1
|
Xiong Z, Xu X, Zhang Y, Ma C, Hou C, You Z, Shu L, Ke Y, Liu Y. IFITM3 promotes glioblastoma stem cell-mediated angiogenesis via regulating JAK/STAT3/bFGF signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:45. [PMID: 38218875 PMCID: PMC10787840 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has been previously verified to be an endosomal protein that prevents viral infection. Recent findings suggested IFITM3 as a key factor in tumor invasion and progression. To clarify the role and molecular mechanism of IFITM3 in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression, we investigated the expression of IFITM3 in glioma datasets culled from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). Primary GBM stem cells (GSCs) were cultured and identified in vitro. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were established by using shRNAs and lentiviral vectors targeting IFITM3. Co-culture system of GSCs and vascular endothelial cells was constructed in a Transwell chamber. Tube formation and spheroid-based angiogenesis assays were performed to determine the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells. Results revealed that IFITM3 is elevated in GBM samples and predictive of adverse outcome. Mechanistically, GSCs-derived IFITM3 causes activation of Jak2/STAT3 signaling and leads to robust secretion of bFGF into tumor environment, which eventually results in enhanced angiogenesis. Taken together, these evidence indicated IFITM3 as an essential factor in GBM angiogenesis. Our findings provide a new insight into mechanism by which IFITM3 modulates GBM angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsheng Xiong
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Ma
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chongxian Hou
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zhongsheng You
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
- Department of Hematological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yiquan Ke
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neuro-oncological Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery in Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fei X, Xie X, Ji X, Tian H, Sun F, Jiang D, Wang Z, Huang Q. Quantitative proteomic dataset of whole protein in three melanoma samples of 92.1, 92.1-A and 92.1-B. Data Brief 2022; 45:108592. [PMID: 36164296 PMCID: PMC9508510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiangtong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of GCP, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Dongyi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 118 Wanshen Street, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of GCP, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanati M, Afshari AR, Amini J, Mollazadeh H, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Targeting angiogenesis in gliomas: Potential role of phytochemicals. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Fei X, Xie X, Qin R, Wang A, Meng X, Sun F, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Chen H, Huang Q, Ji X, Wang Z. Proteomics analysis: inhibiting the expression of P62 protein by chloroquine combined with dacarbazine can reduce the malignant progression of uveal melanoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:408. [PMID: 35421957 PMCID: PMC9009011 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although uveal melanoma (UM) at the early stage is controllable to some extent, it inevitably ultimately leads to death due to its metastasis. At present, the difficulty is that there is no way to effectively tackle the metastasis. It is hypothesized that these will be treated by target molecules, but the recognized target molecule has not yet been found. In this study, the target molecule was explored through proteomics. Methods Transgenic enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) inbred nude mice, which spontaneously display a tumor microenvironment (TME), were used as model animal carriers. The UM cell line 92.1 was inoculated into the brain ventricle stimulating metastatic growth of UM, and a graft re-cultured Next, the UM cell line 92.1-A was obtained through monoclonal amplification, and a differential proteomics database, between 92.1 and ectopic 92.1-A, was established. Finally, bioinformatics methodologies were adopted to optimize key regulatory proteins, and in vivo and in vitro functional verification and targeted drug screening were performed. Results Cells and tissues displaying green fluorescence in animal models were determined as TME characteristics provided by hosts. The data of various biological phenotypes detected proved that 92.1-A were more malignant than 92.1. Besides this malignancy, the key protein p62 (SQSTM1), selected from 5267 quantifiable differential proteomics databases, was a multifunctional autophagy linker protein, and its expression could be suppressed by chloroquine and dacarbazine. Inhibition of p62 could reduce the malignancy degree of 92.1-A. Conclusions As the carriers of human UM orthotopic and ectopic xenotransplantation, transgenic EGFP inbred nude mice clearly display the characteristics of TME. In addition, the p62 protein optimized by the proteomics is the key protein that increases the malignancy of 92.1 cells, which therefore provides a basis for further exploration of target molecule therapy for refractory metastatic UM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09499-z.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wälchli T, Bisschop J, Miettinen A, Ulmann-Schuler A, Hintermüller C, Meyer EP, Krucker T, Wälchli R, Monnier PP, Carmeliet P, Vogel J, Stampanoni M. Hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of three-dimensional vascular network architecture in the entire postnatal and adult mouse brain. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4564-4610. [PMID: 34480130 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels and the establishment of vascular networks are crucial during brain development, in the adult healthy brain, as well as in various diseases of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for our recently developed method that enables hierarchical imaging and computational analysis of vascular networks in postnatal and adult mouse brains. The different stages of the procedure include resin-based vascular corrosion casting, scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation and desktop microcomputed tomography imaging, and computational network analysis. Combining these methods enables detailed visualization and quantification of the 3D brain vasculature. Network features such as vascular volume fraction, branch point density, vessel diameter, length, tortuosity and directionality as well as extravascular distance can be obtained at any developmental stage from the early postnatal to the adult brain. This approach can be used to provide a detailed morphological atlas of the entire mouse brain vasculature at both the postnatal and the adult stage of development. Our protocol allows the characterization of brain vascular networks separately for capillaries and noncapillaries. The entire protocol, from mouse perfusion to vessel network analysis, takes ~10 d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wälchli
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jeroen Bisschop
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Group Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arttu Miettinen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Eric P Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Krucker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Regula Wälchli
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Skin Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lan Q, Chen Y, Dai C, Li S, Fei X, Dong J, Shen Y, Dai X, Lu Z, Liu B, Wang Q, Wang H, Zhou Z, Ji X, Wang Z, Huang Q. Novel enhanced GFP-positive congenic inbred strain establishment and application of tumor-bearing nude mouse model. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3626-3638. [PMID: 32589305 PMCID: PMC7540977 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic GFP gene mice are widely used. Given the unique advantages of immunodeficient animals in the field of oncology research, we aim to establish a nude mouse inbred strain that stably expresses enhanced GFP (EGFP) for use in transplanted tumor microenvironment (TME) research. Female C57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) mice were backcrossed with male BALB/c nude mice for 11 generations. The genotype and phenotype of novel inbred strain Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) were identified by biochemical loci detection, skin transplantation and flow cytometry. PCR and fluorescence spectrophotometry were performed to evaluate the relative expression of EGFP in different parts of the brain. Red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene was stably transfected into human glioma stem cells (GSC), SU3, which were then transplanted intracerebrally or ectopically into Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) mice. Cell co-expression of EGFP and RFP in transplanted tissues was further analyzed with the Live Cell Imaging System (Cell'R, Olympus) and FISH. The inbred strain Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) shows different levels of EGFP expression in brain tissue. The hematological and immune cells of the inbred strain mice were close to those of nude mice. EGFP was stably expressed in multiple sites of Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) mice, including brain tissue. With the dual-fluorescence tracing transplanted tumor model, we found that SU3 induced host cell malignant transformation in TME, and tumor/host cell fusion. In conclusion, EGFP is differentially and widely expressed in brain tissue of Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP), which is an ideal model for TME investigation. With Foxn1nu .B6-Tg(CAG-EGFP) mice, our research demonstrated that host cell malignant transformation and tumor/host cell fusion play an important role in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chungang Dai
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shenggang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of NeurosurgerySuzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineSuzhouChina
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yanhua Shen
- Laboratory Animal CenterSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhaohui Lu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal CenterSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyan Ji
- Department of OphthalmologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgerySuzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineSuzhouChina
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie T, Liu B, Dai CG, Lu ZH, Dong J, Huang Q. Glioma stem cells reconstruct similar immunoinflammatory microenvironment in different transplant sites and induce malignant transformation of tumor microenvironment cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:321-328. [PMID: 30415302 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine whether the different tumor-transplanted sites could construct a similar immunoinflammatory microenvironment and to investigate the interactions between tumor microenvironment cells. METHODS The red fluorescent protein-SU3 (SU3-RFP) or SU3 glioma stem cells (GSC) were inoculated into the brain, liver, abdominal cavity, and subcutis of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-nude mice. The tumor tissues were taken to observe the tissue cell distribution. The single cell suspension of tumor tissues was prepared and cultured, while the SU3-RFP cells were co-cultured with the cells from GFP-transgenic mice. The RFP+, GFP+, and RFP+/GFP+ cells were traced by fluorescence microscope, and their protein expressions were determined by Western blot analysis. The markers of immunoinflammatory cells, including F4/80, CD11b, CD11c, CD80, CD47, and SIRP-α, were determined by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry assays, respectively. RESULTS The xenograft models of all transplant sites were inducible, and the red tumor cells of tumor tissues were encircled by a great quantity of host-derived green cells, including immunoinflammatory cells with CD80, F4/80, CD11b, and CD11c expressions, which might generate the cell colonies and possess the pseudopodia. Additionally, the interactions between red tumor cells and green immunoinflammatory cells, including cell fusion process and yellow fusion cell formation, were observed in cultured cells. The fusion cells-derived B4 cells with expressions of CD47 and SIRP-α proteins had the strong proliferation ability and tumorigenic effect. CONCLUSIONS The similar tumor immunoinflammatory microenvironment was constructed by GSC in different transplant sites, and the cell fusion indicated a malignant transformation of the tumor microenvironment cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Gang Dai
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lu
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Dong
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiang Huang
- The Experimental Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tumor Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cell as a Prognostic Marker in Primary Glioblastoma. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6756983. [PMID: 26981133 PMCID: PMC4766342 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6756983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation from brain tumors of tumor mesenchymal stem-like cells (tMSLCs) suggests that these cells play a role in creating a microenvironment for tumor initiation and progression. The clinical characteristics of patients with primary glioblastoma (pGBM) positive for tMSLCs have not been determined. This study analyzed samples from 82 patients with pGBM who had undergone tumor removal, pathological diagnosis, and isolation of tMSLC from April 2009 to October 2014. Survival, extent of resection, molecular markers, and tMSLC culture results were statistically evaluated. Median overall survival was 18.6 months, 15.0 months in tMSLC-positive patients and 29.5 months in tMSLC-negative patients (P = 0.014). Multivariate cox regression model showed isolation of tMSLC (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1~5.6, P = 0.021) showed poor outcome while larger extent of resection (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.2~0.8, P = 0.011) has association with better outcome. The presence of tMSLCs isolated from the specimen of pGBM is associated with the survival of patient.
Collapse
|
9
|
Glioma Stem Cells: Signaling, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7849890. [PMID: 26880988 PMCID: PMC4736567 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7849890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains the most common and devastating primary brain tumor despite maximal therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The glioma stem cell (GSC) subpopulation has been identified in glioblastoma and likely plays a key role in resistance of these tumors to conventional therapies as well as recurrent disease. GSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation; glioblastoma-derived GSCs are capable of de novo tumor formation when implanted in xenograft models. Further, GSCs possess unique surface markers, modulate characteristic signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis, and play key roles in glioma vascular formation. These features, in addition to microenvironmental factors, present possible targets for specifically directing therapy against the GSC population within glioblastoma. In this review, the authors summarize the current knowledge of GSC biology and function and the role of GSCs in new vascular formation within glioblastoma and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target GSCs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Q, Wang X, Wu H, Wang H, Zhu M, Wang R, Wu Y, Zhang L, Meng Q, Song R, Zhuang Z, Huang Q. Establishment of a dual-color fluorescence tracing orthotopic transplantation model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:762-8. [PMID: 26647736 PMCID: PMC4686090 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been used to investigate the biological mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and its progression. However, previous studies have highlighted the difficulty of distinguishing between the tumor cells and stroma in experimental models of HCC. Therefore the aim of the present study was to establish a red‑green dual‑color fluorescence tracing orthotopic transplantation model of HCC, and investigate its practical values. Stable high red fluorescent protein (RFP)‑expressing HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Hepa1‑6 mice hepatoma cells were injected into the right liver lobe of green fluorescent protein‑expressing nude mice. The growth and metastasis of the tumors were visualized using a whole‑body in vivo fluorescence imaging system in real time. HCC tissues were extracted from tumor‑bearing mice, and cut into 5‑µm serial frozen slices. The organizational structure of the transplanted tumors was observed under a microscope. A dual‑color fluorescence tracing orthotopic transplantation tumor model of HCC was successfully established with a success rate of 100%. The growth and metastasis of the tumors were visualized at each stage of development in the tumor‑bearing mice. Tumor cells with red fluorescence and host cells with green fluorescence were identified to merge in the reconstruction region of tumor tissue. The invasion, migration, and cell fusion between tumor and host cells was observed clearly. The dual‑color fluorescence tracing orthotopic transplantation model of HCC was determined to be a stable and reliable method for tracking tumor progression. Mutual interactions between hepatoma cells and host tissues may be observed directly using this model, further elucidating the development of the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Mingao Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Roushu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Meng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Lu Z, Wang A, Fei X, Dai X, Wu J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Tian YE, Dong J, Lan Q, Huang Q. Advantages of a dual-color fluorescence-tracing glioma orthotopic implantation model: Detecting tumor location, angiogenesis, cellular fusion and the tumor microenvironment. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2047-2054. [PMID: 26668594 PMCID: PMC4665803 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various organs of the body have distinct microenvironments with diverse biological characteristics that can influence the growth of tumors within them. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between tumor and host cells are currently not well understood. In the present study, a dual-color fluorescence-tracing glioma orthotopic implantation model was developed, in which C6 rat glioma cells labeled with the red fluorescent dye CM-Dil, and SU3 human glioma cells stably expressing red fluorescence protein, were inoculated into the right caudate nucleus of transgenic female C57BL/6 nude mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. The dual-color tracing with whole-body in vivo fluorescence imaging of xenografts was performed using a live imaging system. Frozen sections of the transplanted tumor were prepared for histological analyses, in order to detect the presence of invading tumor cells, blood vessels and cellular fusion. Dual-color images were able to distinguish between red tumor cells and green host cells. The results of the present study suggested that a dual-color fluorescence-tracing glioma orthotopic implantation model may be convenient for detecting tumor location, angiogenesis, cellular fusion, and the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jinshi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jinding Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Yaodong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Y E Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Wang Z, Dai X, Fei X, Shen Y, Zhang M, Wang A, Li X, Wang Z, Huang Q, Dong J. Glioma initiating cells contribute to malignant transformation of host glial cells during tumor tissue remodeling via PDGF signaling. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:174-81. [PMID: 26049020 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioma initiating cells (GICs) play important roles in tumor initiation and progression. However, interactions between tumor cells and host cells of local tumor microenvironment are kept largely unknown. Besides GICs and their progeny cells, whether adjacent normal glial cells contribute to tumorigenesis during glioma tissue remodeling deserves further investigation. METHODS Red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene was stably transfected into human GIC cells lines SU3 and U87, then were transplanted intracerebrally into athymic nude mice with whole-body green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression. The interactions between GICs and host cells in vivo were observed during tissue remodeling processes initiated by hGICs. The biological characteristics of host glial cells with high proliferation capability cloned from the xenograft were further assayed. RESULTS In a SU3 initiated dual-fluorescence xenograft glioma model, part of host cells cloned from the intracerebral tumors were found acquiring the capability of unlimited proliferation. PCR and FISH results indicated that malignant transformed cells were derived from host cells; cell surface marker analysis showed these cells expressed murine oligodendrocyte specific marker CNP, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) specific markers PDGFR-α and NG2. Chromosomal analysis showed these cells were super tetraploid. In vivo studies showed they behaved with high invasiveness activity and nearly 100% tumorigenic ratio. Compared with SU3 cells with higher PDGF-B expression, GICs derived from U87 cells with low level of PDGF-B expression failed to induce host cell transformation. CONCLUSIONS Primary high invasive GICs SU3 contribute to transformation of adjacent normal host glial cells in local tumor microenvironment possibly via PDGF/PDGFR signaling activation, which deserved further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 118 Wansheng Street, 215021, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 118 Wansheng Street, 215021, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun C, Zhao D, Dai X, Chen J, Rong X, Wang H, Wang A, Li M, Dong J, Huang Q, Lan Q. Fusion of cancer stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells contributes to glioma neovascularization. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2022-30. [PMID: 26238144 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of tumor cells to autonomously generate tumor vessels has received considerable attention in recent years. However, the degree of autonomy is relative. Meanwhile, the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on tumor neovascularization has not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to illuminate whether cell fusion between glioma stem cells and BMSC is involved in glioma neovascularization. BMSCs were isolated from transgenic nude mice, of which all nucleated cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). The immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation potential of BMSC were confirmed. SU3 glioma stem/progenitor cells were transfected with red fluorescent protein (SU3-RFP cells). In a co-culture system of BMSC-GFP and SU3-RFP, RFP+/GFP+ cells were detected and isolated by dual colors using FACS. The angiogenic effect of RFP+/GFP+ cells was determined in vivo and in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis showed that BMSC expressed high levels of CD105, C44, and very low levels of CD45 and CD11b. When co-cultured with SU3-RFP, 73.8% of cells co-expressing RFP and GFP were identified as fused cells in the 5th generation. The fused cells exhibited tube formation ability in vitro and could give rise to a solid tumor and form tumor blood vessels in vivo. In the dual-color orthotopic model of transplantable xenograft glioma, yellow vessel-like structures that expressed CD105, RFP and GFP were identified as de novo-formed vessels derived from the fused cells. The yellow vessels observed in the tumor-bearing mice directly arose from the fusion of BMSCs and SU3-RFP cells. Thus, cell fusion is one of the driving factors for tumor neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoci Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Fei X, Dai X, Chen H, Tian H, Wang A, Dong J, Huang Q. Differentiation of Glioma Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells into Local Host Cell-Like Cells: A Study Based on Choroidcarcinoma Differentiation of Choroid Plexus of GFP Transgenic Nude Mouse. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2015; 30:225-32. [PMID: 26083952 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of multiple differentiation capacity of glioma stem cells and progentior cells (GSCPs) has been accepted by most of the researchers, but the effect of local environment on the differentiation of GSCPs is unclear. GSCPs SU2 and CM-Dil-stained C6 cells (C6-Dil) were injected into the brain of GFP transgenic nude mice. The xenografts were sectioned. Morphological changes of tumor cells that resided in the choroid plexus, molecular markers expression, and the relationship between the original tumor cells and host cells were studied carefully. The tumorigenicity rate was 40/40 (100%) in all of the inoculated nude mice. Cell morphology and molecular expression of neoplasm settled in the choroid plexus showed that choroidcarcinoma derived from GSCPs was developed. These results showed that GSCPs may have the multiple differentiation capacity, which can be induced by the local environment of host brain as NSCs, and cell fusion may play an important role in the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Dai
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Hanchun Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Aidong Wang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Suzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Glioblastoma vasculogenic mimicry: signaling pathways progression and potential anti-angiogenesis targets. Biomark Res 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 26085929 PMCID: PMC4469398 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly angiogenic malignancy that is resistant to standard therapy; neo-formed vessels of this aggressive malignancy are thought to arise by sprouting of pre-existing brain capillaries. However, the conventional anti-angiogenic therapy, which seemed promising initially, shows transitory and incomplete efficacy. The discovery of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has offered a new horizon for understanding tumor vascularization. VM is a tumor cell-constituted, matrix-embedded fluid-conducting meshwork that is independent of endothelial cells and is positively correlated with poor prognosis. Therefore, a better understanding of GBM vasculature is needed to optimize anti-angiogenic therapy. This review focuses on the signaling molecules and cascades involved in VM in relation to ongoing glioma research, as well as the clinical translational advances in GBM that have been offered by the development of optimized anti-angiogenesis treatment modalities.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen YS, Chen ZP. Vasculogenic mimicry: a novel target for glioma therapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 33:74-9. [PMID: 23816560 PMCID: PMC3935008 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy has shown promising but insufficient efficacy on gliomas. Recent studies suggest that vasculogenic mimicry (VM), or the formation of non-endothelial, tumor-cell-lined microvascular channels, occurs in aggressive tumors, including gliomas. There is also evidence of a physiological connection between the endothelial-lined vasculature and VM channels. Tumor cells, by virtue of their high plasticity, can form vessel-like structures themselves, which may function as blood supply networks. Our previous study on gliomas showed that microvessel density was comparably less in VM-positive tumors than in VM-negative tumors. Thus, VM may act as a complement to ensure tumor blood supply, especially in regions with less microvessel density. Patients with VM-positive gliomas survived a shorter period of time than did patients with VM-negative gliomas. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms for VM are not fully understood, glioma stem cells might play a key role, since they are involved in tumor tissue remodeling and contribute to neovascularization via transdifferentiation. In the future, successful treatment of gliomas should involve targeting both VM and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the progress and challenges of VM in gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eklund L, Bry M, Alitalo K. Mouse models for studying angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:259-82. [PMID: 23522958 PMCID: PMC5528409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is required for the growth of most tumors. The tumor microenvironment also induces lymphangiogenic factors that promote metastatic spread. Anti-angiogenic therapy targets the mechanisms behind the growth of the tumor vasculature. During the past two decades, several strategies targeting blood and lymphatic vessels in tumors have been developed. The blocking of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) signaling has proven effective for inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth, and inhibitors of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 involved in lymphangiogenesis have recently entered clinical trials. However, thus far anti-angiogenic treatments have been less effective in humans than predicted on the basis of pre-clinical tests in mice. Intrinsic and induced resistance against anti-angiogenesis occurs in patients, and thus far the clinical benefit of the treatments has been limited to modest improvements in overall survival in selected tumor types. Our current knowledge of tumor angiogenesis is based mainly on experiments performed in tumor-transplanted mice, and it has become evident that these models are not representative of human cancer. For an improved understanding, angiogenesis research needs models that better recapitulate the multistep tumorigenesis of human cancers, from the initial genetic insults in single cells to malignant progression in a proper tissue environment. To improve anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer patients, it is necessary to identify additional molecular targets important for tumor angiogenesis, and to get mechanistic insight into their interactions for eventual combinatorial targeting. The recent development of techniques for manipulating the mammalian genome in a precise and predictable manner has opened up new possibilities for the generation of more reliable models of human cancer that are essential for the testing of new therapeutic strategies. In addition, new imaging modalities that permit visualization of the entire mouse tumor vasculature down to the resolution of single capillaries have been developed in pre-clinical models and will likely benefit clinical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O.B. 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mechanisms of glioma-associated neovascularization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1126-41. [PMID: 22858156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, are characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the defining characteristics of GBM is an abundant and aberrant vasculature. The processes of vascular co-option, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis in gliomas have been extensively described. Recently, however, it has become clear that these three processes are not the only mechanisms by which neovascularization occurs in gliomas. Furthermore, it seems that these processes interact extensively, with potential overlap among them. At least five mechanisms by which gliomas achieve neovascularization have been described: vascular co-option, angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, vascular mimicry, and (the most recently described) glioblastoma-endothelial cell transdifferentiation. We review these mechanisms in glioma neovascularization, with a particular emphasis on the roles of hypoxia and glioma stem cells in each process. Although some of these processes are well established, others have been identified only recently and will need to be further investigated for complete validation. We also review strategies to target glioma neovascularization and the development of resistance to these therapeutic strategies. Finally, we describe how these complex processes interlink and overlap. A thorough understanding of the contributing molecular processes that control the five modalities reviewed here should help resolve the treatment resistance that characterizes GBMs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong J, Zhou G, Tang D, Chen Y, Cui B, Dai X, Zhang J, Lan Q, Huang Q. Local delivery of slow-releasing temozolomide microspheres inhibits intracranial xenograft glioma growth. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:2079-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Tan GW, Lan FL, Gao JG, Jiang CM, Zhang Y, Huang XH, Ma YH, Shao HD, He XY, Chen JL, Long JW, Xiao HS, Guo ZT, Diao Y. Transgenic nude mouse with green fluorescent protein expression-based human glioblastoma multiforme animal model with EGFR expression and invasiveness. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:537-43. [PMID: 22737970 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.697232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we developed an orthotopic xenograft model of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with high EGFR expression and invasiveness in Balb/c nu/nu nude mice. Now we also developed the same orthotopic xenograft model in transgenic nude mice with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The present orthotopic xenografts labeled by phycoerythrin fluorescing red showed high EGFR expression profile, and invasive behavior under a bright green-red dual-color fluorescence background. A striking advantage in the present human GBM model is that the change of tumor growth can be observed visually instead of sacrificing animals in our further antitumor therapy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Neurosurgical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Glioblastoma angiogenesis: VEGF resistance solutions and new strategies based on molecular mechanisms of tumor vessel formation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 29:73-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
22
|
Clinical significance of vasculogenic mimicry in human gliomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:173-9. [PMID: 21533525 PMCID: PMC3198193 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is known as non-endothelial tumor cell-lined microvascular channels in aggressive tumors. We have previously found the presence of VM in high-grade gliomas. In this study, we aimed to identify VM patterns in gliomas and to explore their clinical significance. Tumor samples as well as their detailed clinical/prognostic data were collected from 101 patients. Vasculogenic mimicry in the glioma samples was determined by dual staining for endothelial marker CD34 and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS). Tumor samples were also immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67, VEGF, COX-2 and MMP-9. The association between VM and the clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests were performed to compare survival times of the patients. Vasculogenic mimicry was present in 13 out of 101 samples. The higher grade gliomas had a higher incidence of VM than that of lower grade gliomas (P = 0.006). Vasculogenic mimicry channels were associated with the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9 (P < 0.05). While there was no association between the existence of VM and the sex, age and preoperative epilepsy of the patients, or expression of Ki-67 and VEGF. However, patients with VM-positive gliomas survived a shorter period of time than those with VM negative gliomas (P = 0.027). Interestingly, in high-grade gliomas, the level of microvascular density was lower in VM positive tumors than those VM negative tumors (P = 0.039). Our results suggest that VM channels in gliomas correlate with increasing malignancy and higher aggressiveness, and may provide a complementation to the tumor’s blood supply, especially in less vascularized regions, which may aid in the identification of glioma patients with a poorer prognosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Y, Jing Z, Luo C, Zhuang M, Xia J, Chen Z, Wang Y. Vasculogenic mimicry-potential target for glioblastoma therapy: an in vitro and in vivo study. Med Oncol 2010; 29:324-31. [PMID: 21161444 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic human tumors and characterized by microvascular proliferations. A better understanding of glioblastoma vasculature is needed to optimize anti-angiogenic therapy that has shown a promising but incomplete efficacy. The present study examined 48 glioblastomas by CD34 endothelial marker periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) dual staining and found non-endothelial cell-lined blood vessels that were formed by tumor cells (vasculogenic mimicry, VM) existing in a fraction of these tumors. We hypothesized that CD133-positive glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) may play a pivotal role in glioblastoma VM formation and then demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that a subset of GSCs were capable of vasculogenesis. Moreover, we found that several growth factors involved in normal angiogenesis were expressed in GSCs. We describe here a new mechanism of alternative glioblastoma vascularization and open a new perspective for the anti-vascular treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|