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Yao N, Li Y, Han J, Wu S, Liu X, Wang Q, Li Z, Shi FD. Microglia-derived CCL20 deteriorates neurogenesis following intraventricular hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114561. [PMID: 37802382 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) commonly occurs as an extension of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) into the brain ventricular system, leading to worse outcomes without effective management. Using a mouse model of IVH, we found that impaired neurogenesis is evident in the subventricular zone (SVZ), along with persistent microglia activation, leukocyte infiltration and cell death. Pharmacological depletion of microglia using PLX3397, an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), promotes neurogenesis, and alleviated delayed functional impairments in IVH mice. Meanwhile, an elevated level of microglia-derived CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) is observed in the SVZ following IVH, which can induce the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia and impair the proliferation and survival of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. Blocking CCL20 in microglia leads to downregulation of protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which may contribute to CCL20-dependent pro-inflammatory responses and neural injury. These findings demonstrate a detrimental role of microglia in the neurogenesis and neurorepair after IVH in which CCL20 likely plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinrui Han
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Siting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Górska A, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Markiewicz R, Chilimoniuk Z, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Czarnek K. Distribution of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Glia, Their Influence on Glial Cells and Relationship with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:911. [PMID: 37371389 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data on the distribution and influence of copper, zinc and cadmium in glial cells are summarized. This review also examines the relationship between those metals and their role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which have become a great challenge for today's physicians. The studies suggest that among glial cells, iron has the highest concentration in oligodendrocytes, copper in astrocytes and zinc in the glia of hippocampus and cortex. Previous studies have shown neurotoxic effects of copper, iron and manganese, while zinc can have a bidirectional effect, i.e., neurotoxic but also neuroprotective effects depending on the dose and disease state. Recent data point to the association of metals with neurodegeneration through their role in the modulation of protein aggregation. Metals can accumulate in the brain with aging and may be associated with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Górska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Renata Markiewicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 18 Szkolna St., 20-124 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Family Medicine, 6a (SPSK1) Langiewicza St., 20-032 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czarnek
- Institute of Health Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Andrade MK, Souza LC, Azevedo EM, Bail EL, Zanata SM, Andreatini R, Vital MABF. Melatonin reduces β-amyloid accumulation and improves short-term memory in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:264-272. [PMID: 36926592 PMCID: PMC10011440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, it can be associated with circadian rhythms, aging and neuroprotection. Melatonin levels are decreased in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) patients, which suggests a relationship between the melatonergic system and sAD. Melatonin may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, TAU protein hyperphosphorylation, and the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the impact of treatment with 10 mg/kg of melatonin (i.p) in the animal model of sAD induced by the intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of 3 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). ICV-STZ causes changes in the brain of rats similar to those found in patients with sAD. These changes include; progressive memory decline, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, disturbances in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and even reactive astrogliosis characterized by the upregulation of glucose levels and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results show that ICV-STZ caused short-term spatial memory impairment in rats after 30 days of STZ infusion without locomotor impairment which was evaluated on day 27 post-injury. Furthermore, we observed that a prolonged 30-day treatment with melatonin can improve the cognitive impairment of animals in the Y-maze test, but not in the object location test. Finally, we demonstrated that animals receiving ICV-STZ have high levels of Aβ and GFAP in the hippocampus and that treatment with melatonin reduces Aβ levels but does not reduce GFAP levels, concluding that melatonin may be useful to control the progression of amyloid pathology in the brain.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer Disease
- APP, Amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ, β-amyloid
- GFAP
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- ICV-STZ, Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin
- MEL, Melatonin
- MT1, Melatonin Receptor 1
- MT2, Melatonin Receptor 2
- Melatonin
- OLT, Object location test
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- Short-term memory
- Streptozotocin
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis factor alpha
- Y maze
- sAD, Sporadic Alzheimer disease
- β-amyloid
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos K Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Evellyn M Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Ellen L Bail
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A B F Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, PR, Brazil
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4
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Chen LL, Fan YG, Zhao LX, Zhang Q, Wang ZY. The metal ion hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of metal chelators. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106301. [PMID: 36455485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, is the most common dementia with uncertain etiology. The clinical trials of Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs have almost failed, giving rise to great attention on the other etiologic hypothesis regarding AD such as metal ions dysmetabolism and chronic neuroinflammation. Mounting evidence revealed that the metal ions (iron, copper, and zinc) were dysregulated in the susceptible brain regions of AD patients, which was highly associated with Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal loss, as well as neuroinflammation. Further studies uncovered that iron, copper and zinc could not only enhance the production of Aβ but also directly bind to Aβ and tau to promote their aggregations. In addition, the accumulation of iron and copper could respectively promote ferroptosis and cuproptosis. Therefore, the metal ion chelators were recognized as promising agents for treating AD. This review comprehensively summarized the effects of metal ions on the Aβ dynamics and tau phosphorylation in the progression of AD. Furthermore, taking chronic neuroinflammation contributes to the progression of AD, we also provided a summary of the mechanisms concerning metal ions on neuroinflammation and highlighted the metal ion chelators may be potential agents to alleviate neuroinflammation under the condition of AD. Nevertheless, more investigations regarding metal ions on neuroinflammation should be taken into practice, and the effects of metal ion chelators on neuroinflammation should gain more attention. Running title: Metal chelators against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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5
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Guo X, Xu JK, Qi X, Wei Y, Wang CW, Li H, Ma L, You C, Tian M. Early brainstem injury progression: multi-sequence magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:170-175. [PMID: 35799538 PMCID: PMC9241409 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.344838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Leung HW, Foo G, VanDongen A. Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081946. [PMID: 36009494 PMCID: PMC9405677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Here, we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin and closely associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both these histone modifications, H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac, have recently been shown to be upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes, which included genes associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability, and signalling pathways. Interestingly, about 100 Arc-dependent genes are associated with the pathophysiology of AD. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in HEK293T cells, the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting that Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signalling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and suggest that it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Foo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zheng W, Xu H. Current understanding of the interactions between metal ions and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105824. [PMID: 35878744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in the elderly, is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective disease-modifying treatments to date. Studies have shown that an imbalance in brain metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron, is closely related to the onset and progression of AD. Many efforts have been made to understand metal-related mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for AD. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions of brain metal ions and apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, may be one of the mechanisms for neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the key points regarding how metal ions and ApoE contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We further describe the interactions between metal ions and ApoE in the brain and propose that their interactions play an important role in neuropathological alterations and cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Rajesh Y, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immune Cell Death in Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1885. [PMID: 35741014 PMCID: PMC9221514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that many of the brain's immunological cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are involved in AD pathogenesis. Cells of the innate immune system play an essential role in eliminating pathogens but also regulate brain homeostasis and AD. When activated, innate immune cells can cause programmed cell death through multiple pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. The cell death often results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines that propagate the innate immune response and can eliminate Aβ plaques and aggregated Tau proteins. However, chronic neuroinflammation, which can result from cell death, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and can worsen AD. Therefore, the innate immune response must be tightly balanced to appropriately clear these AD-related structural abnormalities without inducing chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss neuroinflammation, innate immune responses, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion as they relate to AD. Therapeutic strategies targeting these innate immune cell death mechanisms will be critical to consider for future preventive or palliative treatments for AD.
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9
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Jiang PP, Peng SS, Pankratova S, Luo P, Zhou P, Chen Y. Proteins Involved in Synaptic Plasticity Are Downregulated in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Infants With Clinical Sepsis Complicated by Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:887212. [PMID: 35634471 PMCID: PMC9130476 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.887212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn infants are prone to sepsis and related inflammation of different organs. Neuroinflammation has been associated with long-term adverse neuronal (neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative) outcomes, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or even Alzheimer's disease. Despite a vast number of findings on sepsis-induced inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS), how neuroinflammation affects brain development remains largely elusive. In this study, neonates with clinical sepsis and screened for meningitis were included and classified by the neuroinflammation status based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters (INF vs. NOINF). CSF samples collected from clinical screening were subjected to proteomics analysis. Proteins with differential abundance were subjected to enrichment analysis to reveal affected biological pathways. INF and NOINF infants had similar demographic data and hematological and biochemical parameters in blood and CSF. The CSF proteomes were essentially different between the two groups. All 65 proteins with differential abundance showed lower abundance in the INF group and functionally covered pivotal developmental processes, including axonal and synaptic function and extracellular homeostasis. CSF proteins, PTPRZ1 and IGFBP4, were correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) and ratios of immature/total neutrophils in blood. In general, a substantial change in the CSF protein profile was found under neuroinflammation, and these changes are related to systemic conditions. The results suggest that changes in CSF proteins may be involved in sepsis-affected neurodevelopment, such as disturbances in circuit formation, which has the potential to predispose neonates to long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Jiang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Shan Peng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ping Luo
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Women and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - You Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Women and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: You Chen
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10
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Bartfai T, Lees GV. Alzheimer Drug Trials: Combination of Safe and Efficacious Biologicals to Break the Amyloidosis-Neuroinflammation Vicious Cycle. ASN Neuro 2021; 12:1759091420918557. [PMID: 32290675 PMCID: PMC7157973 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420918557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a long-enduring neurodegenerative disease that progresses for decades before the symptoms of cognitive decline and loss of executive function are measurable. Amyloid deposits among other pathological changes, tau hyperphosphorylation, synapse loss, microglia and astroglia activation, and hippocampal atrophy are among the pathological hallmarks of the disease. These are present in the brain before memory complaints are reported and an AD diagnosis is made. The attempt to postpone or prevent the disease is becoming a more and more plausible goal because new early electrophysiological, cognitive, blood-based, and imaging-based diagnostics are being brought forward at the same time as the first anti-amyloid antibody is about to be approved. In view of known contributions of neuroinflammation to the pathology of LOAD, we should not focus solely on anti-amyloid therapies and ignore the interactive neuroinflammatory component of AD. Our belief is that it would be more rewarding to start clinical trials using combination therapies that are based on approved, safe, and efficacious anti-neuroinflammatory agents such as anti-interleukin-1 signaling agents in combination with the anti-amyloid antibodies that have been shown to be safe in multiyear trials. The proposal is that we should administer these two classes of safe biologicals to symptom-free individuals in midlife who are identified as having a high-risk-for-Alzheimer’s-disease using “precision medicine.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Bartfai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology (adjunct), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Peterson C, Umoye AO, Puglisi CH, Waldau B. Mechanisms of memory impairment in animal models of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage: A systematic review of the literature. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021; 3:77-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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12
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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050524. [PMID: 34067173 PMCID: PMC8150909 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with increasing age. There are currently no effective disease modifying treatments for AD, resulting in increasingly large socioeconomic and personal costs. Increasing age is associated with an increase in low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging) that may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in AD. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, aberrant elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels from several endogenous and exogenous processes in the brain may not only affect cell signaling, but also trigger cellular senescence, inflammation, and pyroptosis. Moreover, a compromised immune privilege of the brain that allows the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and infectious agents may play a role. Additionally, meta-inflammation as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis may drive the neuroinflammatory process. Considering that inflammatory/immune pathways are dysregulated in parallel with cognitive dysfunction in AD, elucidating the relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system may facilitate the development of a safe and effective therapy for AD. We discuss some current ideas on processes in inflammaging that appear to drive the neurodegenerative process in AD and summarize details on a few immunomodulatory strategies being developed to selectively target the detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation without affecting defense mechanisms against pathogens and tissue damage.
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13
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Li M, Liu G, Wang K, Wang L, Fu X, Lim LY, Chen W, Mo J. Metal ion-responsive nanocarrier derived from phosphonated calix[4]arenes for delivering dauricine specifically to sites of brain injury in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:61. [PMID: 32306970 PMCID: PMC7168846 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. Drug delivery vehicles to treat ICH are less than satisfactory because of their short circulation lives, lack of specific targeting to the hemorrhagic site, and poor control of drug release. To exploit the fact that metal ions such as Fe2+ are more abundant in peri-hematomal tissue than in healthy tissue because of red blood cell lysis, we developed a metal ion-responsive nanocarrier based on a phosphonated calix[4]arene derivative in order to deliver the neuroprotective agent dauricine (DRC) specifically to sites of primary and secondary brain injury. The potential of the dauricine-loaded nanocarriers for ICH therapy was systematically evaluated in vitro and in mouse models of autologous whole blood double infusion. The nanocarriers significantly reduced brain water content, restored blood-brain barrier integrity and attenuated neurological deficits by inhibiting the activation of glial cells, infiltration by neutrophils as well as production of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and matrix-metalloprotease-9. These results suggest that our dauricine-loaded nanocarriers can improve neurological outcomes in an animal model of ICH by reducing inflammatory injury and inhibiting apoptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Li
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Guohao Liu
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.
| | - Jingxin Mo
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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14
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A Comparison of Motor Functional Recovery and Brain Damage between Striatal Lesions Induced by Ischemia and Hemorrhage in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104668. [PMID: 32184024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural recovery process and tissue injury associated with cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, which were induced to the same degree, in the striatum of rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into intracerebral hemorrhagic (ICH) and ischemia (ISC) groups, with the ICH group injected with a collagenase solution and the ISC group injected with an endothelin-1 solution. In the SHAM group, physiological saline was injected. Motor function was evaluated by the ladder and forelimb placing tests on the first day before surgery and the first, seventh, and 14th day after surgery. On day 15 after surgery, brain tissue was harvested and frozen sections were prepared. Nissl staining was performed, and the tissue loss, ventricular, and hemispheric volumes were analyzed. RESULTS On the first day of surgery, the ICH group had significantly decreased motor function compared with the ISC group. However, subsequent recovery of motor function was faster in the ICH group than that in the ISC group. In addition, tissue loss and hemispheric volumes were significantly higher in the ISC group than those in the ICH group, whereas the ventricular volume was significantly higher in the ICH group than that in the ISC group. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings indicate that, in ICH and ISC where the brain damage involves the same site and is approximately the same size, motor function is recovered faster in ICH than that in ISC. As such, differences in secondary degeneration are likely affected.
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Nnah IC, Lee CH, Wessling-Resnick M. Iron potentiates microglial interleukin-1β secretion induced by amyloid-β. J Neurochem 2020; 154:177-189. [PMID: 31693761 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) senile plaques in patients' brain tissues. Elevated levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) have been identified in cerebrospinal fluid of living AD patients and in animal models of AD. Increased expression of IL-1β and iron accumulation have been identified in microglial cells that cluster around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and post-mortem brain tissues of AD patients. The goals of this study were to determine the effects of Aβ on the secretion of IL-1β by microglial cells and whether iron status influences this pro-inflammatory signaling cue. Immortalized microglial (IMG) cells were incubated with Aβ with or without iron. qRT-PCR and western blot analyses showed that Aβ induces biosynthesis of IL-1β by IMG cells. IMG cells secrete the mature form of IL-1β in a caspase 1-dependent manner. Incubation with iron provoked a greater pro-inflammatory response. Inhibition of the iron transporter divalent metal transporter 1 protected IMG cells against Aβ-induced inflammation. Potentiation of Aβ-elicited IL-1β induction by iron was also antagonized by ROS inhibitors, supporting the model that divalent metal transporter 1-mediated iron loading and subsequent increase in ROS contribute to the inflammatory effects of Aβ in microglia. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy indicate that iron enhances Aβ activation of NF-κB signaling to promote IL-1β synthesis. These results support the hypothesis that Aβ stimulates IL-1β expression by activating NF-κB signaling in microglia cells. Most importantly, iron appears to exacerbate the pro-inflammatory effects of Aβ to increase IL-1β levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel C Nnah
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Yang Z, Dong S, Zheng Q, Zhang L, Tan X, Zou J, Yan B, Chen Y. FTY720 attenuates iron deposition and glial responses in improving delayed lesion and long-term outcomes of collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2019; 1718:91-102. [PMID: 31039342 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) survivors have poor long-term outcomes, such as cognitive deficits and depression. Delayed lesions of ICH include neuron loss and white matter injury and the pathology of the lesions involves iron deposition and glial responses, which contribute to depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FTY720 (0.3 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks) on iron deposition, glial responses, histological abnormalities and behavioral dysfunction in mice with ICH. The primary adverse long-term outcomes in our study of ICH mice were depressive-like behavior and impaired recognition memory. We found that FTY720 safely ameliorated depressive-like behavior and impaired recognition without affecting recovery of grip function and locomotor activity 28 days post-ICH. Moreover, we measured neuron loss, white matter lesions, lesion volume and iron deposition at day 28, which were attenuated in the FTY720-treated group compared to the ICH-control group, without changing initial hematoma volume on day 1 post-ICH. Long-term elevation of glial responses, including microglia activity and astrogliosis with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) expression was demonstrated by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining, which we found was attenuated by FTY720 treatment. Hence, FTY720 could become a novel therapeutic agent for improving long-term outcomes after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Sisi Dong
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qiuyue Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Xinmei Tan
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Bingchun Yan
- Department of Integrative Traditional & Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China.
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17
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Huat TJ, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Valmas N, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R. Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1843-1868. [PMID: 30664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the median age of the population increases, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the associated socio-economic burden are predicted to worsen. While aging and inherent genetic predisposition play major roles in the onset of AD, lifestyle, physical fitness, medical condition, and social environment have emerged as relevant disease modifiers. These environmental risk factors can play a key role in accelerating or decelerating disease onset and progression. Among known environmental risk factors, chronic exposure to various metals has become more common among the public as the aggressive pace of anthropogenic activities releases excess amount of metals into the environment. As a result, we are exposed not only to essential metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, but also to toxic metals including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which perturb metal homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. Herein, we review how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity, as well as their roles in the accumulation of toxic AD proteinaceous species (i.e., β-amyloid and tau). We also discuss studies that validate the disruption of immune-related pathways as an important mechanism of toxicity by which metals can contribute to AD. Our goal is to increase the awareness of metals as players in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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