiting protein degradation than addition of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tao
- College of engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Qizhong Sun
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Feng Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Chuncheng Xu
- College of engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
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Lee SM, Kim EJ. Effects of seeding dates on dry matter yield and feed values of whole-crop barley cultivated in a paddy field. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:278-284. [PMID: 31602306 PMCID: PMC6778858 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the
yield and feed value of whole-crop barley cultivated in paddy soil. The field
experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate
with seeding dates of Oct. 19 (T1 as treatment 1), Oct. 26 (T2 as treatment 2),
Nov. 2 (T3 as treatment 3), Nov. 9 (T4 as treatment 4), and Nov. 16 (T5 as
treatment 5) as treatments. The barley grown in all treatments was harvested on
May 21 of the following year. Plant length, fresh yield, dry matter yield, and
total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher (p <
0.05) in barley with early seeding dates, whereas crude protein and ether
extract were higher (p < 0.05) with late seeding dates.
Crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were highest in the T3 treatment and
lowest in the T1 treatment. There was no significant difference between acid
detergent fiber and TDN among the different seeding dates. Total mineral
contents were higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4
> T5 (p < 0.05), whereas the total amino acid
content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with a delay
in seeding date. Free sugar contents (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were
higher with early seeding dates (p < 0.05).
Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable
to seed soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter and TDN yields and
mineral and free sugar contents of whole-crop barley in the midlands of
Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Moo Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Condori-Quispe R, Loza-Murguia MG, Achu-Nina C, Alberto-Alberto H. Calidad del ensilaje de avena forrajera (Avena sativa L.) conservado en tres diferentes tipos de silos artesanales. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2019.060200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lee MRF, Fleming HR, Cogan T, Hodgson C, Davies DR. Assessing the ability of silage lactic acid bacteria to incorporate and transform inorganic selenium within laboratory scale silos. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019; 253:125-134. [PMID: 31293291 PMCID: PMC6588266 DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a non-metallic trace element essential for normal cellular function, which has been linked with reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and thyroid disease in humans. Se deficiency in livestock is associated with white muscle disease, retained placenta, ill-thrift and mastitis. Where Se status or bioavailability from the soil for plants is poor, livestock rely on supplemental Se in their diets predominantly as either sodium selenite (inorganic form) or selenised-yeast (organic form). As lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to incorporate Se as either organic or elemental (Nano-Se) there may be potential to use silage inoculant bacteria to improve the Se status of feed to provide the Se requirements of livestock. We screened twenty-seven LAB in MRS broth in the presence of sodium selenite for growth and uptake of Se as organic (selenocysteine and selenomethionine), inorganic (selenite and selenate) or/and Nano-Se, with the aim to identify potential candidates for a mini-silo study. Sodium selenite addition into the growth medium of LAB reduced growth rates but also resulted in the conversion of the inorganic sodium selenite into predominately Nano-Se and small quantities of organic-Se. Based on a rank analysis of growth and ability to take up (total Se content) and convert inorganic Se (Nano and organic Se content), three LAB were selected for further investigation as silage inoculants: L. brevis DSMZ (A), L. plantarum LF1 (B), and L. plantarum SSL MC15 (C). Each LAB was used as an inoculant within a grass mini-silo trial, either cultured in the presence of sodium selenite before inoculation or sodium selenite added to the inoculum at inoculation versus controls with no Se. The addition of sodium selenite either into the growth media of LAB or applied at inoculation of grass silage did not interfere with the ability of the LAB to act as a silage inoculant with no difference in silage fermentation characteristic between LAB with no Se added. The addition of sodium selenite either to the LAB growth medium or at inoculation resulted in the conversion of sodium selenite into Nano-Se and organic-Se (Nano-Se, ca. 103 higher than organic), as previously shown in the screening trial. There was no difference between the three LAB for incorporation of Se or in silage quality, indicating the potential to develop silage inoculants to increase the bioavailable form of Se (elemental and organic) to livestock through conversion of inorganic forms during ensiling.
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Key Words
- CFU, colony forming units
- DM, dry matter
- FW, fresh weight
- Inorganic selenium
- LAB, lactic acid bacteria
- Lactic acid bacteria
- MRS, de man, rogosa and sharpe agar
- NIRS, near infra-red spectroscopy
- Nano-Se, elemental selenium
- Nano-selenium
- Organic selenium
- SeCys, selenocysteine
- SeIV, selenite
- SeMet, selenomethionine
- SeVI, selenate
- Silage inoculant
- Silage quality
- VFA, volatile fatty acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R F Lee
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom.,University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Somerset, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R Fleming
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan Cogan
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Somerset, BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hodgson
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - David R Davies
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom.,Silage Solutions Ltd, Bwlch y Blaen, Ponthrydygroes, Ceredigion, SY25 6DP, United Kingdom
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Ertekin İ, Kızılşimşek M. Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation in pre-harvesting period on fermentation and feed quality properties of alfalfa silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:245-253. [PMID: 31010971 PMCID: PMC6946974 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To develop the fermentation quality and chemical composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Lam.) silage, plants were inoculated with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains at field 24 hours before harvest. Methods The treatment groups were as follow: silage without additive as a control and inoculated with each strains of Lactobacillus brevis (LS-55-2-2), Leuconostoc citerum (L. citerum; L-70-6-1), Lactobacillus bifermentans (L. bifermentans; LS-65-2-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum; LS-3-3) and L. plantarum (LS-72-2). All the silages were stored at 25°C. Parameters such as pH, microorganism and volatile fatty acid contents, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net gas, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, dry matter intake and relative feed value were measured to determine fermentation quality, chemical compositions and relative feed value of alfalfa silages. Results Significant differences were found among the control and treated groups in terms of pH and microorganism contents at all opening times and crude protein, net gas, metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility of final silage. The pH values ranged from 4.70 to 5.52 for all treatments and control silage had the highest value of overall treatments at T75d silages. Volatile fatty acid of silages was not influenced significantly by inoculations. However, lactic acid content of L. bifermentans (LS-65-2-1) was higher than the other treatments. The highest metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility were recorded from L. citerum (L-70-6-1) inoculation. In addition, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter intake and relative feed value. Conclusion Among the treated LAB isolates, L. bifermentans came into prominence especially in terms of organic acid composition and quality characters of silages.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Ertekin
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, 31060, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kızılşimşek
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, 46040, Turkey
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Effect of Freshwater Washing Pretreatment on Sargassum muticum as a Feedstock for Biogas Production. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11071771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Isolation and molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria from King grass and their application to improve the fermentation quality of sweet Sorghum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 34:4. [PMID: 29204819 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was isolation and molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria from King grass and their application to improve the fermentation quality of sweet Sorghum. Seventy-six strains of LAB were isolated; five strains were selected for Physiological and morphological tests and 16S rRNA sequencing. All five strains grew at different pH 3.5-8.0, different temperature 35, 40, 45, 50 °C and different NaCl concentrations 3, 6.5, 9.5%. Strains HDASK were identified Lactobacillus plantarum and SK3907, SK2A32, SK3A42 and ASKDD Pediococcus acidilactici. Three isolated strains and one commercial strain were added to sweet sorghum. Silage was prepared of four treatments and one control with three replicates as control (SKC, adding 2 ml/kg sterilizing water), L. plantarum commercial bacteria (SKP), L. plantarum (HDASK) isolated from King grass (SKA), P. acidilactici (SK3907) isolated from King grass (SKB) and P. acidilactici (ASKDD) isolated from King grass (SKD). All silage were prepared using polyethylene terephthalate bottles, and incubated at room temperature for different ensiling days. The level of pH, acetic acid, NH3-N, water soluble carbohydrate and butyric acid was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Lactic acid, ethanol and propionic acid (PA) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in treatments compared to control. The dry matter, propionic acid neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber did not significantly (P < 0.05) differ among the treatments but the values were increased and decreased. The number of yeast, mold and LAB were significantly (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the supplementation of LAB could enhanced the fermentation quality of sweet Sorghum silage.
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Wen A, Yuan X, Wang J, Desta ST, Shao T. Effects of four short-chain fatty acids or salts on dynamics of fermentation and microbial characteristics of alfalfa silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Desta ST, Yuan X, Li J, Shao T. Ensiling characteristics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and enzymatic digestibility of Napier grass ensiled with additives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:447-454. [PMID: 27668877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ensiling characteristics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and enzymatic digestibility (ED) of Napier grass silage was examined. Napier grass ensiled with no additive control, 0.2% formic acid, 0.4% molasses, and 0.3% fibrolytic enzyme for, 7, 30, 60 and 90days. Additives increased lactic acid, soluble carbohydrate and decreased all of lignocellulosic contents except acid detergent lignin and pH than control. The highest value of nonstructural carbohydrate and large reduction in lignocellulosic contents was observed in formic acid and fibrolytic enzyme silage respectively. The content of glucose and fructose showed rapid drop in the first 7days of ensilage. Ensilage decreased lignocellulosic contents and increased ED compared to fresh material. The ED of formic acid and molasses silage was significantly higher than control and fibrolytic enzyme silages in all tested days. In summery the ensiling quality structural and nonstructural carbohydrate and ED value of mature Napier grass silage improved through additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seare T Desta
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - XianJun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhang Q, Wu B, Nishino N, Wang X, Yu Z. Fermentation and microbial population dynamics during the ensiling of native grass and subsequent exposure to air. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:389-97. [PMID: 26950516 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the microbial population and fermentation dynamics of large needlegrass (LN) and Chinese leymus (CL) during ensiling and subsequent exposure to air, silages were sampled and analyzed using culture-based techniques and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A total of 112 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated and identified using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. Lactic acid was not detected in the first 20 days in LN silage and the pH decreased to 6.13 after 45 days of ensiling. The temperature of the LN silage increased after approximately 30 h of air exposure and the CL silage showed a slight temperature variation. Enterococcus spp. were mainly present in LN silage. The proportion of Lactobacillus brevis in CL silage increased after exposure to air. LN silage with a higher proportion of Enterococcus spp. and propionic acid concentration did not show higher fermentation quality or aerobic stability than CL silage, which had a higher concentration of acetic acid, butyric acid and increased proportion of L. brevis after exposure to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baiyila Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishino
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xianguo Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- Institute of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Rooke
- Research and Development Division; SAC; Aberdeen United Kingdom
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Zhang Q, Li X, Zhao M, Yu Z. Isolating and evaluating lactic acid bacteria strains for effectiveness of Leymus chinensis
silage fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:391-7. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - X.J. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - M.M. Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Z. Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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Amer S, Hassanat F, Berthiaume R, Seguin P, Mustafa A. Effects of water soluble carbohydrate content on ensiling characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of forage millet and forage sorghum silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Amado IR, Fuciños C, Fajardo P, Guerra NP, Pastrana L. Evaluation of two bacteriocin-producing probiotic lactic acid bacteria as inoculants for controlling Listeria monocytogenes in grass and maize silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Temperate forages ensiled with molasses or fresh cheese whey: Effects on conservation quality, effluent losses and ruminal degradation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bayatkouhsar J, Tahmasebi A, Naserian A. The effects of microbial inoculation of corn silage on performance of lactating dairy cows. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Influence of formic acid and dry matter on protein degradation in the tanniniferous legume sainfoin. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Multifactorial models to assess responses to sorghum proportion, molasses and bacterial inoculant on in vitro quality of sorghum–soybean silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gómez-Vázquez A, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, García-López JC, de la Cruz-Lázaro E, Luna-Palomera C, Sánchez-Hernández R. Nutritional value of sugarcane silage enriched with corn grain, urea, and minerals as feed supplement on growth performance of beef steers grazing stargrass. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:215-20. [PMID: 20711753 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the silage quality of sugarcane silage enriched (as fed) with corn grain ground (10%), urea (1.5%), and mineral premix (0.5%) and its effects as a feed supplement on growth performance of beef steers grazing stargrass. Firstly, in micro-silages, whole sugarcane enriched with corn grain, urea, and minerals (WSCE) were ensilaged by 0, 20, 40, and 60 days. Crude protein (CP) and lactic acid (LA) increased linearly (P < 0.05) and true protein decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as fermentation time increased. The pH values in silages were affected quadratically by fermentation time. Thus, after a 20-day fermentation, the pH values were below 4.5. Secondly, in micro-silos WSCE and stem sugarcane enriched with corn grain, urea, and minerals (SSCE) with and without calcium propionate were ensilaged by 30 days, but it did not affect any chemical composition trait in the silage. The SCCE silages had higher CP and LA and lower pH than WSCE silages. Finally, for 120 days, 20 beef steers (378 ± 33 kg initial BW) grazing stargrass were supplemented (daily by 1-h free access) with WSCE silage. Supplemental silage increased total dry matter intake, total gain, and the average daily gain, without any affectation on feed conversion and total tract digestion of dry matter. It is concluded that whole sugarcane silage is an alternative feed supplement to improve growth performance in beef steers grazing stargrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Gómez-Vázquez
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, km 25 Villahermosa-Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
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Cao Y, Takahashi T, Horiguchi KI. Effects of addition of food by-products on the fermentation quality of a total mixed ration with whole crop rice and its digestibility, preference, and rumen fermentation in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Murray JAM, Longland AC, Davies DR, Hastie PM, Moore-Colyer M, Dunnett C. The effect of enzyme treatment on the nutritive value of lucerne for equids. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mustafa AF, Seguin P, Marois-Mainguy O, Ouellet DR. Ensiling characteristics, nutrient composition, andin situruminal and whole tract degradability of brown midrib and leafy corn silage. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 59:353-63. [PMID: 16320783 DOI: 10.1080/17450390500247931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to compare the ensiling characteristics, chemical composition, and the ruminal and total tract nutrient degradabilities of leafy (Cargill F227) and brown midrib (Mycogen TMF94) corn silage hybrids. Corn was grown in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, harvested at a target 350 g kg(-1) dry matter (DM) content, and ensiled in mini-silos for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 45 d. Two non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and proximal duodenal cannulae were used to determine ruminal and whole tract nutrient degradability. Forage from both hybrids went through a rapid fermentation with a sharp decline in pH during the first 2 d of ensiling, pH in both silage being less than 4.0 after 45 d. Lactic acid concentration was however greater for leafy than brown midrib corn. Chemical analysis of silage after 45 d of ensiling revealed that hybrids differed in their composition. Compared to leafy corn, brown midrib corn had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent and acid detergent insoluble proteins, but higher starch and net energy of lactation (NEL) values. Results of the in situ incubation experiment indicated that compared to leafy corn brown midrib corn had greater ruminal DM (64 vs. 54%), CP (73 vs. 71%), and NDF (32 vs. 24%) degradabilities. Brown midrib corn silage also had greater DM ruminal (53 vs. 48%) and total tract (67 vs. 61%) digestibilities, as well as greater NDF ruminal (34 vs. 25%), intestinal (10 vs. 8%), and total tract (43 vs. 33%) digestibilities. Type of corn hybrid will thus greatly affect silage chemical composition and nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif F Mustafa
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue QC, Canada.
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Rondahl T, Bertilsson J, Lindgren E, Martinsson K. Effects of stage of maturity and conservation strategy on fermentation, feed intake and digestibility of whole-crop pea-oat silage used in dairy production. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700701284936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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KIM HY, SONG YM, KANG YS, KIM CH, LEE SD, CHOWDAPPA R, HA JH, KANG SM. The effect of fermented persimmon shell diet supplementation on the growth performance and blood parameters in finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Slottner D, Bertilsson J. Effect of ensiling technology on protein degradation during ensilage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Yang CMJ. Proteolysis, Fermentation Efficiency, and In Vitro Ruminal Digestion of Peanut Stover Ensiled with Raw or Heated Corn. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2903-10. [PMID: 16027205 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peanut stover (PS) is similar to full-bloom alfalfa hay in chemical composition. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of adding raw or heated corn meal to PS at ensiling on silage N components, fermentation acids, and digestion by ruminal microorganisms. The PS was collected after harvesting of peanuts and ensiled immediately without and with addition of raw or heated corn meal (100 g/kg of fresh weight). Corn was added to PS so that the initial mixture would contain adequate dry matter (DM) (approximately 30%) and additional nonfiber carbohydrate to enhance silage fermentation. After 8 wk of silo fermentation, corn-treated silages contained less structural carbohydrates but more non-fiber carbohydrates compared with the untreated control. A shift from hemicellulose to nonfiber carbohydrate use during silage fermentation was evident by corn treatment. Additional corn at ensiling resulted in silage N with less water-soluble N, protein N, nonprotein N, nonprotein nonammonia N (peptides plus amino acids), and ammonia N. Based on changes in soluble nonprotein N before and after ensiling, the amount of proteolysis was approximately 66% for control silage and was nearly 40% lower in response to corn treatment. Adding corn increased silage lactic acid, but both acetic and propionic acids decreased. These changes were reflected in the lower pH and higher fermentation efficiency with corn-treated silages. More DM was digested and greater amounts of volatile fatty acids, except for branched-chain acids, were produced in vitro by ruminal microorganisms with corn-treated silages. In addition, incubations with silage treated with heated corn contained higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acids compared with raw corn. In vitro ammonia accumulation per unit of DM digested was lower for corn treatments than the control, and for heated corn vs. raw corn-treated silage. These results indicate that supplementation of either raw or heated corn on PS at ensiling could minimize proteolysis and improve fermentation efficiency. Advantages from using heated vs. raw corn could extend beyond silage fermentation and include rumen microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M J Yang
- Department of Animal Science, National I-Lan University, I-Lan, Taiwan 26015, Republic of China.
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Steidlová S, Kalac P. The effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and formic acid on the formation of biogenic amines in grass silages. Arch Anim Nutr 2004; 58:245-54. [PMID: 15264673 DOI: 10.1080/00039420410001701378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Silages were prepared in six laboratory experiments from four direct-cut grassland swards and pure swards of perennial ryegrass and false oat with dry matter contents ranging between 180 and 325 g/kg. Grass was fermented at 22 degrees C and silages were stored at the same temperature for 4 months. Untreated silages (negative control) and silages preserved with 3 g/kg of formic acid (positive control) were compared with silages inoculated with commercial strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri and a mixed preparation Microsil. The inoculants were applied at a dose of 5.10(6) CFU/g of grass. Seven biogenic amines were extracted from silages with perchloric acid and determined as N-benzamides by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Common chemical quality parameters of silages were also determined. Tyramine, cadaverine and putrescine were the amines occurring at the highest concentration. As compared to untreated silages, formic acid was most effective to suppress formation of the main amines. Also the inoculants often decreased amine contents significantly (P < 0.05). The inoculants decreased levels of polyamine spermidine more efficiently than formic acid. Contents of histamine, tryptamine and polyamine spermine were very low, commonly below the detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steidlová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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41
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Johnson HE, Broadhurst D, Kell DB, Theodorou MK, Merry RJ, Griffith GW. High-throughput metabolic fingerprinting of legume silage fermentations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1583-92. [PMID: 15006782 PMCID: PMC368363 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.3.1583-1592.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silage quality is typically assessed by the measurement of several individual parameters, including pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, bacterial numbers, and protein content. The objective of this study was to use a holistic metabolic fingerprinting approach, combining a high-throughput microtiter plate-based fermentation system with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, to obtain a snapshot of the sample metabolome (typically low-molecular-weight compounds) at a given time. The aim was to study the dynamics of red clover or grass silage fermentations in response to various inoculants incorporating lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The hyperspectral multivariate datasets generated by FT-IR spectroscopy are difficult to interpret visually, so chemometrics methods were used to deconvolute the data. Two-phase principal component-discriminant function analysis allowed discrimination between herbage types and different LAB inoculants and modeling of fermentation dynamics over time. Further analysis of FT-IR spectra by the use of genetic algorithms to identify the underlying biochemical differences between treatments revealed that the amide I and amide II regions (wavenumbers of 1,550 to 1,750 cm(-1)) of the spectra were most frequently selected (reflecting changes in proteins and free amino acids) in comparisons between control and inoculant-treated fermentations. This corresponds to the known importance of rapid fermentation for the efficient conservation of forage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Johnson
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, United Kingdom.
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42
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Mustafa AF, Seguin P, Ouellet DR, Adelye I. Effects of cultivars on ensiling characteristics, chemical composition, and ruminal degradability of pea silage. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:3411-9. [PMID: 12512614 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivar on ensiling characteristics, chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of pea (Pisum sativum L.) silage. The cultivars evaluated were Lenca (L), Carneval (C), and Delta (D). Peas were field-grown and forage was harvested and ensiled in mini-silos for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 70 d. The ensiled forage of all cultivars went through a rapid fermentation with a sharp reduction in pH during the first 2 days of ensiling. Extensive proteolysis took place between 0 and 2 d as indicated by a reduction in true protein and neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDICP) and an increase in nonprotein nitrogen. Chemical analysis of the 70 d silage showed that cultivar L contained higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber and lower starch levels than C and D. Crude protein was highest for C (20.5% DM), intermediate for D (19.0% DM) and lowest for L (17.9% DM). Distribution of protein fractions showed that L contains lower soluble protein and higher NDICP levels than the other two pea cultivars. However, no difference in acid detergent insoluble protein levels was observed between the three cultivars. Results of the in situ incubation experiment indicated that L had lower ruminal DM (69.2 vs 74.0%) and CP (84.1 vs 90.6%) degradabilities than C or D. However, ruminal degradability of NDF was similar among the three cultivars (average of 32.9%). It was concluded that chemical composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of pea silage are significantly influenced by cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Mustafa
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University-Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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43
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Salawu MB, Adesogan AT, Dewhurst RJ. Forage intake, meal patterns, and milk production of lactating dairy cows fed grass silage or pea-wheat bi-crop silages. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:3035-44. [PMID: 12487469 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the feed intake, milk production, and plasma nutrient status in dairy cows fed inter-cropped pea-wheat (bi-crop) silages comprised of contrasting ratios of pea to wheat. Spring peas (cv. Magnus) and wheat (cv. Axona) sown at either high (75:25) or low (25:75) pea inclusion rates were harvested after 13 (Cut 1) or 15 (Cut 2) wk. Eighteen Holstein-Friesian cows between wk 9 and 10 of lactation were used in a cyclical changeover design with three 28-d periods. Cows were fed the bi-crop silages and 6 kg of concentrates or second-cut grass silage supplemented with 6 (GS6) or 9 (GS9) kg/d of concentrates. Forage intakes were higher when bi-crops were fed (10.3 to 11.4 kg dry matter [DM]/d) than when grass silage was fed (8.6 kg DM/d). Total DM intake was similar among cows fed the bi-crop silages and GS9 diets, but intakes for GS6 were at least 1.7 kg DM/d lower. Increasing the pea inclusion rate increased the crude protein (CP) content of the ration, but it did not enhance forage quality or animal performance. The rate of intake of the different forages was similar, so that the higher intakes of bi-crop silages were associated with more time spent at the feedbunk and an increased number of meals. Diet digestibility ranged from 531 to 650 g/kg, and the highest value was given by the Cut 1 bi-crop silage diet. Milk yield tended to be similar for cows fed the Cut 2 bi-crop and GS9 diets, and these values were at least 1.7 kg higher than those for cows fed on other treatments. Generally, the bi-crop diets resulted in higher milk fat contents and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Milk protein content was highest for cows fed the GS9 diet. Blood metabolite content was unaffected by treatment except for blood urea nitrogen content, which was higher in cows fed the bi-crop silages, reflecting reduced N-use efficiency with these diets. The study showed that pea-wheat bi-crop silages can be used to replace moderate-quality grass silage in dairy cow rations, but their role as alternatives to high-quality forages requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Salawu
- Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3AL, United Kingdom
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44
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Winters AL, Lloyd JD, Jones R, Merry RJ. Evaluation of a rapid method for estimating free amino acids in silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Adesogan A, Salawu M, Deaville E. The effect on voluntary feed intake, in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep of feeding grass silage or pea–wheat intercrops differing in pea to wheat ratio and maturity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Salawu M, Adesogan A, Fraser M, Fychan R, Jones R. Assessment of the nutritive value of whole crop peas and intercropped pea–wheat bi-crop forages harvested at different maturity stages for ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Ben-Ghedalia D, Miron J. Digestion by sheep of monosaccharide constituents of direct cut alfalfa silage made with SO2-treated wheat straw. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Winters AL, Cockburn JE, Dhanoa MS, Merry RJ. Effects of lactic acid bacteria in inoculants on changes in amino acid composition during ensilage of sterile and non-sterile ryegrass. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 89:442-51. [PMID: 11021576 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the changes occurring in the amino acid fraction of a hybrid ryegrass during ensilage in laboratory-scale silos to help to establish the relative roles of plant and microbial proteases on protein degradation in the silo. Herbage treatments included (i) normal grass without treatment (ii) lambda-irradiated grass (sterile) without treatment (iii) sterile, inoculated with a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum and (iv) sterile, inoculated with a strain of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. These treatments had a significant effect on silage amino acid profiles. Concentrations of free amino acids and the extent of amino acid catabolism varied with treatment. However, levels were notably higher in control silages after 90 days (free amino acid nitrogen constituting 54% of total amino acid nitrogen compared with 37, 32 and 22% for treatments i, ii and iv, respectively). These results indicate that the extent of protein hydrolysis during ensilage is influenced by factors other than rate of pH decline and plant protease activity, and that microbial proteases play a role.
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49
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Davies ZS, Gilbert RJ, Merry RJ, Kell DB, Theodorou MK, Griffith GW. Efficient improvement of silage additives by using genetic algorithms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1435-43. [PMID: 10742224 PMCID: PMC92005 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.4.1435-1443.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous variety of substances which may be added to forage in order to manipulate and improve the ensilage process presents an empirical, combinatorial optimization problem of great complexity. To investigate the utility of genetic algorithms for designing effective silage additive combinations, a series of small-scale proof of principle silage experiments were performed with fresh ryegrass. Having established that significant biochemical changes occur over an ensilage period as short as 2 days, we performed a series of experiments in which we used 50 silage additive combinations (prepared by using eight bacterial and other additives, each of which was added at six different levels, including zero [i.e. , no additive]). The decrease in pH, the increase in lactate concentration, and the free amino acid concentration were measured after 2 days and used to calculate a "fitness" value that indicated the quality of the silage (compared to a control silage made without additives). This analysis also included a "cost" element to account for different total additive levels. In the initial experiment additive levels were selected randomly, but subsequently a genetic algorithm program was used to suggest new additive combinations based on the fitness values determined in the preceding experiments. The result was very efficient selection for silages in which large decreases in pH and high levels of lactate occurred along with low levels of free amino acids. During the series of five experiments, each of which comprised 50 treatments, there was a steady increase in the amount of lactate that accumulated; the best treatment combination was that used in the last experiment, which produced 4.6 times more lactate than the untreated silage. The additive combinations that were found to yield the highest fitness values in the final (fifth) experiment were assessed to determine a range of biochemical and microbiological quality parameters during full-term silage fermentation. We found that these combinations compared favorably both with uninoculated silage and with a commercial silage additive. The evolutionary computing methods described here are a convenient and efficient approach for designing silage additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Davies
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, Wales
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