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Enicker B, Aldous C. The Landscape of Pediatric Hydrocephalus in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal: A Comparative Analysis of the Referral Pattern, Etiology, and Management Outcomes in 4 Distinct 5-Year Periods. World Neurosurg 2024; 189:e498-e518. [PMID: 38914134 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric hydrocephalus is a significant health burden globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Data from specific regions such as KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, are lacking. This study aimed to investigate pediatric hydrocephalus by comparing 4 distinct 5-year periods. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively (2003-2007, 2008-2012, and 2013-2017) and prospectively (2018-2022). Children (≤18 years old) treated for hydrocephalus were included. Data on demographics, referral patterns, etiology, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 3325 children were treated. The peak period was 2008-2012 (35.3%). Most children (51.4%) were from rural areas (P = 0.013), and 47.9% were referred from regional hospitals (P < 0.001). Boys (56.4%) and infants (60.2%) were predominant groups (P < 0.001). Postinfectious etiology (32.7%) was predominant (P < 0.001), particularly tuberculous meningitis (54.1%). Ventriculoperitoneal shunts were the mainstay treatment (84.2%), with notable complication rates (20.4%), including infections (9.6%). Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection was diagnosed in 2.5% of cases. Weekend procedures were associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.3, 95% confidence [CI]1.03-1.66, P = 0.03). Mortality rate was 7.9%, and age ≥1 year (HR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.87-3.17, P < 0.001), tertiary hospital referral (HR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.06-2.04, P = 0.019), ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection (HR = 3.63, 95% CI 2.66-4.95, P < 0.001), acute abdomen (HR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.11-4.25, P = 0.024), and pneumonia (HR = 7.32, odds ratio = 4.84-11.06, P < 0.001) were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides comprehensive insights into pediatric hydrocephalus in KwaZulu-Natal. Monitoring temporal trends and predictors of outcomes will guide future interventions to mitigate the burden of pediatric hydrocephalus in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Enicker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Colleen Aldous
- Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Lazarus JS, Ohonba E, Li YJ, Rohlwink UK, Figaji AA, Enslin JMN. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt failures at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:2871-2881. [PMID: 38780622 PMCID: PMC11322230 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt) insertion is one of the mainstays of treatment of hydrocephalus and although very effective, a high rate of shunt failure persists globally. The purpose of the study was to quantify the ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure rate at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH) and assess potential factors contributing to shunt failures. METHODS A retrospective review of VP shunts done at RCWMCH between August 2015 through December 2019 was performed. Operative notes, discharge summaries and patient folders were reviewed to collect information about patient age, aetiology of hydrocephalus, index vs revision shunt, shunt system and other noticeable variables. Overall shunt failure was recorded. Univariate and multivariate models were used to determine causal relationship. RESULTS Four hundred and ninety-four VP shunt operations were performed on 340 patients with 48.8% being index shunts and 51.2% revision shunts. The average patient age was 3.4 months. The total VP shunt failure rate over the study period was 31.2%, with a 7.3% infection rate, 13.6% blockage and 3.6% disconnection rate. The most common aetiologies were post-infectious hydrocephalus 29.4%, myelomeningocele 19.7% and premature intraventricular haemorrhage 14.1%. Orbis-sigma II (OSVII), distal slit valves and antibiotic-impregnated catheters were used most frequently. Failure rates were highest in the revision group, 34.7% compared to 27.3% in index shunts. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the head circumferences measured were above the + 3 Z score (> 90th centile). CONCLUSION VP shunt failure occurs most commonly in revision surgery, and care should be taken at the index operation to reduce failure risk. Surgeon level, duration of surgery, aetiology of hydrocephalus and shunt system used did not influence overall failure rates. A closer look at larger head circumferences, their effect on shunt systems and the socio-economic factors behind late presentations should be investigated further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - E Ohonba
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Y J Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - U K Rohlwink
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A A Figaji
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J M N Enslin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ayogu OM, Igbokwe KK, Jabir KM, Onobun ED, Okpata CI, Ugwuanyi U, Ekpendu I, Essiet EA. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection rate and other associated complications of VP shunt insertion in Abuja, Nigeria. World Neurosurg X 2024; 23:100332. [PMID: 38533233 PMCID: PMC10963310 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Complications associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among hydrocephalus patients. Despite this, VP shunt placement has remained the mainstay of treatment for hydrocephalus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the complications of VP shunt surgery in our environment and to identify the risk factors associated with it. Methodology Patients who had VP shunt surgery over a period of two years (Jan 2015-December 2016) were evaluated retrospectively by reviewing their hospital records. The patients' demography, aetiology and clinical presentation of the hydrocephalus, and complications were analysed using SPSS version 26.0. Results were presented in tables and figures. Results A total of 69 patients who had VP shunt over the study period had complete medical records available for review. Their age ranged between 2days and 68years with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Overall complication rate was 30.4%. Shunt malfunction (11.5%) and shunt infection (7.2%) were the commonest complications recorded. Late presentation was the most important risk factor for shunt complications. Conclusion The rate of shunt complications seen in this study compares fairly with studies in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna M. Ayogu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Kenechukwu K. Igbokwe
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Kassim M. Jabir
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Efeomo D. Onobun
- Wellington Clinics Abuja, 10 Vanern Crescent, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Cyril I. Okpata
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Ugwuanyi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Ikechi Ekpendu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
| | - Edidiong A. Essiet
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Abuja, Plot 132 Central Business District (Phase II) PMB 425, Garki, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria
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Mukumbya B, Kitya D, Trillo-Ordonez Y, Sun K, Obiga O, Deng DD, Stewart KA, Ukachukwu AEK, Haglund MM, Fuller AT. The feasibility, appropriateness, and usability of mobile neuro clinics in addressing the neurosurgical and neurological demand in Uganda. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305382. [PMID: 38913633 PMCID: PMC11195962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uganda has a high demand for neurosurgical and neurological care. 78% of the over 50 million population reside in rural and remote communities where access to neurosurgical and neurological services is lacking. This study aimed to determine the feasibility, appropriateness, and usability of mobile neuro clinics (MNCs) in providing neurological care to rural and remote Ugandan populations. METHODS Neurosurgery, neurology, and mobile health clinic providers participated in an education and interview session to assess the feasibility, appropriateness, and usability of the MNC intervention. A qualitative analysis of the interview responses using the constructs in the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was performed. Providers' opinions were weighted using average sentiment scores on a novel sentiment-weighted scale adapted from the CFIR. A stakeholder analysis was also performed to assess the power and interest of the actors described by the participants. RESULTS Twenty-one healthcare providers completed the study. Participants discussed the potential benefits and concerns of MNCs as well as potential barriers and critical incidents that could jeopardize the intervention. Of the five CFIR domains evaluated, variables in the implementation process domain showed the highest average sentiment scores, followed by the implementation climate constructs, inner setting, innovation, and outer setting domains. Furthermore, many interested stakeholders were identified with diverse roles and responsibilities for implementing MNCs. These findings demonstrate that MNC innovation is feasible, appropriate, and usable. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the feasibility, appropriateness, and usability of MNCs in Uganda. However, integration of this innovation requires careful planning and stakeholder engagement at all levels to ensure the best possible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mukumbya
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David Kitya
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Yesel Trillo-Ordonez
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Keying Sun
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Oscar Obiga
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Di D. Deng
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Alvan-Emeka K. Ukachukwu
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Haglund
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Fuller
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Shahbandi A, Jahangiri P, Meybodi KT, Nejat F, Habibi Z. Implementation of an adapted perioperative ventriculoperitoneal shunting protocol in a tertiary center located in a low-to-middle-income country. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:1839-1847. [PMID: 38557895 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preventative protocols have efficaciously reduced shunt infection in developed countries. However, the generalizability of these protocols in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) remains unclear. Previously, shunt insertion in the authors' center was routinely performed under institutional preventative precautions, which was updated via merging with the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) protocol. This study aimed to investigate the ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infection rates in pediatric patients following the implementation of the adapted protocol. METHODS The adapted protocol was implemented in all first-time VPS implantations between 2011 and 2021. The primary outcome was a 6-month shunt infection. The Pearson chi-square test was used for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for numeric variables to evaluate the correlation with shunt infection. RESULTS A total of 352 first-time VPS procedures were performed adhering to the adapted protocol. The median age was 5 months, and 189 (53.7%) were male. Overall, 37 patients (10.5%) experienced shunt infection, with 30 (8.5%) occurring within the first 6 months, which was lower than 13.3% infection rate of the previous series of the same center. The infection rate was slightly higher than the 5.7% and 6.0% rates reported by HCRN studies. Patients with shunt infection were significantly younger (7.5 versus 17.5 months, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study validates the efficacy of an adapted perioperative protocol in mitigating shunt infection in a high-volume center in a LMIC. Adhering to a step-by-step protocol, modified to suit the healthcare resources and financial constraints of LMICs, could maintain low shunt infection rates that are roughly comparable to those of centers in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ataollah Shahbandi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Jahangiri
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Nejat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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O HN, O NT, Figuim B, P DV. Evaluation of academic performance and social integration of children operated for hydrocephalus in Cameroon. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:1777-1782. [PMID: 38530412 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low intelligence quotient (IQ) and delayed psychomotor development (DPD) are formidable complications of hydrocephalus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the academic performance and social integration of children operated on for hydrocephalus in Cameroon. METHOD The authors present a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from January 2010 to May 2020. All children less than 10 years of age who had undergone surgery for a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt indicated for hydrocephalus with a post-operative evolution of 7 to 10 years and who were attending school were included. Academic performance was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC IV), and social integration was assessed using the Vineland II score. RESULTS Of the 45 children aged 7 to 10 years who attended school and were followed-up, the sex ratio was 1.25 in favor of males. 77.8% of these children had a malformation with paralysis being the most common functional sequela (29%). 73.3% of our patients had good social integration. Fifty-three percent of patients had reduced academic performance, with non-verbal performance being the most frequent (62.2%). Long-term memory was the most impaired, with 73.3% having a very low speed of information processing. Non-verbal performance was the most affected (62.2%) particularly long-term memory. Forty percent had an IQ below 70. The statistically significant determinants of social integration were age, sex, malformative etiology, and good psychomotor development, and the statistically significant determinants of educational delay were age, malformative etiology, IQ below 70, and time to care. Academic performance was reduced in more than half of our patients, but most of them had good social integration. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and management improve the chances of good psychomotor development and IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haman N O
- Department of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Yaounde General Hospital, B.P. 5408, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Ndome Toto O
- Department of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Bello Figuim
- Department of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Garoua General Hospital, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Djientcheu V P
- Department of Surgery and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaounde General Hospital, B.P. 5408, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Roy S, Awuah WA, Ahluwalia A, Adebusoye FT, Ferreira T, Tan JK, Bharadwaj HR, Tenkorang PO, Abdul‐Rahman T, Papadakis M. Current trends and challenges: The landscape of perioperative mortality in intracranial surgeries in low- and middle-income settings: A narrative review. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1838. [PMID: 38274132 PMCID: PMC10809023 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Intracranial surgeries are pivotal in treating cerebral pathologies, particularly in resource-limited contexts, utilizing techniques such as craniotomy, transsphenoidal approaches, and endoscopy. However, challenges in low and middle income countries (LMICs), including resource scarcity, diagnostic delays, and a lack of skilled neurosurgeons, lead to elevated perioperative mortality (POM). This review seeks to identify major contributors to these challenges and recommend solutions for improved patient outcomes in neurosurgical care within LMICs. Methods This review examines POM in LMICs using a detailed literature search, focusing on studies from these regions. Databases like PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were utilized using specific terms related to "intracranial surgery," "perioperative mortality," "traumatic brain injuries," and "LMICs." Inclusion criteria covered various study designs and both pediatric and adult populations while excluding stand-alone abstracts and case reports. Results POM rates for intracranial surgeries differ widely across many low and middle-income regions: Africa sees rates from 2.5% to 39.1%, Asia between 3.6% and 34.8%, and Latin America and the Caribbean have figures ranging from 1.3% to 12%. The POM rates in LMICs were relatively higher compared to most first-world countries. The high POM rates in LMICs can be attributed to considerable delays and compromises in neurosurgical care delivery, exacerbated by late diagnoses and presentations of neurosurgical pathologies. This, coupled with limited resources, underdeveloped infrastructure, and training gaps, complicates intracranial disease management, leading to elevated POM. Conclusion Intracranial POM is a pronounced disparity within the neurosurgical field in LMICs. To mitigate intracranial POM, it is imperative to bolster healthcare infrastructure, amplify personnel training, foster global partnerships, and harness technologies like telemedicine. Tackling socioeconomic obstacles and prioritizing early detection through sustained funding and policy shifts can substantially enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Roy
- School of MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeUniversity of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
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Elbaroody M, Ezz A, Eldessouky AH, Hassan AAAN, Elsharkawy AA, Ali KB, Refaee EAE. Is It Possible to Eliminate Postoperative Shunt Infections?: Results of a Modified Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network Protocol. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2024; 85:32-38. [PMID: 36693411 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative shunt infection is a nightmare in neurosurgical practice with additional morbidity and mortality. A lot of protocols have contributed to the reduction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infections but not eradication. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rigid application of a modified Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) protocol in the prevention of postoperative shunt infection. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated children with congenital hydrocephalus who underwent VPS insertion, and in whom the protocol was applied from June 2019 to January 2020. Follow-up ranged from 11 to 24 months. RESULTS Thirty-seven procedures were performed including 35 primary shunt insertions and two revision surgeries. The median age was 5 months (range, 1-30 months), and 25 patients were males. The most common cause for VPS placement was congenital hydrocephalus without identifiable cause in 28 cases (80%). The endoscope-assisted technique was used in the insertion of the proximal end in six cases (17%). The mean follow-up was 19.4 months (11-24 months). The rate of shunt infection was 0% till the last follow-up. CONCLUSION The preliminary results showed an effective method for the prevention of postoperative shunt infections using the modified protocol. These initial findings need to be validated in a large prospective study before widespread application can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Elbaroody
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adham Ezz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Helmy Eldessouky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Aziz N Hassan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abbas Elsharkawy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Bassim Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Ahmed El Refaee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cairo University, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie. Sauerbruchstraße, Greifswald, Germany
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Campbell D, Sinclair S, Cooke D, Webster D, Reid M. The incidence of VP shunt infection in a middle-income nation: a retrospective analysis of a pediatric population. Front Surg 2023; 10:1304105. [PMID: 38174212 PMCID: PMC10761548 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1304105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the incidence of infection after ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion at the Bustamante Hospital for Children (BHC), Jamaica, West Indies. Method Of the 178 patients managed by the Neurosurgery team at BHC, who underwent surgery between 2010 and 2016, 122 patients were subjected to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedure through a VPS placement. The patients excluded from this study included those with a VPS placed at another institution or one placed prior to the study period. There is a notable transition that saw a switch from the use of the Codman uni-port to Medtronic shunts in 2014-2015, which initiated the process of reuse of shunt passers. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from operating theater logs and available manual health records. Results Over the 7-year study period of the 122 first-time shunt placements done, 17 patients (13.9%) had positive CSF cultures, with an additional six (4%) having CSF pleocytosis with negative cultures. The most common isolate was the Staphylococcus species, occurring in 60% of VPS infections. The median time to shunt infection was 2 months. Of the 72 Codman shunts placed, six became infected, and 21.7% (10 of 46) of the Medtronic shunts became infected. Conclusion The rate of incidence of VPS infection was 13.9% for the period between 2010 and 2016, with most infections occurring after 2014. The major causative agent was Staphylococcus species at 60% within a median 2 months of surgery. Overall, this compares well with data reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne Campbell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Shane Sinclair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Dwaine Cooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Dwight Webster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Marvin Reid
- Graduate Studies and Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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Mulugeta B, Seyoum G, Mekonnen A, Ketema E. Assessment of the prevalence and associated risk factors of pediatric hydrocephalus in diagnostic centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:145. [PMID: 35303805 PMCID: PMC8932009 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a common disorder of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) physiology resulting in abnormal expansion of the cerebral ventricles. Infants commonly present with progressive macrocephaly whereas children older than 2 years generally present with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Neither qualitatively nor quantitatively are there adequate data to determine the prevalence and incidence of HCP in the developing world. HCP is a treatable condition that when left untreated, has fatal consequences. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of pediatric HCP and associated risk factors in diagnostic centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This study was conducted using a cross-sectional facility-based study design over a two-time period, i.e. a 2-year retrospective data collection from January 2018 to January 2020 included 1101 patients and a prospective data collection from May 2019 to February 2020 included 99 patients. Children aged 5 years and below who came to the selected diagnostic centers for MRI/CT examination were studied. The collected data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Result The retrospective study included 639(58%) males and 462 (42%) females. The mean age calculated was 22.3 months. Infants aged younger than 24 months 753 (68.4%) were significantly associated with HCP development (P < 0.05). In the retrospective study, HCP etiologies; Aqueductal stenosis (17.9%), Neural Tube defects (NTDs) (35.7%), post-infectious (10.1%) were identified. In the prospective study, the gender and age distribution was 57(57.6%) males, 42 (42.4%) females, 60.6% infants aged younger than 24 months with a mean age of 24.9 months. Inadequate consumption of folic acid and development of HCP was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the prospective study, HCP etiologies; Aqueductal stenosis (26.1%), Neural Tube defects (26.08%), and post-infectious (8.69%) were identified. The 3 years prevalence of HCP calculated in both studies was 22% (223 per 1000 live births). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the high prevalence of HCP was due to the high prevalence of aqueductal stenosis and neural tube defects; with a small contribution of post-infectious causes. The majority of infants who present with HCP were aged younger than 24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blein Mulugeta
- Department of Medical Radiologic Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Mekonnen
- Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elbet Ketema
- Departmetn of Pediatrics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Jibia A, Oumarou BN, Adoum M, Abogo S, Nga Nomo S, Chewa G. Repeat fracture of shunts in ventriculoperitoneal shunting with pelvic migration: An African teen case report with literature review. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Shim Y, Kim KH, Lee JY, Kim SK, Phi JH. The stability of multifocal ventriculoperitoneal shunts with Y-connections. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3785-3795. [PMID: 34491423 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multifocal ventriculoperitoneal shunts with Y-connections (MVPS with Ys) are widely used in many centers when neuroendoscopic procedures on entrapped ventricles are not feasible; however, their use is not frequent. This study aimed to confirm the stability of an MVPS with Y and, for the first time, identify the factors that influence stability. METHODS We studied 33 consecutive patients who underwent initial conversion to MVPS with Ys. The one-year overall shunt survival rate was calculated and compared with the historical outcome of single ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs). The factors influencing the one-year overall shunt survival rate were also investigated. The one-year survival rate for proximal catheters in each location was further investigated, and the rates were compared among locations. The factors affecting proximal catheter survival were determined. RESULTS The one-year overall shunt survival rate of MVPS with Y was 70%, which was not much different from that of previously reported single VPSs, including our institution. We found no significant factor influencing overall shunt survival, but when an additional catheter was inserted into the fourth ventricle, the survival rate was exceptionally low at 40% (p = 0.21). When we investigated the one-year survival rate of each proximal catheter, we found that the location of the proximal catheter showed a certain trend toward significance (p = 0.07), especially in the case of the fourth ventricle, which had the lowest survival rate at 57% and an odds ratio of 15.64 (p = 0.013) in multivariate analysis. However, when the catheter was sufficiently inserted parallel to the brain stem using navigation, the survival was relatively well maintained (1,995 to 2,547 days). CONCLUSIONS The stability of MVPS with Y was similar to that of single VPSs. However, the malfunction rate of the proximal catheter inserted at the fourth ventricle in the Y-connection was higher than that at other locations. The transcerebellar vertical approach or transtentorial approach parallel to the brain stem may decrease the malfunction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Shim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Enslin JMN, Thango NS, Figaji A, Fieggen GA. Hydrocephalus in Low and Middle-Income Countries - Progress and Challenges. Neurol India 2021; 69:S292-S297. [PMID: 35102979 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.332285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus remains one of the most commonly treated neurosurgical conditions worldwide. Caring for patients with hydrocephalus requires infrastructure and political support and initiative; these are often difficult to obtain in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Some innovations that have arisen in LMICs have traveled up the financial gradient to high-income countries, such as the combination of endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus coagulation to manage hydrocephalus. The development of neuro-endoscopy has played a major role in managing hydrocephalus worldwide; however, LMICs still face specific challenges, such as limited access to shunt hardware, a disproportionately high incidence of post-infectious hydrocephalus, unique microbiological spectra, and often poor access to follow-up care and neuroimaging. This has received increased attention since the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. The goal of improving access to quality neurosurgical care through various initiatives in LMICs will be discussed in this manuscript. The need for neurosurgeons continues to grow in LMICs, where better access to neurosurgical care, adequate neurosurgical training and political support, and patient education are needed to improve the quality of life for patients with common neurosurgical conditions. Despite these challenges, treating hydrocephalus remains a worthwhile endeavor for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M N Enslin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nqobile S Thango
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham A Fieggen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ferraris KP, Palabyab EPM, Kim S, Matsumura H, Yap MEC, Cloma-Rosales VO, Letyagin G, Muroi A, Baticulon RE, Alcazaren JC, Seng K, Navarro JE. Global Surgery Indicators and Pediatric Hydrocephalus: A Multicenter Cross-Country Comparative Study Building the Case for Health System Strengthening. Front Surg 2021; 8:704346. [PMID: 34513913 PMCID: PMC8428174 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.704346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to compare specific three-institution, cross-country data that are relevant to the Global Surgery indicators and the functioning of health systems. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of pediatric patients who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion surgery for hydrocephalus in three different centers: the University of Tsukuba Hospital in Ibaraki, Japan (HIC), the Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center in Manila, Philippines [low-to-middle-income country (LMIC)], and the Federal Neurosurgical Center in Novosibirsk, Russia (UMIC). The outcomes of interest were the timing of CSF diversion surgery and mortality. Statistical tests included descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazards model, and logistic regression. Nation-level data were also obtained to provide the relevant socioeconomic contexts in discussing the results. Results: In total, 159 children were included, where 13 are from Japan, 99 are from the Philippines, and 47 are from the Russian Federation. The median time to surgery at the specific neurosurgical centers was 6 days in the Philippines and 1 day in both Japan and Russia. For the cohort from the Philippines, non-poor patients were more likely to receive CSF diversion surgery at an earlier time (HR = 4.74, 95% CI 2.34-9.61, p <0.001). In the same center, those with infantile or posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (HR = 3.72, 95% CI 1.70-8.15, p = 0.001) were more likely to receive CSF diversion earlier compared to those with congenital hydrocephalus, and those with postinfectious (HR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.22-0.70, p = 0.002) or myelomeningocele-associated hydrocephalus (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.95, p = 0.037) were less likely to undergo surgery at an earlier time. For Russia, older patients were more likely to receive or require early CSF diversion (HR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14, p = 0.035). External ventricular drain (EVD) insertion was found to be associated with mortality (cOR 14.45, 95% CI 1.28-162.97, p = 0.031). Conclusion: In this study, Filipino children underwent late time-interval of CSF diversion surgery and had mortality differences compared to their Japanese and Russian counterparts. These disparities may reflect on the functioning of the health systems of respective countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Paul Ferraris
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eric Paolo M. Palabyab
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Sergei Kim
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Federal Neurosurgical Center of Ministry of Public Health, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hideaki Matsumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - German Letyagin
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Federal Neurosurgical Center of Ministry of Public Health, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ai Muroi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ronnie E. Baticulon
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jose Carlos Alcazaren
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kenny Seng
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joseph Erroll Navarro
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
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Anele C, Omon H, Balogun S, Ajekwu T, Komolafe E. Hydrocephalus management challenges in a low-income country: A review article. JOURNAL OF WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2021; 11:29-34. [PMID: 36132971 PMCID: PMC9484498 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_57_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Reynolds RA, Bhebhe A, Garcia RM, Zhao S, Lam S, Sichizya K, Shannon CN. Pediatric hydrocephalus outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 26:624-635. [PMID: 32916646 PMCID: PMC7947024 DOI: 10.3171/2020.5.peds20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydrocephalus is a global disease that disproportionally impacts low- and middle-income countries. Limited data are available from sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to be the first to describe pediatric hydrocephalus epidemiology and outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients < 18 years of age who underwent surgical treatment for hydrocephalus at Beit-CURE Hospital and the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, from August 2017 to May 2019. Surgeries included ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertions, revisions, and endoscopic third ventriculostomies (ETVs) with or without choroid plexus cauterization (CPC). A descriptive analysis of patient demographics, clinical presentation, and etiologies was summarized, followed by a multivariable analysis of mortality and 90-day complications. RESULTS A total of 378 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age at first surgery was 5.5 (IQR 3.1, 12.7) months, and 51% of patients were female (n = 193). The most common presenting symptom was irritability (65%, n = 247), followed by oculomotor abnormalities (54%, n = 204). Postinfectious hydrocephalus was the predominant etiology (65%, n = 226/347), and 9% had a myelomeningocele (n = 32/347). It was the first hydrocephalus surgery for 87% (n = 309) and, of that group, 15% underwent ETV/CPC (n = 45). Severe hydrocephalus was common, with 42% of head circumferences more than 6 cm above the 97th percentile (n = 111). The median follow-up duration was 33 (IQR 4, 117) days. The complication rate was 20% (n = 76), with infection being most common (n = 29). Overall, 7% of the patients died (n = 26). Postoperative complication was significantly associated with mortality (χ2 = 81.2, p < 0.001) with infections and CSF leaks showing the strongest association (χ2 = 14.6 and 15.2, respectively, p < 0.001). On adjusted multivariable analysis, shunt revisions were more likely to have a complication than ETV/CPC or primary shunt insertions (OR 2.45 [95% CI 1.26-4.76], p = 0.008), and the presence of any postoperative complication was the only significant predictor of mortality (OR 42.9 [95% CI 12.3-149.1], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric postinfectious hydrocephalus is the most common etiology of hydrocephalus in Lusaka, Zambia, which is similar to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Most children present late with neglected hydrocephalus. Shunt revision procedures are more prone to complication than ETV/CPC or primary shunt insertion, and postoperative complications represent a significant predictor of mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Reynolds
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Surgical Outcomes Center for Kids, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Arnold Bhebhe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Roxanna M. Garcia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sandi Lam
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kachinga Sichizya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chevis N. Shannon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Surgical Outcomes Center for Kids, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
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Global trends in the evaluation and management of cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: a cooperative ISPN survey. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:2949-2960. [PMID: 32519130 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) is commonly performed by pediatric neurosurgeons and there is no consensus in management of VPS infection as it relates to diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE We utilized an international practitioner-based survey to study the variability in VPS infection diagnostic and therapeutic measures. METHODS A survey gauging practice patterns of pediatric neurosurgeons regarding VPS and its complication management was distributed. Survey endpoints were analyzed by VPS case volume and pediatric-focused case volume regarding diagnostic measures, use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile, microbiology, and treatment. RESULTS A total of 439 surveys were distributed, with a response rate of 31%. Responders ranged from Americas (44.9%), European (31.4%), Asian (18.6%), African (2.5%), to Australian continents (2.5%). Practitioners were stratified based on number and percentage pediatric VPS performed. Institutions performing highest VPS and percentage pediatric case volumes had lower rate of VPS infection. Shunt tap was the most widely used diagnostic study. Overall CSF profile did not affect decision making towards VPS internalization, except for leukocyte count ≤ 20 × 109/L. Practitioners utilized 3 negative cultures prior to VPS internalization. Discrepancies in surgical management were noted amongst centers with high versus low VPS volume and proportion of pediatric-focused case volume. Practice patterns were not noted to be organism dependent. Antibiotic-impregnated shunts were utilized in the Americas and Europe over other regions but only in one third of all initial VPS or as a preventive strategy after a VPS infection has been resolved respectively. DISCUSSION Survey results from 6 continents in VPS management revealed patterns of lower infection in high-volume centers, 3 negative cultures prior to internalization and aggressive surgical VPS infection management in high-volume institutions.
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Salem-Memou S, Chavey S, Elmoustapha H, Mamoune A, Moctar A, Salihy S, Boukhrissi N. [Hydrocephalus in newborns and infants at the Nouakchott National Hospital]. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:184. [PMID: 32952828 PMCID: PMC7467612 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.184.18750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal and infant hydrocephalus is an important factor for mortality and morbidity in developing countries with limited diagnostic and therapeutic means. The purpose of this study was to report our experience in the management of this disease in Mauritania. We conducted a retrospective study of 126 medical records of newborns aged 0-24 months treated for hydrocephalus in the Department of Neurosurgery at the Nouakchott National Hospital from June 2014 to June 2018. Mean follow-up time was 15 months (9-27 months). The average age of patients was 5 months (2 days-20 months). Highest prevalence was observed among female babies (sex ratio 0.77). Our case series consisted of 45 newborns (35.7%) and 81 infants (64.3%). A history of infection during pregnancy was found in 19.8% of cases and neonatal infection in 23.8% of cases. Clinically, 87.3% had macrocephalus, 35.7% had psychomotor retardation and 15.8% refused to suckle. The main cause was myelomeningocele (23.8%), followed by meningitis (15.8%). Ventriculo-peritoneal derivation (VPD) was the first-line treatment in newborns (68.8%), while endoscopic ventriculocisternostomy (EDV) was the preferred approach in infants (74.1%). Overall complication rate was 26.1% (57.6% for VPD and 4.1% for EDV). Hydrocephalus is the most common disease treated by paediatric neurosurgeons in Africa. Management is usually delayed, hence the importance of prevention, especially of neural tube defects and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Salem-Memou
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Sidiya Chavey
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Hamdy Elmoustapha
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Abdallahi Mamoune
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Ahmedou Moctar
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Sidimohamed Salihy
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Najat Boukhrissi
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier National, BP 612, Nouakchott, Mauritanie
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Loan JJM, Poon MTC, Tominey S, Mankahla N, Meintjes G, Fieggen AG. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:141. [PMID: 32303190 PMCID: PMC7164262 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus is a common, life threatening complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related central nervous system opportunistic infection which can be treated by insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). In HIV-infected patients there is concern that VPS might be associated with unacceptably high mortality. To identify prognostic indicators, we aimed to compare survival and clinical outcome following VPS placement between all studied causes of hydrocephalus in HIV infected patients. METHODS The following electronic databases were searched: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, LILACS, Research Registry, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, African Journals Online, and the OpenGrey database. We included observational studies of HIV-infected patients treated with VPS which reported of survival or clinical outcome. Data was extracted using standardised proformas. Risk of bias was assessed using validated domain-based tools. RESULTS Seven Hunderd twenty-three unique study records were screened. Nine observational studies were included. Three included a total of 75 patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and six included a total of 49 patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM). All of the CM and two of the TBM studies were of weak quality. One of the TBM studies was of moderate quality. One-month mortality ranged from 62.5-100% for CM and 33.3-61.9% for TBM. These pooled data were of low to very-low quality and was inadequate to support meta-analysis between aetiologies. Pooling of results from two studies with a total of 77 participants indicated that HIV-infected patients with TBM had higher risk of one-month mortality compared with HIV non-infected controls (odds ratio 3.03; 95% confidence-interval 1.13-8.12; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The evidence base is currently inadequate to inform prognostication in VPS insertion in HIV-infected patients. A population-based prospective cohort study is required to address this, in the first instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. M. Loan
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, H53 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Michael T. C. Poon
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
- Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Steven Tominey
- Edinburgh Medical School, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
| | - Ncedile Mankahla
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, H53 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - A. Graham Fieggen
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, H53 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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Kalangu KKN, Esene IN, Dzowa M, Musara A, Ntalaja J, Badra AK. Towards zero infection for ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in resource-limited settings: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:401-409. [PMID: 31455997 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shunting for hydrocephalus can lead to improvement in the quality of life although the latter has been subdued by complications like shunt infection. Established protocols have contributed to the reduction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infections. Previously, we retrospectively demonstrated a low infection rate despite some of the protocol recommendations not being implemented. The aim of this study was to prospectively establish the incidence of shunt infection in the early post-shunt period following our protocol and elucidate on associated risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicenter prospective descriptive cohort study of consecutive 209 under-5 children requiring VPS for hydrocephalus was conducted between January 2013 and November 2018. An innovative protocol insisting on intermittent application of povidone-iodine on the skin during the operation was implemented. The patients were followed-up for 3 months post-surgery. RESULTS Included were 211 VPS procedures performed on 209 children. The median age was 9 months and 84 were males. Hydrocephalus was non-communicative in 72.0% and aqueductal stenosis was its most frequent cause (84.9%). Most surgeries were performed in the morning (90.5%), electively (95.3%), and for the first time (91%). The median duration of surgery was 65 min. Shunt infection rate was 1.9% (n = 4) (95% CI 0.7 to 5.0%) per procedure. CONCLUSION The observed infection rate was low. This suggests that the protocol followed captured the most critical components necessary to ensure low infection rates and that simple measures implemented in economically challenged environments may achieve internationally acceptable infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi K N Kalangu
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, University Of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Ignatius N Esene
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, University Of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Maximillian Dzowa
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, University Of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Aaron Musara
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Surgery, University Of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jeff Ntalaja
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Aliou K Badra
- Neurosurgical Unit, Medipark/Oshakati Hospital, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
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Arslan A, Olguner SK, Acik V, Ildan F, Ökten Aİ. Ventrikülostomi sonrası gelişen enfeksiyon tanısında prokalsitoninin C-reaktif protein, beyaz küre ve ateşle karşılaştırılması. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.551752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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22
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Mohanty A, Jha MK, Kabi A, Jha N, Gupta P. Staphylococcus lugdunensis infection of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in adult: Case report and literature review. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3755-3757. [PMID: 31803687 PMCID: PMC6881936 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_507_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) placement is one of the most commonly performed treatment modality in patient with hydrocephalus and infection is usually seen in such patients with shunt complication. Multiple shunt revision and its complications are related to various causes including mainly Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) infection. VPS obstruction occurring in proximal catheter is he most common cause of VPS malfunction. Here we present a case of Venticuloperitoneal shunt infection caused by CONS in a adult patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankita Kabi
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nisha Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratima Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Guan F, Peng WC, Huang H, Ren ZY, Wang ZY, Fu JD, Li YB, Cui FQ, Dai B, Zhu GT, Xiao ZY, Mao BB, Hu ZQ. Application of neuroendoscopic surgical techniques in the assessment and treatment of cerebral ventricular infection. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2095-2103. [PMID: 31397347 PMCID: PMC6788251 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ventricular infection (CVI) is one of the most dangerous complications in neurosurgery because of its high mortality and disability rates. Few studies have examined the application of neuroendoscopic surgical techniques (NESTs) to assess and treat CVI. This multicenter, retrospective study was conducted using clinical data of 32 patients with CVI who were assessed and treated by NESTs in China. The patients included 20 men and 12 women with a mean age of 42.97 years. NESTs were used to obliterate intraventricular debris and pus, fenestrate or incise the intraventricular compartment and reconstruct cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and remove artificial material. Intraventricular irrigation with antibiotic saline was applied after neuroendoscopic surgery (NES). Secondary hydrocephalus was treated by endoscopic third ventriculostomy or a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Neuroendoscopic findings of CVI were used to classify patients into Grade I (n = 3), Grade II (n = 13), Grade III (n = 10), and Grade IV (n = 6) CVI. The three patients with grade I CVI underwent one NES, the 23 patients with grade II/III CVI underwent two NESs, and patients with grade IV CVI underwent two (n = 3) or three (n = 3) NESs. The imaging features and grades of neuroendoscopy results were positively related to the number of neurosurgical endoscopic procedures. Two patients died of multiple organ failure and the other 30 patients fully recovered. Among the 26 patients with secondary hydrocephalus, 18 received ventriculoperitoneal shunt and 8 underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy. There were no recurrences of CVI during the 6- to 76-month follow-up after NES. Application of NESTs is an innovative method to assess and treat CVI, and its neuroendoscopic classification provides an objective, comprehensive assessment of CVI. The study trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zu-Yuan Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Di Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Liangxiang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Tong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Reid T, Grudziak J, Rodriguez-Ormaza N, Maine RG, Msiska N, Quinsey C, Charles A. Complications and 3-month outcomes of children with hydrocephalus treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in Malawi. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 24:120-127. [PMID: 31075763 DOI: 10.3171/2019.2.peds18325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hydrocephalus is the most common pediatric neurosurgical condition, with a high prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. Untreated, hydrocephalus leads to neurological disability or death. The epidemiology and outcomes of hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts in Sub-Saharan Africa are not well defined and vary by region. The aim of the present study was to examine the mortality and morbidity rates and predictors of mortality in children treated by VP shunt placement for hydrocephalus at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS This is a prospective study of 100 consecutive children presenting with hydrocephalus who were treated with VP shunt placement from January 2015 to August 2017. Demographics, nutritional status, maternal characteristics, developmental delay, shunt complications, readmissions, and in-hospital and 3-month mortality data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of death within 3 months of surgery. RESULTS Overall, 46% of participants were female, with an average age of 5.4 ± 3.7 months at the time of surgery. The majority of patients were term deliveries (87.8%) and were not malnourished (72.9%). Only 10.8% of children were diagnosed with meningitis before admission. In-hospital and 3-month mortality rates were 5.5% and 32.1%, respectively. The only significant association with mortality was maternal age, with older maternal age demonstrating decreased odds of 3-month mortality (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8-1.0, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Surgical management of hydrocephalus with VP shunts portends a high mortality rate in Malawi. The association of younger maternal age with mortality is likely a proxy for social determinants, which appear to contribute as much to mortality as patient factors. VP shunting is inadequate as a sole surgical management of hydrocephalus in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nelson Msiska
- 3Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Carolyn Quinsey
- 4Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Anthony Charles
- Departments of1Surgery
- 3Department of Surgery, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
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25
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Vlasak A, Okechi H, Horinek D, Albright AL. Pediatric Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts Revision Rate and Costs in High-Volume sub-Saharan Department. World Neurosurg 2019; 130:e1000-e1003. [PMID: 31306836 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures. VPSs are associated with high costs, which predominantly arise from relatively high complication and revision rates. It is reasonable to assume that revision rates in developing countries would be higher. In this study we report the single-institution revision rates and costs from a high-volume department in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS A pediatric neurosurgical database was studied in the extent of 5 years. The 30-day shunt failure rate, overall revision rate, and costs were calculated, and results were compared with previously published studies from developed countries. RESULTS In the selected time period 1840 VPS surgeries were performed, of which 592 were shunt revisions (32.14%). The majority of revision surgeries was performed in the first year- 501 (representing 84.63%); second year, 64; third year, 21; fourth year, 6; and fifth year, 2. The overall shunt revision rate was 28.94% with a 30-day revision rate of 14.58%. During the course of the study, costs of VPS surgery, the shunt, and daily ward charges did not change significantly. The average total charge for VPS insertion was 60,000 KES (586 USD), VPS removal 30,000 KES (293 USD), and VPS revision 50,000 KES (489 USD). CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study proves that VPSs, with their known complication risks, can be performed in a sub-Saharan missionary hospital with acceptable costs and results that are comparable with those achieved in some Western hospitals. Keys to those outcomes include high volume and a highly experienced team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Vlasak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Daniel Horinek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Bawa M, Dash V, Mahalik S, Rao KLN. Outcome Analysis of Patients of Congenital Hydrocephalus with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Pediatr Neurosurg 2019; 54:233-236. [PMID: 31291639 DOI: 10.1159/000501018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a commonly performed neurosurgical procedure in pediatric surgical practice. This study is aimed at determining the outcome of congenital hydrocephalus patients who underwent shunt surgery at our center. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 278 operated cases of congenital hydrocephalus with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were analyzed in terms of complications. Hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage, neural tube defects, and ventriculitis were excluded from the study. RESULTS Complications were observed in 32.0% (89/278) of cases. Shunt block and chamber migration were the most common complications (29.21%). Abdominal wound complications were seen in 4.49% of cases. Shunt exposure due to erosion of overlying skin was noted in 6 patients. Shunt infection was diagnosed in only 9 patients (4.4%). New-onset seizures were seen in 4 cases. Overall, 21% of patients required redo shunt and there were 2 mortalities. CONCLUSION VP shunt continues to have high complication rates. Shunt migration and new-onset seizure disorders are important late complications. In spite of inherent problems, shunt surgery is the procedure of choice until a safer effective alternative is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India,
| | - Vedarth Dash
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Santosh Mahalik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - K L N Rao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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27
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Kanangi SMR, Balasubramaniam C. Shunt infections: a review and analysis of a personal series. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1915-1924. [PMID: 29978253 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE CSF diversion shunts are notoriously prone to complications. The most difficult to manage among them is shunt infection, which warrants a prolonged hospital stay. The aim of this paper is to review the pattern of infections, the pathology, and management of shunt infections with special reference to a tertiary pediatric center in a developing country. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a review of shunt infections in general and a retrospective study of all cases operated in the hospital from 2000 to 2015. RESULTS The authors analyze the data and try to discern patterns, which may enable newer interventions to treat as well as decrease the burden of shunt infections in the future. CONCLUSION It is difficult to determine the true incidence of shunt infections as there is no definition of what constitutes a shunt infection. There are no standardized international guidelines as to how to deal with an infected shunt. Though the ability to treat shunt infection has improved and the incidence of shunt infection has decreased over time, there is still no consensus on the best way to manage it. The prevention is predominantly based on common sense and has helped but a more scientific algorithm is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Mohan Rao Kanangi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, 12 A Nageswara Road Nungambakkam, Chennai 34, 600034, India
| | - Chidambaram Balasubramaniam
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, 12 A Nageswara Road Nungambakkam, Chennai 34, 600034, India.
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28
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Treating Pediatric Hydrocephalus at the Neurosurgery Education and Development Institute: The Reality in the Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania. World Neurosurg 2018; 117:e450-e456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Mangat HS, Schöller K, Budohoski KP, Ngerageza JG, Qureshi M, Santos MM, Shabani HK, Zubkov MR, Härtl R, Stieg PE. Neurosurgery in East Africa: Foundations. World Neurosurg 2018; 113:411-424. [PMID: 29702965 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article is the first in a series of 3 articles that seek to provide readers with an understanding of the development of neurosurgery in East Africa (Foundations), the challenges that arise in providing neurosurgical care in developing countries (Challenges), and an overview of traditional and novel approaches to overcoming these challenges to improve healthcare in the region (Innovations). We review the history and evolution of neurosurgery as a clinical specialty in East Africa. We also review Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania in some detail and highlight contributions of individuals and local and regional organizations that helped to develop and shape neurosurgical care in East Africa. Neurosurgery has developed steadily as advanced techniques have been adopted by local surgeons who trained abroad, and foreign surgeons who have dedicated part of their careers in local hospitals. New medical schools and surgical training programs have been established through regional and international partnerships, and the era of regional specialty surgical training has just begun. As more surgical specialists complete training, a comprehensive estimation of disease burden facing the neurosurgical field is important. We present an overview with specific reference to neurotrauma and neural tube defects, both of which are of epidemiologic importance as they gain not only greater recognition, but increased diagnoses and demands for treatment. Neurosurgery in East Africa is poised to blossom as it seeks to address the growing needs of a growing subspecialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halinder S Mangat
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Critical Care, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Karsten Schöller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karol P Budohoski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Japhet G Ngerageza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopedic-Neurosurgical Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mahmood Qureshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maria M Santos
- The Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hamisi K Shabani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopedic-Neurosurgical Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Micaella R Zubkov
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger Härtl
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip E Stieg
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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30
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Budohoski KP, Ngerageza JG, Austard B, Fuller A, Galler R, Haglund M, Lett R, Lieberman IH, Mangat HS, March K, Olouch-Olunya D, Piquer J, Qureshi M, Santos MM, Schöller K, Shabani HK, Trivedi RA, Young P, Zubkov MR, Härtl R, Stieg PE. Neurosurgery in East Africa: Innovations. World Neurosurg 2018; 113:436-452. [PMID: 29702967 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, considerable work has been done to promote and improve neurosurgical care in East Africa with the development of national training programs, expansion of hospitals and creation of new institutions, and the foundation of epidemiologic and cost-effectiveness research. Many of the results have been accomplished through collaboration with partners from abroad. This article is the third in a series of articles that seek to provide readers with an understanding of the development of neurosurgery in East Africa (Foundations), the challenges that arise in providing neurosurgical care in developing countries (Challenges), and an overview of traditional and novel approaches to overcoming these challenges to improve healthcare in the region (Innovations). In this article, we describe the ongoing programs active in East Africa and their current priorities, and we outline lessons learned and what is required to create self-sustained neurosurgical service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol P Budohoski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Japhet G Ngerageza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopedic-Neurosurgical Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Benedict Austard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopedic-Neurosurgical Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anthony Fuller
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Galler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stony Brook Neuroscience Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Haglund
- Duke Global Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Lett
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Halinder S Mangat
- Division of Stroke and Critical Care, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen March
- University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Olouch-Olunya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kenyatta Hospital, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - José Piquer
- Neurosurgical Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahmood Qureshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maria M Santos
- Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karsten Schöller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hamisi K Shabani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopedic-Neurosurgical Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rikin A Trivedi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Young
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Micaella R Zubkov
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roger Härtl
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Philip E Stieg
- Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Yakut N, Soysal A, Kepenekli Kadayifci E, Dalgic N, Yılmaz Ciftdogan D, Karaaslan A, Akkoc G, Ocal Demir S, Cagan E, Celikboya E, Kanik A, Dagcinar A, Yilmaz A, Ozer F, Camlar M, Turel O, Bakir M. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections and re-infections in children: a multicentre retrospective study. Br J Neurosurg 2018; 32:196-200. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2018.1467373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Soysal
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Nazan Dalgic
- Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Gulsen Akkoc
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Eren Cagan
- Bursa Şevket Yılmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Celikboya
- Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Kanik
- İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Adem Yilmaz
- Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Ozer
- İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Camlar
- İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozden Turel
- Bezmialem University School Of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bakir
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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32
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Cairo SB, Agyei J, Nyavandu K, Rothstein DH, Kalisya LM. Neurosurgical management of hydrocephalus by a general surgeon in an extremely low resource setting: initial experience in North Kivu province of Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Pediatr Surg Int 2018; 34:467-473. [PMID: 29453580 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the management of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo by a general surgeon. METHODS Retrospective review of a single institution in the province of North Kivu. Patient charts and surgical notes were reviewed from 2003 to 2016. RESULTS 116 procedures were performed for an average of 8.9 per year. 51.7% of surgeries were on female patients with an average age of 13.6 ± 22.7. The average distance traveled from home to hospital was 153.7 km but ranged from 5 to 1420 km. The majority of hydrocephalus was due to neonatal sepsis (57%); 33.6% were classified as congenital; 9.5% of cases followed myelomeningocele closure. 97.4% had a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placed. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy combined choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) was performed in 2.5% of patients. Shunt infection occurred in 9.5% of patients, shunt dysfunction or obstruction in 5.2% and shunt exteriorization in 1.7%; no complications occurred in patients who underwent ETV/CPC. CONCLUSION VP shunt is the predominant management for hydrocephalus in this environment with increasing use of ETV/CPC. Further research is needed to evaluate variability by etiology, short and long-term outcomes of procedures performed by neurosurgeons and general surgeons, and regional epidemiologic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Cairo
- John R Oishei Children's Hospital, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Justice Agyei
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kavira Nyavandu
- COSECSA Training Program, HEAL Africa Hospital, Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - David H Rothstein
- John R Oishei Children's Hospital, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Luc Malemo Kalisya
- COSECSA Training Program, HEAL Africa Hospital, Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
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33
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Santos MM, Rubagumya DK, Dominic I, Brighton A, Colombe S, O'Donnell P, Zubkov MR, Härtl R. Infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa: the reality on the Tanzanian side of the lake. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 20:423-431. [PMID: 28885096 DOI: 10.3171/2017.5.peds1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infant hydrocephalus is estimated to affect more than 100,000 new infants each year in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Bugando Medical Centre (BMC), a government-funded and patient cost-shared referral center, serves over 13 million people in the Lake and Western regions of Tanzania. The goals of this study were to characterize the infant population affected by hydrocephalus who presented to BMC and were treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) to determine the rate of early complications associated with this surgical procedure and to assess its potential risk factors. METHODS Data were prospectively collected from all patients less than 1 year of age who, over a period of 7 months, were diagnosed with hydrocephalus and admitted to BMC for insertion of a primary VPS. Demographic data, maternal history, preoperative studies, surgical procedure, and surgical complications developing by the time of the first follow-up visit were analyzed. Risk factors associated with the surgical complications were determined. RESULTS During the 7-month study period, 125 infants eligible for the study were included in the analysis. Overall, 75% were younger than 6 months of age, and 56% were males. Only 7% of mothers had a gestational ultrasound, 98% did not receive preconception folic acid, and 25% delivered their child at home. In most patients with hydrocephalus the etiology was uncertain (56%), and other patients had postinfectious (22.4%) or myelomeningocele-associated (16%) hydrocephalus. Patients' mean head circumference on admission was 51.4 ± 6.3 cm. Their median age at shunt surgery was 137 days, and 22.4% of the patients were operated on without having undergone radiological assessment. The majority of shunts were placed in a right parietooccipital location. Thirteen patients had undergone a previous intraventricular endoscopic procedure. Overall, at least one surgical complication was found in 33.6% of patients up to the first follow-up assessment (median follow-up time of 70 days); shunt infection was the most common complication. The postoperative mortality rate was 9%. The risk factors associated with early surgical complications were tumor-related etiology, larger head circumference, and postoperative hospital stays of greater duration. CONCLUSIONS In a region of the continent where most infant hydrocephalus cases had an uncertain etiology, most patients presented to the hospital in a late stage, with no prenatal diagnosis and with large head circumferences. Standard preoperative investigations were not uniformly performed, and the surgical complications, led by VPS infection, were disturbingly high. Younger patient age, previous endoscopic procedure, surgeon involved, and cranial location of the VPS had no statistical relation to the surgical complications. This study shows that the positive results previously reported by SSA mission hospitals, subspecialized in pediatric neurosurgery, are still not generalizable to every hospital in East Africa. To improve maternal and neonatal care in the Lake region of Tanzania, the development of a fluxogram to determine hydrocephalus etiology, a strict perioperative protocol for VPS insertion, and an increase in the number of endoscopic procedures are recommended to BMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, and
| | - Derick K Rubagumya
- Catholic University for Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Imani Dominic
- Catholic University for Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Amos Brighton
- Catholic University for Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Philip O'Donnell
- Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York; and
| | - Micaella R Zubkov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, and
| | - Roger Härtl
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center, and
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Loan JJM, Mankahla N, Meintjes G, Fieggen AG. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for hydrocephalus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2017; 6:201. [PMID: 29037257 PMCID: PMC5644263 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus is a recognised complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related opportunistic infections. Symptomatic raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure can be treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion (VPS). In HIV-infected patients however, there is a concern that VPS might be associated with unacceptably high rates of mortality. We aim to systematically review and appraise published literature to determine reported outcomes and identify predictors of outcome following VPS in relevant subgroups of HIV-infected adults. METHODS The following electronic databases will be searched: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), LILACS (BIREME), Research Registry ( www.researchregistry.com ), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) ( www.controlled-trials.com ), ClinicalTrials.gov ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ) and OpenSIGLE database. Any randomised studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, interrupted time series or sequential case series reporting survival following VPS in HIV-infected individuals will be included. If high-quality homogenous studies exist, meta-analysis will be conducted to determine 1-, 6- and 12-month mortality with comparison made between underlying aetiologies of hydrocephalus. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study will generate a comprehensive review of VPS in HIV-infected patients for publication. The primary outcome of meta-analysis is 12-month survival. If only low-quality, heterogeneous studies are available, this study will demonstrate this deficiency and will be of value in justifying and aiding the design of future studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016052239.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J M Loan
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Institute of Neurosciences, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK. .,Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ncedile Mankahla
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Graham Fieggen
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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Choroid plexus cauterization on treatment of hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1509-1516. [PMID: 28597309 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The standard treatment for hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus consists of inserting shunts, although complications frequently occur. Choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) is an alternative, but its long-term efficacy and the factors associated with the success and failure of controlling head circumference (HC) are not well defined. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and factors related to the success rate of CPC in the treatment of hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus. METHOD Forty-two children with maximal hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly underwent CPC from 2006 to 2014 and were retrospectively evaluated. Children with less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. The long-term efficacy and success rate of possible variables (i.e., sex, type of malformation, type of surgery performed, treatment hospital, age, and HC at the time of surgery and birth) were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-four children were considered for the effectiveness analysis. Treatment was successful in 24 children (70.6%), and failure occurred in 10 children (29.4%). Failure was detected soon after the endoscopic procedure (average 116 days). There was no difference in effectiveness when comparing the age at the moment of surgery (p = 0.473), type of malformation (p = 1), HC at birth (0.699), and HC at the time of surgery (p = 0.648). The surgical death rate was 7.14%. CONCLUSION Endoscopic CPC was a valid procedure used to treat hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephaly, and it was effective in 70.6% of cases, with an average follow-up period of 32 months. When failures occurred, they occurred early. None of the analyzed variables interfered with the success of the treatment.
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Davis MC, Rocque BG, Singhal A, Ridder T, Pattisapu JV, Johnston JM. State of global pediatric neurosurgery outreach: survey by the International Education Subcommittee. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 20:204-210. [PMID: 28524788 PMCID: PMC5640160 DOI: 10.3171/2017.3.peds16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurosurgical services are increasingly recognized as essential components of surgical care worldwide. The degree of interest among neurosurgeons regarding international work, and the barriers to involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, are largely unexplored. The authors distributed a survey to members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery to assess the state of global outreach among its members and to identify barriers to involvement. METHODS An internet-based questionnaire was developed by the International Education Subcommittee of the AANS/CNS Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery and distributed to pediatric neurosurgeons via the AANS/CNS Joint Section email contact list. Participants were surveyed on their involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, geographic location, nature of the participation, and barriers to further involvement. RESULTS A 35.3% response rate was obtained, with 116 respondents completing the survey. Sixty-one percent have performed or taught neurosurgery in a developing country, and 49% travel at least annually. Africa was the most common region (54%), followed by South America (30%), through 29 separate organizing entities. Hydrocephalus was the most commonly treated condition (88%), followed by spinal dysraphism (74%), and tumor (68%). Most respondents obtained follow-up through communications from local surgeons (77%). Seventy-one percent believed the international experience improved their practice, and 74% were very or extremely interested in working elsewhere. Interference with current practice (61%), cost (44%), and difficulty identifying international partners (43%) were the most commonly cited barriers to participation. CONCLUSIONS Any coordinated effort to expand global neurosurgical capacity begins with appreciation for the current state of outreach efforts. Increasing participation in global outreach will require addressing both real and perceived barriers to involvement. Creation and curation of a centralized online database of ongoing projects to facilitate coordination and involvement may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon G. Rocque
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ash Singhal
- Department of Neurosurgery, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom Ridder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jogi V. Pattisapu
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - James M. Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Laeke T, Tirsit A, Biluts H, Murali D, Wester K. Pediatric Hydrocephalus in Ethiopia: Treatment Failures and Infections: A Hospital-Based, Retrospective Study. World Neurosurg 2017; 100:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Giannetti AV, Pimenta FG, Clemente WT. Does the Simultaneous Use of a Neuroendoscope Influence the Incidence of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection? World Neurosurg 2017; 98:171-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Management of Hydrocephalus with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts: Review of 109 Cases of Children. World Neurosurg 2016; 96:129-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Muir RT, Wang S, Warf BC. Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 41:E11. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.focus16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Pediatric hydrocephalus is one of the most common neurosurgical conditions and is a major contributor to the global burden of surgically treatable diseases. Significant health disparities exist for the treatment of hydrocephalus in developing nations due to a combination of medical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This review aims to provide the international neurosurgery community with an overview of the current challenges and future directions of neurosurgical care for children with hydrocephalus in low-income countries.
METHODS
The authors conducted a literature review around the topic of pediatric hydrocephalus in the context of global surgery, the unique challenges to creating access to care in low-income countries, and current international efforts to address the problem.
RESULTS
Developing countries face the greatest burden of pediatric hydrocephalus due to high birth rates and greater risk of neonatal infections. This burden is related to more general global health challenges, including malnutrition, infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal risk factors, and education gaps. Unique challenges pertaining to the treatment of hydrocephalus in the developing world include a preponderance of postinfectious hydrocephalus, limited resources, and restricted access to neurosurgical care. In the 21st century, several organizations have established programs that provide hydrocephalus treatment and neurosurgical training in Africa, Central and South America, Haiti, and Southeast Asia. These international efforts have employed various models to achieve the goals of providing safe, sustainable, and cost-effective treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Broader commitment from the pediatric neurosurgery community, increased funding, public education, surgeon training, and ongoing surgical innovation will be needed to meaningfully address the global burden of untreated hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelly Wang
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Benjamin C. Warf
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- 5CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda, Mbale, Uganda
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Awori J, Strahle J, Okechi H, Davis MC. Implications of patient-borne costs associated with pediatric neurosurgical care in eastern Africa. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016; 18:116-24. [PMID: 26966883 DOI: 10.3171/2015.11.peds15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric neurosurgery can be highly cost-effective even in the developing world, but delivery of these services is hampered by resource limitations at the levels of both health care infrastructure and individual patients. Few studies have evaluated costs borne by neurosurgical patients in the developing world and their potential implications for efficient and effective delivery of care in this population. METHODS The families of 40 pediatric neurosurgery patients were surveyed in February 2015 at the AIC Kijabe Hospital in Kijabe, Kenya. Costs associated with obtaining inpatient care were assessed. RESULTS Patient families were charged an average of US $539.44 for neurosurgical services, representing 132% of their annual income. Indirect expenses (transport, food and lodging, lost wages) constituted US $79.37, representing 14.7% of the overall cost and 19.5% of their annual income. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of pediatric neurosurgical services throughout the developing world necessitates increased attention to seemingly insignificant expenses that are absorbed by patients and their families. Even when all direct costs are covered at the institutional or national level, without additional assistance, some patients may be too poor to obtain even "free" neurosurgical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Awori
- Department of Neurosurgery and.,School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Humphrey Okechi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, AIC Kijabe Hospital, Kijabe, Kenya; and
| | - Matthew C Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
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Biluts H, Admasu AK. Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Pediatric Patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia. World Neurosurg 2016; 92:360-365. [PMID: 27157284 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine short-term outcome of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in pediatric patients. METHODS This was a hospital-based retrospective study of outcome of ETV performed with or without choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) in pediatric patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between January 2012 and December 2014. Medical records were used to complete a structured questionnaire. Outcomes were graded as success or failure. The difference in proportions was examined using χ(2) test. RESULTS Of 122 children, 26 underwent a combined ETV and CPC procedure, and 96 underwent ETV alone. The mean and median ages were 1.89 months and 2.0 months, respectively. Most patients were <6 months old (45.1%); 35.2% were >1 year old. The cause of hydrocephalus was myelomeningocele in 42 (34.4%) patients and aqueductal stenosis in 41 (33.6%) patients. The mean and median follow-up periods were 7.2 months and 3.0 months, respectively. The success rate for combined ETV and CPC (66%) was superior to the success rate for ETV alone (47%) among infants <1 year old (P < 0.0001). The overall surgical mortality rate was 2.4%, and the infection rate was 7%. CONCLUSIONS In resource-limited countries, ETV can be performed with acceptable results and less mortality and morbidity. Myelomeningocele and aqueductal stenosis were the most common causes of hydrocephalus. In patients <1 year old, the outcome success in patients undergoing combined ETV and CPC (53%) was significantly better compared with patients undergoing ETV alone (25%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Biluts
- Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Azarias Kassahun Admasu
- Neurosurgery Unit, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Quantifying the Disability from Congenital Anomalies Averted Through Pediatric Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of a Pediatric Surgical Unit in Kenya and Canada. World J Surg 2015; 39:2198-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-3103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chhun V, Sacko O, Boetto S, Roux FE. Third Ventriculocisternostomy for Shunt Failure. World Neurosurg 2015; 83:970-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Salvador S, Henriques JC, Munguambe M, Vaz RMC, Barros HP. Challenges in the Management of Hydrocephalic Children in Northern Mozambique. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:671-6. [PMID: 25882795 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa, including Mozambique, is still a significant health care problem. METHODS Retrospective data from a previous study were used to determine patient provenance, referral patterns, and lost to follow-up rates. RESULTS Many children with hydrocephalus in this region are not taken to health care facilities for treatment. Reasons include poverty, difficult access, lack of transportation, and erroneous cultural interpretations. Resource limitations in terms of poorly equipped health care facilities and a lack of trained health professionals also contribute. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to improve prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are of utmost importance in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Salvador
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Oporto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Neurosciences Unit of CUF Porto Hospital, Oporto, Portugal.
| | - João Carlos Henriques
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique; Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Nampula, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Missael Munguambe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Rui M C Vaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Oporto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Neurosciences Unit of CUF Porto Hospital, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Barros
- Institute of Public Health of University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health of Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
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Khan F, Rehman A, Shamim MS, Bari ME. Factors affecting ventriculoperitoneal shunt survival in adult patients. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:25. [PMID: 25722930 PMCID: PMC4338490 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.151388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion remains the mainstay of treatment for hydrocephalus despite a high rate of complications. The predictors of shunt malfunction have been studied mostly in pediatric patients. In this study, we report our 11-year experience with VP shunts in adult patients with hydrocephalus. We also assess the various factors affecting shunt survival in a developing country setting. Methods: A retrospective chart analysis was conducted for all adult patients who had undergone shunt placement between the years 2001 and 2011. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to determine the duration from shunt placement to first malfunction and log-rank (Cox–Mantel) tests were used to determine the factors affecting shunt survival. Results: A total of 227 patients aged 18–85 years (mean: 45.8 years) were included in the study. The top four etiologies of hydrocephalus included post-cranial surgery (23.3%), brain tumor or cyst (22.9%), normal pressure hydrocephalus (15%), and intracranial hemorrhage (13.7%). The overall incidence of shunt malfunction was 15.4% with the median time to first shunt failure being 120 days. Etiology of hydrocephalus (P = 0.030) had a significant association with the development of shunt malfunction. Early shunt failure was associated with age (P < 0.001), duration of hospital stay (P < 0.001), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score less than 13 (P = 0.010), excision of brain tumors (P = 0.008), and placement of extra-ventricular drains (P = 0.033). Conclusions: Patients with increased age, prolonged hospital stay, GCS score of less than 13, extra-ventricular drains in situ, or excision of brain tumors were more likely to experience early shunt malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khan
- Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S Shamim
- Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad E Bari
- Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Ochieng' N, Okechi H, Ferson S, Albright AL. Bacteria causing ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in a Kenyan population. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 15:150-5. [PMID: 25431903 DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.peds14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hydrocephalus. Most data about these infections come from the Western literature. Few data about infecting organisms in Africa are available, yet knowledge of these organisms is important for the prevention and treatment of infectious complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the organisms cultured from infected shunts in a rural Kenyan hospital. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective study of patients with VPS infections recorded in the neurosurgical database of BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital between September 2010 and July 2012. RESULTS Among 53 VPS infections confirmed by culture, 68% occurred in patients who were younger than 6 months. Seventy-nine percent of the infections occurred within 2 months after shunt insertion. Only 51% of infections were caused by Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus aureus 25%, other Staphylococcus species 26%), whereas 40% were caused by gram-negative bacteria. All S. aureus infections and 79% of other Staphylococcus infections were sensitive to cefazolin, but only 1 of 21 gram-negative bacteria was sensitive to it. The majority of gram-negative bacterial infections were multidrug resistant, but 17 of the 20 gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to meropenem. Gram-negative bacterial infections were associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of gram-negative infections differs from data in the Western literature, in which Staphylococcus epidermidis is by far the most common organism. Once a patient is diagnosed with a VPS infection in Kenya, immediate treatment is recommended to cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. Data from other Sub-Saharan countries are needed to determine if those countries have the same increased frequency of gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ochieng'
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Nairobi; and
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Salvador SF, Henriques JC, Munguambe M, Vaz RMC, Barros HP. Hydrocephalus in children less than 1 year of age in northern Mozambique. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 5:175. [PMID: 25593759 PMCID: PMC4287916 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.146489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In developed countries, the incidence of neonatal hydrocephalus ranges from 3 to 5 cases per 1000 live births, but little is known about the frequency of hydrocephalus in Africa. In Mozambique, there is no primary information related to this disorder, but using the above data, the expected incidence of neonatal hydrocephalus would range from 2900 to 4800 cases per year. Methods: This study is based on 122 children younger than 1 year with neonatal hydrocephalus, followed up between January 2010 and December 2012, their origin and treatment, and aims to evaluate difficulties with diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in northern Mozambique. Results: Identified cases were mainly less than 6 months old (77%), with severe macrocephaly and the classic stigmata of this condition. A high rate of follow-up loss (44.3%) was detected, particularly among children from more distant locations. Our findings contrast with the expected 1000-1700 cases that would occur in the area during the study period, being considerably lower. Conclusions: Hydrocephalus is a serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa, whose effects can be minimized by a better organization of the health system in hydrocephalus prevention, referral, and follow-up. New management alternatives to provide treatment to more children with this disorder and reduction of the follow-up difficulties caused due to geographical reasons for the children undergoing treatment are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio F Salvador
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique ; Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Oporto, Portugal ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal ; Neurosciences Unit of CUF Porto Hospital, Oporto, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Henriques
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique ; Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Nampula, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Missael Munguambe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Rui M C Vaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Oporto, Portugal ; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal ; Neurosciences Unit of CUF Porto Hospital, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Henrique P Barros
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal ; Institute of Public Health University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
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Allopi K, Padayachee L. An audit of the perioperative anaesthetic management of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion in the paediatric population at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2014.979635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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