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Kesari S, Wang F, Juarez T, Ashili S, Patro CPK, Carrillo J, Nguyen M, Truong J, Levy J, Sommer J, Freed DM, Xiu J, Takasumi Y, Bouffet E, Gill JM. Activity of pemetrexed in pre-clinical chordoma models and humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7317. [PMID: 37147496 PMCID: PMC10163028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare slow growing tumors, arising from embryonic remnants of notochord with a close predilection for the axial skeleton. Recurrence is common and no effective standard medical therapy exists. Thymidylate synthase (TS), an intracellular enzyme, is a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA biosynthesis and repair which is primarily active in proliferating and metabolically active cells. Eighty-four percent of chordoma samples had loss of TS expression which may predict response to anti-folates. Pemetrexed suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting enzymes involved in folate metabolism, resulting in decreased availability of thymidine which is necessary for DNA synthesis. Pemetrexed inhibited growth in a preclinical mouse xenograft model of human chordoma. We report three cases of metastatic chordoma that had been heavily treated previously with a variety of standard therapies with poor response. In two cases, pemetrexed was added and objective responses were observed on imaging with one patient on continuous treatment for > 2 years with continued shrinkage. One case demonstrated tumor growth after treatment with pemetrexed. The two cases which had a favorable response had a loss of TS expression, whereas the one case with progressive disease had TS present. These results demonstrate the activity of pemetrexed in recurrent chordoma and warrant a prospective clinical trial which is ongoing (NCT03955042).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tiffany Juarez
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - C Pawan K Patro
- CureScience, San Diego, CA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose Carrillo
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Minhdan Nguyen
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Judy Truong
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Joan Levy
- Chordoma Foundation, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yuki Takasumi
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaya M Gill
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Zhao C, Tan T, Zhang E, Wang T, Gong H, Jia Q, Liu T, Yang X, Zhao J, Wu Z, Wei H, Xiao J, Yang C. A chronicle review of new techniques that facilitate the understanding and development of optimal individualized therapeutic strategies for chordoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029670. [PMID: 36465398 PMCID: PMC9708744 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant bone tumor that mainly occurs in the sacrum and the clivus/skull base. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for chordoma, but the local recurrence rate is high with unsatisfactory prognosis. Compared with other common tumors, there is not much research and individualized treatment for chordoma, partly due to the rarity of the disease and the lack of appropriate disease models, which delay the discovery of therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in modern techniques have enabled gaining a better understanding of a number of rare diseases, including chordoma. Since the beginning of the 21st century, various chordoma cell lines and animal models have been reported, which have partially revealed the intrinsic mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression with the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. In this study, we performed a systematic overview of the chordoma models and related sequencing studies in a chronological manner, from the first patient-derived chordoma cell line (U-CH1) to diverse preclinical models such as the patient-derived organoid-based xenograft (PDX) and patient-derived organoid (PDO) models. The use of modern sequencing techniques has discovered mutations and expression signatures that are considered potential treatment targets, such as the expression of Brachyury and overactivated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Moreover, computational and bioinformatics techniques have made drug repositioning/repurposing and individualized high-throughput drug screening available. These advantages facilitate the research and development of comprehensive and personalized treatment strategies for indicated patients and will dramatically improve their prognoses in the near feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, 905 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army Navy, Shanghai, China
| | - E. Zhang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyi Gong
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tielong Liu
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
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3
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Advances in the development of chordoma models for drug discovery and precision medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hang J, Ouyang H, Wei F, Zhong Q, Yuan W, Jiang L, Liu Z. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics of chordoma biopsies reveal alterations in multiple pathways and aberrant kinases activities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:941046. [PMID: 36248973 PMCID: PMC9563620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.941046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chordoma is a slow-growing but malignant subtype of bone sarcoma with relatively high recurrence rates and high resistance to chemotherapy. It is urgent to understand the underlying regulatory networks to determine more effective potential targets. Phosphorylative regulation is currently regarded as playing a significant role in tumorigenesis, and the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical practice has yielded new promise for the treatment of a variety of sarcoma types. Materials and methods We performed comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of chordoma using four-dimensional label-free liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatics analysis. The potential aberrantly expressed kinases and their functions were validated using western blotting and CCK-8 assays. Results Compared with paired normal muscle tissues, 1,139 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 776 differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs) were identified in chordoma tumor tissues. The developmentally significant Wnt-signaling pathway and oxidative phosphorylation were aberrant in chordoma. Moreover, we predicted three kinases (AURA, CDK9, and MOK) with elevated activity by kinase-pathway network analysis (KiPNA) and verified their increased expression levels. The knockdown of these kinases markedly suppressed chordoma cell growth, and this was also the case for cells treated with the CDK9 inhibitor AZD4573. We additionally examined 208 proteins whose expression and phosphorylation levels were synergetically altered. Conclusions We herein depicted the collective protein profiles of chordomas, providing insight into chordomagenesis and the potential development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiang Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihang Zhong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqiong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongjun Liu, ; Liang Jiang, ; Wanqiong Yuan,
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongjun Liu, ; Liang Jiang, ; Wanqiong Yuan,
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongjun Liu, ; Liang Jiang, ; Wanqiong Yuan,
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Passeri T, Dahmani A, Masliah-Planchon J, Naguez A, Michou M, El Botty R, Vacher S, Bouarich R, Nicolas A, Polivka M, Franck C, Schnitzler A, Némati F, Roman-Roman S, Bourdeaut F, Adle-Biassette H, Mammar H, Froelich S, Bièche I, Decaudin D. Dramatic In Vivo Efficacy of the EZH2-Inhibitor Tazemetostat in PBRM1-Mutated Human Chordoma Xenograft. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061486. [PMID: 35326637 PMCID: PMC8946089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chordomas are rare bone tumors characterized by a high recurrence rate. Presently, no medical treatment is available for advanced diseases due to the lack of molecular data and preclinical models. The current study showed the establishment and characterization of the largest panel chordoma xenografts, allowing pharmacological studies. In one PBRM1-mutated model, we demonstrated a strong therapeutic efficacy of the EZH2-inhibitor tazemetostat, encouraging further research on EZH2-inhibitors in chordomas. Abstract Chordomas are rare neoplasms characterized by a high recurrence rate and a poor long-term prognosis. Considering their chemo-/radio-resistance, alternative treatment strategies are strongly required, but their development is limited by the paucity of relevant preclinical models. Mutations affecting genes of the SWI/SNF complexes are frequently found in chordomas, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect of epigenetic regulators in this pathology. Twelve PDX models were established and characterized on histological and biomolecular features. Patients whose tumors were able to grow into mice had a statistically significant lower progression-free survival than those whose tumors did not grow after in vivo transplantation (p = 0.007). All PDXs maintained the same histopathological features as patients’ tumors. Homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/2B (58.3%) and PBRM1 (25%) variants were the most common genomic alterations found. In the tazemetostat treated PDX model harboring a PBRM1 variant, an overall survival of 100% was observed. Our panel of chordoma PDXs represents a useful preclinical tool for both pharmacologic and biological assessments. The first demonstration of a high antitumor activity of tazemetostat in a PDX model harboring a PBRM1 variant supports further evaluation for EZH2-inhibitors in this subgroup of chordomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Passeri
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Ahmed Dahmani
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Adnan Naguez
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Marine Michou
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Rania El Botty
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Rachida Bouarich
- Integrated Cancer Research Site, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (R.B.); (F.B.)
| | - André Nicolas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Marc Polivka
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, UMR 1141 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France; (M.P.); (H.A.-B.)
| | - Coralie Franck
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Anne Schnitzler
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Fariba Némati
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- Integrated Cancer Research Site, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (R.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Homa Adle-Biassette
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, UMR 1141 Inserm, 75010 Paris, France; (M.P.); (H.A.-B.)
| | - Hamid Mammar
- Proton Therapy Center, Institut Curie, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | - Sébastien Froelich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.-P.); (S.V.); (C.F.); (A.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Didier Decaudin
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, University of Paris Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (T.P.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (M.M.); (R.E.B.); (F.N.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-56-24-62-40
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Al Shihabi A, Davarifar A, Nguyen HTL, Tavanaie N, Nelson SD, Yanagawa J, Federman N, Bernthal N, Hornicek F, Soragni A. Personalized chordoma organoids for drug discovery studies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3674. [PMID: 35171675 PMCID: PMC8849332 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chordomas are rare tumors of notochordal origin, most commonly arising in the sacrum or skull base. Chordomas are considered insensitive to conventional chemotherapy, and their rarity complicates running timely and adequately powered trials to identify effective treatments. Therefore, there is a need for discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived organoids can accelerate drug discovery and development studies and predict patient responses to therapy. In this proof-of-concept study, we successfully established organoids from seven chordoma tumor samples obtained from five patients presenting with tumors in different sites and stages of disease. The organoids recapitulated features of the original parent tumors and inter- as well as intrapatient heterogeneity. High-throughput screenings performed on the organoids highlighted targeted agents such as PI3K/mTOR, EGFR, and JAK2/STAT3 inhibitors among the most effective molecules. Pathway analysis underscored how the NF-κB and IGF-1R pathways are sensitive to perturbations and potential targets to pursue for combination therapy of chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Shihabi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ardalan Davarifar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huyen Thi Lam Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasrin Tavanaie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott D. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Yanagawa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noah Federman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Soragni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Anderson E, Havener TM, Zorn KM, Foil DH, Lane TR, Capuzzi SJ, Morris D, Hickey AJ, Drewry DH, Ekins S. Synergistic drug combinations and machine learning for drug repurposing in chordoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12982. [PMID: 32737414 PMCID: PMC7395084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a devastating rare cancer that affects one in a million people. With a mean-survival of just 6 years and no approved medicines, the primary treatments are surgery and radiation. In order to speed new medicines to chordoma patients, a drug repurposing strategy represents an attractive approach. Drugs that have already advanced through human clinical safety trials have the potential to be approved more quickly than de novo discovered medicines on new targets. We have taken two strategies to enable this: (1) generated and validated machine learning models of chordoma inhibition and screened compounds of interest in vitro. (2) Tested combinations of approved kinase inhibitors already being individually evaluated for chordoma. Several published studies of compounds screened against chordoma cell lines were used to generate Bayesian Machine learning models which were then used to score compounds selected from the NIH NCATS industry-provided assets. Out of these compounds, the mTOR inhibitor AZD2014, was the most potent against chordoma cell lines (IC50 0.35 µM U-CH1 and 0.61 µM U-CH2). Several studies have shown the importance of the mTOR signaling pathway in chordoma and suggest it as a promising avenue for targeted therapy. Additionally, two currently FDA approved drugs, afatinib and palbociclib (EGFR and CDK4/6 inhibitors, respectively) demonstrated synergy in vitro (CI50 = 0.43) while AZD2014 and afatanib also showed synergy (CI50 = 0.41) against a chordoma cell in vitro. These findings may be of interest clinically, and this in vitro- and in silico approach could also be applied to other rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Anderson
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tammy M Havener
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daniel H Foil
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stephen J Capuzzi
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dave Morris
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J Hickey
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- UNC Catalyst for Rare Diseases, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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8
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Salle H, Pocard M, Lehmann-Che J, Bourthoumieu S, Labrousse F, Pimpie C, Lemnos L, Guichard JP, Froelich S, Adle-Biassette H. Development of a Novel Orthotopic Primary Human Chordoma Xenograft Model: A Relevant Support for Future Research on Chordoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:314-324. [PMID: 31841164 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are slow-growing rare malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was to establish a primary model of chordoma in the lumbosacral orthotopic area, to compare the growth rate to the subcutaneous site, and to show that this new graft site optimizes tumor growth and bony invasion. Eleven chordoma samples were transplanted subcutaneously in the flank and/or in contact with the lumbosacral region and grown into nude mice. Engraftment rate was significantly more successful in the lumbosacral environment compared with the flank at P0. Two xenografts from 2 patients showed bone invasion. One tumor was maintained through multiple rounds of serial transplantation, creating a model for study. Histological and immunostaining analysis confirmed that tumor grafts recapitulated the primary tumor from which they were derived, consisting of a myxoid chordoma expressing brachyury, cytokeratin AE1, EMA, and VEGF. Clear destruction of the bone by the tumor cells could be demonstrated. Molecular studies revealed PIK3CA and PTEN mutations involved in PI3K signaling pathway and most of the frequently reported chromosomal alterations. We present a novel orthotopic primary xenograft model of chordoma implanted for the first time in the lumbosacral area showing bone invasion, PIK3CA, and PTEN mutations that will facilitate preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Salle
- From the Université Paris-Diderot, Unité INSERM U965-Paris 7, Paris, France.,Service Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Lariboisière - AP-HP, Paris, France.,Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Service Neurochirurgie, Limoges, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- From the Université Paris-Diderot, Unité INSERM U965-Paris 7, Paris, France.,Service Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Lariboisière - AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Lehmann-Che
- Université de Paris, HIPI INSERM U976, Paris, France.,Molecular Oncology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Bourthoumieu
- Université de Limoges, EA6309 Maintenance myélinique et neuropathie périphérique, Limoges, France
| | | | - Cynthia Pimpie
- From the Université Paris-Diderot, Unité INSERM U965-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Leslie Lemnos
- Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Service Neurochirurgie, Limoges, France
| | | | - Sebastien Froelich
- From the Université Paris-Diderot, Unité INSERM U965-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Homa Adle-Biassette
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisère - AP-HP, Paris, France.,Plateforme de Bio-Pathologie et de Technologies Innovantes en Santé, Centre de Ressources Biologiques BB-0033-00064, Hôpital Lariboisière-APHP, Paris, France.,Université Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
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9
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Michmerhuizen NL, Owen JH, Heft Neal ME, Mann JE, Leonard E, Wang J, Zhai J, Jiang H, McHugh JB, Brenner JC, Prince MEP. Rationale for the advancement of PI3K pathway inhibitors for personalized chordoma therapy. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:25-35. [PMID: 32067197 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chordomas are rare and serious tumors with few effective treatments outside of aggressive surgery and radiation. Targeted therapies may present a more effective option for a subset of patients with lesions possessing certain genetic biomarkers. METHODS A small molecule inhibitor library was tested in patient-derived UM-Chor1 cells to identify targeted therapies with potential efficacy. Targeted exome sequencing of UM-Chor1 and UM-Chor2 cells was performed to investigate genetic aberrations in relevant pathways. Chordoma cell lines were treated with inhibitors of the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) pathways, and responses were determined using resazurin cell viability assays, Annexin V apoptosis assays, and western blotting. Pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 was also tested in five chordoma xenograft models. RESULTS Unbiased small molecule profiling nominated PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibitors as a promising therapy in chordoma, and genetic analyses of UM-Chor1 and UM-Chor2 cell lines revealed aberrations in PTEN, EGFR, and CDKN2A. Treatment of UM-Chor1 and UM-Chor2 with targeted PI3K, EGFR, and CDK inhibitors inhibited growth and proliferation and induced apoptosis more robustly than imatinib, a currently used chordoma therapy. Furthermore, BKM120 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a subset of the xenograft models tested. CONCLUSION Targeted therapies, especially those inhibiting PI3K, display promising effects in multiple chordoma cell line and xenograft models. Nevertheless, the limited effects of PI3K, EGFR, and CDK targeting agents in other models reveal the presence of resistance mechanisms, which motivates future research to both identify biomarkers of response and develop combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Michmerhuizen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J H Owen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
| | - M E Heft Neal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
| | - J E Mann
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Leonard
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Zhai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J B McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J C Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - M E P Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 E. Medical Center Dr., 9301B MSRB3, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0602, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Characterization of a Clival Chordoma Xenograft Model Reveals Tumor Genomic Instability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2902-2911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Magnaghi P, Salom B, Cozzi L, Amboldi N, Ballinari D, Tamborini E, Gasparri F, Montagnoli A, Raddrizzani L, Somaschini A, Bosotti R, Orrenius C, Bozzi F, Pilotti S, Galvani A, Sommer J, Stacchiotti S, Isacchi A. Afatinib Is a New Therapeutic Approach in Chordoma with a Unique Ability to Target EGFR and Brachyury. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:603-613. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Tarpey PS, Behjati S, Young MD, Martincorena I, Alexandrov LB, Farndon SJ, Guzzo C, Hardy C, Latimer C, Butler AP, Teague JW, Shlien A, Futreal PA, Shah S, Bashashati A, Jamshidi F, Nielsen TO, Huntsman D, Baumhoer D, Brandner S, Wunder J, Dickson B, Cogswell P, Sommer J, Phillips JJ, Amary MF, Tirabosco R, Pillay N, Yip S, Stratton MR, Flanagan AM, Campbell PJ. The driver landscape of sporadic chordoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:890. [PMID: 29026114 PMCID: PMC5638846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a malignant, often incurable bone tumour showing notochordal differentiation. Here, we defined the somatic driver landscape of 104 cases of sporadic chordoma. We reveal somatic duplications of the notochordal transcription factor brachyury (T) in up to 27% of cases. These variants recapitulate the rearrangement architecture of the pathogenic germline duplications of T that underlie familial chordoma. In addition, we find potentially clinically actionable PI3K signalling mutations in 16% of cases. Intriguingly, one of the most frequently altered genes, mutated exclusively by inactivating mutation, was LYST (10%), which may represent a novel cancer gene in chordoma.Chordoma is a rare often incurable malignant bone tumour. Here, the authors investigate driver mutations of sporadic chordoma in 104 cases, revealing duplications in notochordal transcription factor brachyury (T), PI3K signalling mutations, and mutations in LYST, a potential novel cancer gene in chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Tarpey
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, CB2 1RH, UK
| | - Matthew D Young
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Sarah J Farndon
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Charlotte Guzzo
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claire Hardy
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Calli Latimer
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam P Butler
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W Teague
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sohrab Shah
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Ali Bashashati
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Farzad Jamshidi
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | | | - David Huntsman
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jay Wunder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Brendan Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | | | - Josh Sommer
- Chordoma Foundation, PO Box 2127, Durham, NC, 27702, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen Yip
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Michael R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK.
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13
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Sarabia-Estrada R, Ruiz-Valls A, Shah SR, Ahmed AK, Ordonez AA, Rodriguez FJ, Guerrero-Cazares H, Jimenez-Estrada I, Velarde E, Tyler B, Li Y, Phillips NA, Goodwin CR, Petteys RJ, Jain SK, Gallia GL, Gokaslan ZL, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Sciubba DM. Effects of primary and recurrent sacral chordoma on the motor and nociceptive function of hindlimbs in rats: an orthotopic spine model. J Neurosurg Spine 2017; 27:215-226. [PMID: 28598292 DOI: 10.3171/2016.12.spine16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chordoma is a slow-growing, locally aggressive cancer that is minimally responsive to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and has high local recurrence rates after resection. Currently, there are no rodent models of spinal chordoma. In the present study, the authors sought to develop and characterize an orthotopic model of human chordoma in an immunocompromised rat. METHODS Thirty-four immunocompromised rats were randomly allocated to 4 study groups; 22 of the 34 rats were engrafted in the lumbar spine with human chordoma. The groups were as follows: UCH1 tumor-engrafted (n = 11), JHC7 tumor-engrafted (n = 11), sham surgery (n = 6), and intact control (n = 6) rats. Neurological impairment of rats due to tumor growth was evaluated using open field and locomotion gait analysis; pain response was evaluated using mechanical or thermal paw stimulation. Cone beam CT (CBCT), MRI, and nanoScan PET/CT were performed to evaluate bony changes due to tumor growth. On Day 550, rats were killed and spines were processed for H & E-based histological examination and immunohistochemistry for brachyury, S100β, and cytokeratin. RESULTS The spine tumors displayed typical chordoma morphology, that is, physaliferous cells filled with vacuolated cytoplasm of mucoid matrix. Brachyury immunoreactivity was confirmed by immunostaining, in which samples from tumor-engrafted rats showed a strong nuclear signal. Sclerotic lesions in the vertebral body of rats in the UCH1 and JHC7 groups were observed on CBCT. Tumor growth was confirmed using contrast-enhanced MRI. In UCH1 rats, large tumors were observed growing from the vertebral body. JHC7 chordoma-engrafted rats showed smaller tumors confined to the bone periphery compared with UCH1 chordoma-engrafted rats. Locomotion analysis showed a disruption in the normal gait pattern, with an increase in the step length and duration of the gait in tumor-engrafted rats. The distance traveled and the speed of rats in the open field test was significantly reduced in the UCH1 and JHC7 tumor-engrafted rats compared with controls. Nociceptive response to a mechanical stimulus showed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the paw withdrawal threshold (mechanical hypalgesia). In contrast, the paw withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in tumor-engrafted rats. CONCLUSIONS The authors developed an orthotopic human chordoma model in rats. Rats were followed for 550 days using imaging techniques, including MRI, CBCT, and nanoScan PET/CT, to evaluate lesion progression and bony integrity. Nociceptive evaluations and locomotion analysis were performed during follow-up. This model reproduces cardinal signs, such as locomotor and sensory deficits, similar to those observed clinically in human patients. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first spine rodent model of human chordoma. Its use and further study will be essential for pathophysiology research and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
| | | | | | - Ismael Jimenez-Estrada
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Research Center for Advanced Studies IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan General Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | | | | | | | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research
| | | | - Ziya L Gokaslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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14
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Owen JH, Komarck CM, Wang AC, Abuzeid WM, Keep RF, McKean EL, Sullivan S, Fan X, Prince MEP. UM-Chor1: establishment and characterization of the first validated clival chordoma cell line. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:701-709. [PMID: 28430034 DOI: 10.3171/2016.10.jns16877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chordomas are rare malignant tumors thought to arise from remnants of the notochord. They can be located anywhere along the axial skeleton but are most commonly found in the clival and sacrococcygeal regions, where the notochord regresses during fetal development. Chordomas are resistant to many current therapies, leaving surgery as the primary method of treatment. Cancer cell lines have been useful for developing new cancer treatments in a laboratory setting that can then be transferred to the clinic, but there are only 4 validated chordoma cell lines available. The objective of this work was to establish chordoma cell lines from surgical tissue in order to expand the library of lines available for laboratory research. METHODS Chordoma tissue from the clivus was processed and sorted by flow cytometry to obtain an isolated population of chordoma cells. These cells were grown in culture and expanded until enough doublings to consider the line established. Identification of a chordoma cell line was made with known markers for chordoma, and the line was observed for ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) subpopulations and tested in serum-free growth conditions as well as in vivo. RESULTS A fifth chordoma cell line, UM-Chor1, was successfully established. This is the first chordoma cell line originating from the clivus. Validation was confirmed by phenotype and positivity for the chordoma markers CD24 and brachyury. The authors also attempted to identify an ALDHhigh cell population in UM-Chor1, UCH1, and UCH2 but did not detect a distinct population. UM-Chor1 cells were able to form spheroids in serum-free culture, were successfully transduced with luciferase, and could be injected parasacrally and grown in NOD/SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS The availability of this novel clival chordoma cell line for in vitro and in vivo research provides an opportunity for developments in treatment against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xing Fan
- 2Neurosurgery, and.,3Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Scheipl S, Barnard M, Cottone L, Jorgensen M, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Turlais F, Ye H, Leite AP, Smith JA, Leithner A, Möller P, Brüderlein S, Guppy N, Amary F, Tirabosco R, Strauss SJ, Pillay N, Flanagan AM. EGFR inhibitors identified as a potential treatment for chordoma in a focused compound screen. J Pathol 2016; 239:320-34. [PMID: 27102572 PMCID: PMC4922416 DOI: 10.1002/path.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant bone tumour with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. We undertook a focused compound screen (FCS) against 1097 compounds on three well-characterized chordoma cell lines; 154 compounds were selected from the single concentration screen (1 µm), based on their growth-inhibitory effect. Their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values were determined in chordoma cells and normal fibroblasts. Twenty-seven of these compounds displayed chordoma selective cell kill and 21/27 (78%) were found to be EGFR/ERBB family inhibitors. EGFR inhibitors in clinical development were then studied on an extended cell line panel of seven chordoma cell lines, four of which were sensitive to EGFR inhibition. Sapitinib (AstraZeneca) emerged as the lead compound, followed by gefitinib (AstraZeneca) and erlotinib (Roche/Genentech). The compounds were shown to induce apoptosis in the sensitive cell lines and suppressed phospho-EGFR and its downstream pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of substituent patterns suggested that EGFR-inhibitors with small aniline substituents in the 4-position of the quinazoline ring were more effective than inhibitors with large substituents in that position. Sapitinib showed significantly reduced tumour growth in two xenograft mouse models (U-CH1 xenograft and a patient-derived xenograft, SF8894). One of the resistant cell lines (U-CH2) was shown to express high levels of phospho-MET, a known bypass signalling pathway to EGFR. Neither amplifications (EGFR, ERBB2, MET) nor mutations in EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB4, PIK3CA, BRAF, NRAS, KRAS, PTEN, MET or other cancer gene hotspots were detected in the cell lines. Our findings are consistent with the reported (p-)EGFR expression in the majority of clinical samples, and provide evidence for exploring the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of patients with chordoma and studying possible resistance mechanisms to these compounds in vitro and in vivo. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Scheipl
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Michelle Barnard
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK-MedImmune Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucia Cottone
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - David H Drewry
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- SGC-UNC, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William J Zuercher
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- SGC-UNC, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fabrice Turlais
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hongtao Ye
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Ana P Leite
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - James A Smith
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Naomi Guppy
- University College London Advanced Diagnostics, London, UK
| | - Fernanda Amary
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | | | - Nischalan Pillay
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- University College London Advanced Diagnostics, London, UK
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16
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Sun X, Hornicek F, Schwab JH. Chordoma: an update on the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2016; 8:344-52. [PMID: 26493697 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-015-9311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare low-grade primary malignant skeletal tumor, which is presumed to derive from notochord remnants. The pathogenesis of chordoma has not been fully elucidated. However, recent advances in the molecular biology studies have identified brachyury underlying the initiation and progression of chordoma cells. More efforts have been made on accumulating evidence of the notochordal origin of chordoma, discovering signaling pathways and identifying crucial targets in chordomagenesis. In this review, we summarize the most recent research findings and focus on the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Francis Hornicek
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joseph H Schwab
- Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey 355 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clival chordomas are rare malignant tumors associated with a poor prognosis. In this article, we review the current literature to identify a variety of strategies that provide guidelines toward the optimal management for this aggressive tumor. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular disease, particularly, the development of characterized chordoma cell lines, has become one of the new cornerstones for the histological diagnosis of chordomas and for the development of effective chemotherapeutic agents against this tumor. Brachyury, a transcription factor in notochord development, seems to provide an excellent diagnostic marker for chordoma and may also prove to be a valuable target for chordoma therapy. Aggressive cytoreductive surgery aiming for gross total resection with maintenance of key neurovascular structures, followed by proton beam or hadron radiation, provides the best local recurrence and overall survival rates. SUMMARY Clival chordomas are locally aggressive tumors that are challenging to treat because of their unique biology, proximity to key neurovascular structures and poor prognosis. Currently, chordomas are optimally managed with aggressive surgery, whilst preserving key structures, and postoperative radiation in a multidisciplinary setting with an experienced team. The advancement of molecular techniques offers exciting future diagnostic and therapeutic options in the management of chordomas.
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18
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Hassan B, Akcakanat A, Sangai T, Evans KW, Adkins F, Eterovic AK, Zhao H, Chen K, Chen H, Do KA, Xie SM, Holder AM, Naing A, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F. Catalytic mTOR inhibitors can overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to allosteric mTOR inhibitors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8544-57. [PMID: 25261369 PMCID: PMC4226703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the antitumor efficacy of mTOR catalytic site inhibitor MLN0128 in models with intrinsic or acquired rapamycin-resistance. Cell lines that were intrinsically rapamycin-resistant as well as those that were intrinsically rapamycinsensitive were sensitive to MLN0128 in vitro. MLN0128 inhibited both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling, with more robust inhibition of downstream 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and cap-dependent translation compared to rapamycin in vitro. Rapamycin-sensitive BT474 cell line acquired rapamycin resistance (BT474 RR) with prolonged rapamycin treatment in vitro. This cell line acquired an mTOR mutation (S2035F) in the FKBP12-rapamycin binding domain; mTORC1 signaling was not inhibited by rapalogs but was inhibited by MLN0128. In BT474 RR cells, MLN0128 had significantly higher growth inhibition compared to rapamycin in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that MLN0128 may be effective in tumors with intrinsic as well as acquired rapalog resistance. mTOR mutations are a mechanism of acquired resistance in vitro; the clinical relevance of this observation needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Hassan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Argun Akcakanat
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Takafumi Sangai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kurt W Evans
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Farrell Adkins
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Agda Karina Eterovic
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shelly M Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ashley M Holder
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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19
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Di Maio S, Yip S, Al Zhrani GA, Alotaibi FE, Al Turki A, Kong E, Rostomily RC. Novel targeted therapies in chordoma: an update. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:873-83. [PMID: 26097380 PMCID: PMC4451853 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s50526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare, locally aggressive skull base neoplasms known for local recurrence and not-infrequent treatment failure. Current evidence supports the role of maximal safe surgical resection. In addition to open skull-base approaches, the endoscopic endonasal approach to clival chordomas has been reported with favorable albeit early results. Adjuvant radiation is prescribed following complete resection, alternatively for gross residual disease or at the time of recurrence. The modalities of adjuvant radiation therapy reported vary widely and include proton-beam, carbon-ion, fractionated photon radiotherapy, and photon and gamma-knife radiosurgery. As of now, no direct comparison is available, and high-level evidence demonstrating superiority of one modality over another is lacking. While systemic therapies have yet to form part of any first-line therapy for chordomas, a number of targeted agents have been evaluated to date that inhibit specific molecules and their respective pathways known to be implicated in chordomas. These include EGFR (erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib), PDGFR (imatinib), mTOR (rapamycin), and VEGF (bevacizumab). This article provides an update of the current multimodality treatment of cranial base chordomas, with an emphasis on how current understanding of molecular pathogenesis provides a framework for the development of novel targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Di Maio
- Division of Neurosurgery, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gmaan A Al Zhrani
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fahad E Alotaibi
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Abdulrahman Al Turki
- National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Esther Kong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert C Rostomily
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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