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de Oliveira ADSB, Leonel LCPC, LaHood ER, Hallak H, Link MJ, Maleszewski JJ, Pinheiro-Neto CD, Morris JM, Peris-Celda M. Foundations and guidelines for high-quality three-dimensional models using photogrammetry: A technical note on the future of neuroanatomy education. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:870-883. [PMID: 36934316 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hands-on dissections using cadaveric tissues for neuroanatomical education are not easily available in many educational institutions due to financial, safety, and ethical factors. Supplementary pedagogical tools, for instance, 3D models of anatomical specimens acquired with photogrammetry are an efficient alternative to democratize the 3D anatomical data. The aim of this study was to describe a technical guideline for acquiring realistic 3D anatomic models with photogrammetry and to improve the teaching and learning process in neuroanatomy. Seven specimens with different sizes, cadaveric tissues, and textures were used to demonstrate the step-by-step instructions for specimen preparation, photogrammetry setup, post-processing, and display of the 3D model. The photogrammetry scanning consists of three cameras arranged vertically facing the specimen to be scanned. In order to optimize the scanning process and the acquisition of optimal images, high-quality 3D models require complex and challenging adjustments in the positioning of the specimens within the scanner, as well as adjustments of the turntable, custom specimen holders, cameras, lighting, computer hardware, and its software. MeshLab® software was used for editing the 3D model before exporting it to MedReality® (Thyng, Chicago, IL) and SketchFab® (Epic, Cary, NC) platforms. Both allow manipulation of the models using various angles and magnifications and are easily accessed using mobile, immersive, and personal computer devices free of charge for viewers. Photogrammetry scans offer a 360° view of the 3D models ubiquitously accessible on any device independent of operating system and should be considered as a tool to optimize and democratize the teaching of neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André de Sá Braga de Oliveira
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luciano César P C Leonel
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward R LaHood
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hana Hallak
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael J Link
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph J Maleszewski
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carlos D Pinheiro-Neto
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Xu Y, Vigo V, Klein J, Nunez MA, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Cohen-Gadol AA, Mao Y. Pursuing perfect 2D and 3D photography in neuroanatomy: a new paradigm for staying up to date with digital technology. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1766-1772. [PMID: 36308484 DOI: 10.3171/2022.9.jns221988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
- 3Research Unit of New Technologies of Micro-Endoscopy Combination in Skull Base Surgery (2018RU008), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Vera Vigo
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Juan C Fernandez-Miranda
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Hospital, Stanford, California
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- 4The Neurosurgical Atlas, Carmel, Indiana; and
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ying Mao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- 3Research Unit of New Technologies of Micro-Endoscopy Combination in Skull Base Surgery (2018RU008), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Gurses ME, Hanalioglu S, Mignucci-Jiménez G, Gökalp E, Gonzalez-Romo NI, Gungor A, Cohen-Gadol AA, Türe U, Lawton MT, Preul MC. Three-Dimensional Modeling and Extended Reality Simulations of the Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brainstem. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2023:01787389-990000000-00693. [PMID: 37083688 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the anatomy of the human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem and their 3-dimensional (3D) relationships is critical for neurosurgery. Although 3D photogrammetric models of cadaver brains and 2-dimensional images of postmortem brain slices are available, neurosurgeons lack free access to 3D models of cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem that can be simulated in both augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). OBJECTIVE To create 3D models and AR/VR simulations from 2-dimensional images of cross-sectionally dissected cadaveric specimens of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. METHODS The Klingler method was used to prepare 3 cadaveric specimens for dissection in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. A series of 3D models and AR/VR simulations were then created using 360° photogrammetry. RESULTS High-resolution 3D models of cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem were obtained and used in creating AR/VR simulations. Eleven axial, 9 sagittal, and 7 coronal 3D models were created. The sections were planned to show important deep anatomic structures. These models can be freely rotated, projected onto any surface, viewed from all angles, and examined at various magnifications. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this detailed study is the first to combine up-to-date technologies (photogrammetry, AR, and VR) for high-resolution 3D visualization of the cross-sectional anatomy of the entire human cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The resulting 3D images are freely available for use by medical professionals and students for better comprehension of the 3D relationship of the deep and superficial brain anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Enes Gurses
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sahin Hanalioglu
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Giancarlo Mignucci-Jiménez
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Elif Gökalp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nicolas I Gonzalez-Romo
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Abuzer Gungor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Neurosurgical Atlas, Carmel, Indiana, USA
| | - Uğur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael T Lawton
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark C Preul
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Jiang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Wu D, Xu S. User's image perception improved strategy and application of augmented reality systems in smart medical care: A review. Int J Med Robot 2023; 19:e2497. [PMID: 36629798 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmented reality (AR) is a new human-computer interaction technology that combines virtual reality, computer vision, and computer networks. With the rapid advancement of the medical field towards intelligence and data visualisation, AR systems are becoming increasingly popular in the medical field because they can provide doctors with clear enough medical images and accurate image navigation in practical applications. However, it has been discovered that different display types of AR systems have different effects on doctors' perception of the image after virtual-real fusion during the actual medical application. If doctors cannot correctly perceive the image, they may be unable to correctly match the virtual information with the real world, which will have a significant impact on their ability to recognise complex structures. METHODS This paper uses Citespace, a literature analysis tool, to visualise and analyse the research hotspots when AR systems are used in the medical field. RESULTS A visual analysis of the 1163 articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database reveals that display technology and visualisation technology are the key research directions of AR systems at the moment. CONCLUSION This paper categorises AR systems based on their display principles, reviews current image perception optimisation schemes for various types of systems, and analyses and compares different display types of AR systems based on their practical applications in the field of smart medical care so that doctors can select the appropriate display types based on different application scenarios. Finally, the future development direction of AR display technology is anticipated in order for AR technology to be more effectively applied in the field of smart medical care. The advancement of display technology for AR systems is critical for their use in the medical field, and the advantages and disadvantages of various display types should be considered in different application scenarios to select the best AR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Robotics & Its Engineering Research Center, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianpeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dianhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuainan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Martins ACDA, Martins C. Surgical anatomy of caudate bile ducts: Silicon-injected cadaveric-livers dissected under magnification. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2020; 24:415-420. [PMID: 33234743 PMCID: PMC7691193 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2020.24.4.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Caudate bile ducts are routinely presented using negative images as X-ray-cholangiograms. Such information does not provide for instant surgical orientation of the relationships between caudate ducts and the liver itself−a paramount skill for successfully performing hilar cholangiocarcinoma resection and living donor/split transplantation. This study presents a 4-step procedure to prepare, dissect and present, high-quality, 2D/3D anatomical images of biliary caudate ducts in a surgically meaningful way. Methods Fresh cadavers had arteries and veins injected with colored-silicone and ducts bile-stained to facilitate recognition. Dissections were performed under magnification with microsurgical instruments. Stepwise 2D and 3D images were acquired. Results Dissection of silicone-injected specimens under magnification allows identification of caudate structures, its portions and processes while preserving tridimensional arrangement of caudate vessels, biliary ducts and collectors. Such dissections can help enhance cholangiogram interpretation and favor its direct correlation to intraoperative findings. Conclusions A procedure including: a) preparation of high-quality cadaveric livers, b) with silicone-injected vessels, c) dissected under surgical microscope and d) documented using 2&3D images aimed at enhancing the clinical understanding of the anatomy of caudate ducts is presented. It has potential to enhance morphological and clinical understanding of caudate ducts, being useful to anatomists and surgeons alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cavalcanti de A Martins
- Department of Surgery, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP).,Anatomy Laboratory, Medical School of Pernambuco (FPS)
| | - Carolina Martins
- College of Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Pelópidas Silveira Hospital, Recife, PE, Brazil
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6
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Does 3D stereoscopy support anatomical education? Surg Radiol Anat 2020; 42:843-852. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Leonel LCP, Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS, Perry A, Pinheiro-Neto CD, Sorenson J, Link MJ, Peris-Celda M. Foundations of Advanced Neuroanatomy: Technical Guidelines for Specimen Preparation, Dissection, and 3D-Photodocumentation in a Surgical Anatomy Laboratory. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2019; 82:e248-e258. [PMID: 34306946 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3399590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to provide a key update to the seminal works of Prof. Albert L. Rhoton Jr., MD, with particular attention to previously unpublished insights from the oral tradition of his fellows, recent technological advances including endoscopy, and high-dynamic range (HDR) photodocumentation, and, local improvements in technique, we have developed to optimize efficient neuroanatomic study. Methods Two formaldehyde-fixed cadaveric heads were injected with colored latex to demonstrate step-by-step specimen preparation for microscopic or endoscopic dissection. One formaldehyde-fixed brain was utilized to demonstrate optimal three-dimensional (3D) photodocumentation techniques. Results Key steps of specimen preparation include vessel cannulation and securing, serial tap water flushing, specimen drainage, vessel injection with optimized and color-augmented latex material, and storage in 70% ethanol. Optimizations for photodocumentation included the incorporation of dry black drop cloth and covering materials, an imaging-oriented approach to specimen positioning and illumination, and single-camera stereoscopic capture techniques, emphasizing the three-exposure-times-per-eye approach to generating images for HDR postprocessing. Recommended tools, materials, and technical nuances were emphasized throughout. Relative advantages and limitations of major 3D projection systems were comparatively assessed, with sensitivity to audience size and purpose specific recommendations. Conclusion We describe the first consolidated step-by-step approach to advanced neuroanatomy, including specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D photodocumentation, supplemented by previously unpublished insights from the Rhoton fellowship experience and lessons learned in our laboratories in the past years such that Prof. Rhoton's model can be realized, reproduced, and expanded upon in surgical neuroanatomy laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano César Pc Leonel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States.,Northeast Professor Rhoton Dissection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany, New York, United States.,Department of Surgery, Section of Anatomy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carlstrom
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.,Mayo Clinic Skull Base Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christopher S Graffeo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.,Mayo Clinic Skull Base Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Avital Perry
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.,Mayo Clinic Skull Base Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Carlos Diogenes Pinheiro-Neto
- Northeast Professor Rhoton Dissection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany, New York, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey Sorenson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee and Semmes-Murphy Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael J Link
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.,Mayo Clinic Skull Base Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States.,Northeast Professor Rhoton Dissection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany, New York, United States.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.,Mayo Clinic Skull Base Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Matsushima T, Matsushima K, Kobayashi S, Lister JR, Morcos JJ. The microneurosurgical anatomy legacy of Albert L. Rhoton Jr., MD: an analysis of transition and evolution over 50 years. J Neurosurg 2018; 129:1331-1341. [PMID: 29393756 DOI: 10.3171/2017.7.jns17517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors chronologically categorized the 160 original articles written by Dr. Rhoton and his fellows to show why they selected their themes and how they carried out their projects. The authors note that as neurosurgery progresses and new techniques and approaches are developed, accurate and safe treatment will depend upon continued clarification of microsurgical anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Matsushima
- 1International University of Health and Welfare
- 2Neuroscience Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka
| | - Ken Matsushima
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo
| | - Shigeaki Kobayashi
- 4Medical Research and Education Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - J Richard Lister
- 5Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville; and
| | - Jacques J Morcos
- 6Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Shah KJ, Peterson JC, Beahm DD, Camarata PJ, Chamoun RB. Three-Dimensional Printed Model Used to Teach Skull Base Anatomy Through a Transsphenoidal Approach for Neurosurgery Residents. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2018; 12:326-329. [PMID: 29506277 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skull base anatomy through a transsphenoidal approach is challenging for the neurosurgical resident to conquer. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that stereolithography, or 3-dimensional (3-D) printing, is a useful educational tool for neurosurgery residents to learn skull base anatomy. METHODS Before any formal teaching, residents were brought into the operating room where they were asked to identify key structures seen through an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Scoring was based on correctly naming the anatomical structures. After the initial testing, all residents participated in a didactic lecture reviewing this anatomy by using 2-dimensional pictures. Residents were then divided into 2 groups: A and B. Group B residents were additionally taught through neurosurgical simulation using a 3-D printed model and an endoscope. Following all formal teaching, residents were retested in the operating room. RESULTS A maximum score of 8 points was possible if all structures were identified correctly. Group A had mean scores of 2.75 on initial testing compared with 5 after the lecture (P = .041 using 2-tailed t test). Group B had mean scores of 2.75 on initial testing compared with 7.5 after the lecture and 3-D model simulation (P = .002). When comparing mean scores after formal teaching in groups A and B, 5 vs 7.5 were obtained for lecture only vs lecture and 3-D model simulation, respectively (P = .031). CONCLUSION Three-dimensional models used in neurosurgical simulation to teach skull base anatomy through a transsphenoidal approach showed objective and subjective improvement in testing scores in neurosurgery residents. This study confirms that 3-D models are a useful educational tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal J Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jeremy C Peterson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - D David Beahm
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Paul J Camarata
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Roukoz B Chamoun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Benet A, Tabani H, Griswold D, Zhang X, Kola O, Meybodi AT, Lawton MT. Three-Dimensional Imaging in Neurosurgical Research and Education. World Neurosurg 2016; 91:317-25. [PMID: 27102636 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the setup and use of different 3-dimensional (3-D) recording modalities (macroscopic, endoscopic, and microsurgical) in our laboratory and operating room and discuss their implications in neurosurgical research and didactics. We also highlight the utility of 3-D images in providing depth perception and discernment of structures compared with 2-dimensional (2-D) images. METHODS The technical details for equipment and laboratory setup for obtaining 3-D images were described. The stereoscopic pair of images was obtained using a modified "shoot-shift-shoot" method and later converged to a 3-D image. For microsurgical procedures, 3-D images were obtained using an integrated 3-D video camera coupled to the surgical microscope in both the laboratory and the operating room. Illustrative cases were used to compare 2-D and 3-D images. RESULTS Side-by-side comparisons of 2-D and 3-D images obtained using all modalities revealed that 3-D imaging was superior to 2-D imaging in providing depth perception and structure identification. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report in the literature of the methodology for obtaining 3-D endoscopic endonasal images using the 2-D endoscope. The use of 3-D imaging is invaluable in neurosurgical research and education, as it provides immediate depth perception (third dimension), allowing efficient understanding of key spatial relationships. Integration of 3-D imaging in neurosurgical residency programs may increase learning efficiency and shorten learning curves. However, use of 3-D imaging should not replace direct hands-on practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Benet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Halima Tabani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dylan Griswold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Olivia Kola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ali Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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