1
|
Dobija L, Lechauve JB, Mbony-Irankunda D, Plan-Paquet A, Dupeyron A, Coudeyre E. Smartphone applications are used for self-management, telerehabilitation, evaluation and data collection in low back pain healthcare: a scoping review. F1000Res 2024; 11:1001. [PMID: 38846061 PMCID: PMC11153999 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123331.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone use has grown in providing healthcare for patients with low back pain (LBP), but the literature lacks an analysis of the use of smartphone apps. This scoping review aimed to identify current areas of smartphone apps use for managing LBP. We also aimed to evaluate the current status of the effectiveness or scientific validity of such use and determine perspectives for their potential development. Methods We searched PubMed, PEDro and Embase for articles published in English up to May 3 rd, 2021 that investigated smartphone use for LBP healthcare and their purpose. All types of study design were accepted. Studies concerning telemedicine or telerehabilitation but without use of a smartphone were not included. The same search strategy was performed by two researchers independently and a third researcher validated the synthesis of the included studies. Results We included 43 articles: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (n=12), study protocols (n=6), reliability/validity studies (n=6), systematic reviews (n=7), cohort studies (n=4), qualitative studies (n=6), and case series (n=1). The purposes of the smartphone app were for 1) evaluation, 2) telerehabilitation, 3) self-management, and 4) data collection. Self-management was the most-studied use, showing promising results derived from moderate- to good-quality RCTs for patients with chronic LBP and patients after spinal surgery. Promising results exist regarding evaluation and data collection use and contradictory results regarding measurement use. Conclusions This scoping review revealed a notable interest in the scientific literatures regarding the use of smartphone apps for LBP patients. The identified purposes point to current scientific status and perspectives for further studies including RCTs and systematic reviews targeting specific usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lech Dobija
- UNH, INRAE, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dôme, 63000, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont Ferrand, Cébazat, Puy de Dôme, 63118, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lechauve
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont Ferrand, Cébazat, Puy de Dôme, 63118, France
| | - Didier Mbony-Irankunda
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont Ferrand, Cébazat, Puy de Dôme, 63118, France
| | - Anne Plan-Paquet
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont Ferrand, Cébazat, Puy de Dôme, 63118, France
| | - Arnaud Dupeyron
- Université Montpellier, Nimes, 30900, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Nimes, Nimes, 30900, France
| | - Emmanuel Coudeyre
- UNH, INRAE, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy de Dôme, 63000, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) de Clermont Ferrand, Cébazat, Puy de Dôme, 63118, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caramaschi S, Olsson CM, Orchard E, Molloy J, Salvi D. Assessing the Effect of Data Quality on Distance Estimation in Smartphone-Based Outdoor 6MWT. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2632. [PMID: 38676249 PMCID: PMC11054500 DOI: 10.3390/s24082632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
As a result of technological advancements, functional capacity assessments, such as the 6-minute walk test, can be performed remotely, at home and in the community. Current studies, however, tend to overlook the crucial aspect of data quality, often limiting their focus to idealised scenarios. Challenging conditions may arise when performing a test given the risk of collecting poor-quality GNSS signal, which can undermine the reliability of the results. This work shows the impact of applying filtering rules to avoid noisy samples in common algorithms that compute the walked distance from positioning data. Then, based on signal features, we assess the reliability of the distance estimation using logistic regression from the following two perspectives: error-based analysis, which relates to the estimated distance error, and user-based analysis, which distinguishes conventional from unconventional tests based on users' previous annotations. We highlight the impact of features associated with walked path irregularity and direction changes to establish data quality. We evaluate features within a binary classification task and reach an F1-score of 0.93 and an area under the curve of 0.97 for the user-based classification. Identifying unreliable tests is helpful to clinicians, who receive the recorded test results accompanied by quality assessments, and to patients, who can be given the opportunity to repeat tests classified as not following the instructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caramaschi
- Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Internet of Things and People Research Center, Malmö University, 21119 Malmö, Sweden; (C.M.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Carl Magnus Olsson
- Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Internet of Things and People Research Center, Malmö University, 21119 Malmö, Sweden; (C.M.O.); (D.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Orchard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (E.O.); (J.M.)
| | - Jackson Molloy
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK; (E.O.); (J.M.)
| | - Dario Salvi
- Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Internet of Things and People Research Center, Malmö University, 21119 Malmö, Sweden; (C.M.O.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leibold A, Mansoor Ali D, Harrop J, Sharan A, Vaccaro AR, Sivaganesan A. Smartphone-based activity tracking for spine patients: Current technology and future opportunities. World Neurosurg X 2024; 21:100238. [PMID: 38221955 PMCID: PMC10787294 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Activity trackers and wearables allow accurate determination of physical activity, basic vital parameters, and tracking of complex medical conditions. This review attempts to provide a roadmap for the development of these applications, outlining the basic tools available, how they can be combined, and what currently exists in the marketplace for spine patients. Various types of sensors currently exist to measure distinct aspects of user movement. These include the accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, barometer, global positioning system (GPS), Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and microphone. Integration of data from these sensors allows detailed tracking of location and vectors of motion, resulting in accurate mobility assessments. These assessments can have great value for a variety of healthcare specialties, but perhaps none more so than spine surgery. Patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) are subject to bias and are difficult to track frequently - a problem that is ripe for disruption with the continued development of mobility technology. Currently, multiple mobile applications exist as an extension of clinical care. These include Manage My Surgery (MMS), SOVINITY-e-Healthcare Services, eHealth System, Beiwe Smartphone Application, QS Access, 6WT, and the TUG app. These applications utilize sensor data to assess patient activity at baseline and postoperatively. The results are evaluated in conjunction with PROMs. However, these applications have not yet exploited the full potential of available sensors. There is a need to develop smartphone applications that can accurately track the functional status and activity of spine patients, allowing a more quantitative assessment of outcomes, in contrast to legacy PROMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Leibold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniyal Mansoor Ali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Harrop
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashwini Sharan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander R. Vaccaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Jefferson Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahilan Sivaganesan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bi CL, Kurland DB, Ber R, Kondziolka D, Lau D, Pacione D, Frempong-Boadu A, Laufer I, Oermann EK. Digital Biomarkers and the Evolution of Spine Care Outcomes Measures: Smartphones and Wearables. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:745-754. [PMID: 37246874 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past generation, outcome measures in spine care have evolved from a reliance on clinician-reported assessment toward recognizing the importance of the patient's perspective and the wide incorporation of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). While patient-reported outcomes are now considered an integral component of outcomes assessments, they cannot wholly capture the state of a patient's functionality. There is a clear need for quantitative and objective patient-centered outcome measures. The pervasiveness of smartphones and wearable devices in modern society, which passively collect data related to health, has ushered in a new era of spine care outcome measurement. The patterns emerging from these data, so-called "digital biomarkers," can accurately describe characteristics of a patient's health, disease, or recovery state. Broadly, the spine care community has thus far concentrated on digital biomarkers related to mobility, although the researcher's toolkit is anticipated to expand in concert with advancements in technology. In this review of the nascent literature, we describe the evolution of spine care outcome measurements, outline how digital biomarkers can supplement current clinician-driven and patient-driven measures, appraise the present and future of the field in the modern era, as well as discuss present limitations and areas for further study, with a focus on smartphones (see Supplemental Digital Content , http://links.lww.com/NEU/D809 , for a similar appraisal of wearable devices).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Bi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kittelson AJ, Loyd BJ. Personalized Reference Values for the Two-Minute Walk Test: An Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data From the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 104:1418-1424.e1. [PMID: 37037295 PMCID: PMC10524757 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop reference values for the Two-Minute Walk Test (TMWT) via 2 previously untested methods: (1) smooth age-based statistical models and (2) a neighbors-based approach accounting for age, sex, and height. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING National Institutes of Health Toolbox study sites across the United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1385 healthy, community dwelling adult participants (age 18-85 years) in the National Institutes of Health Toolbox study were included in this analysis. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reference values for TMWT were generated using 2 approaches: (1) Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape, wherein TMWT values were modeled as a smooth function of age, and (2) a semiparametric neighbors-based approach. The performance of references values was then adjudicated by examining precision (ie, the average interquartile or interdecile range of reference values), and coverage (ie, the proportion of realized values included within a given inter-percentile interval). Agreement between methods was examined by intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS Neighbors-based reference values demonstrated a smaller average interquartile range (149 ft; 95% confidence interval [CI], 146-152 ft), compared with age-based reference values (158 ft; 95% CI, 155-162 ft), but similar average interdecile range (neighbors-based: 369 ft; 95% CI, 360-377 ft; age-based: 374 ft; 95% CI, 366-383 ft). Coverage appeared accurate via both approaches. Agreement between approaches was high (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.96), although differences were apparent on a case-by-case basis. CONCLUSIONS Both age-based and neighbors-based reference values offer viable options for interpreting a person's TMWT performance. In this analysis, the neighbors-based approach (adjusting for height) yielded potentially clinically relevant differences in reference values for persons at extremes of height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kittelson
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Montana - Missoula, MT
| | - Brian J Loyd
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Montana - Missoula, MT.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mazéas A, Blond M, Chalabaev A, Duclos M. Validity and reliability of an app-based medical device to empower individuals in evaluating their physical capacities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289874. [PMID: 37561737 PMCID: PMC10414674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength are valid markers of health and strong predictors of mortality and morbidity. The tests used to measure these variables require in-person visits with specialized equipment and trained personnel-leading to organizational constraints both for patients and hospitals, and making them difficult to implement at a large scale. In this context, technologies embedded in smartphones offer new opportunities to develop remote tests. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of MediEval, a newly developed app-based medical device that allows individuals to perform the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the 30-second sit-to-stand (30s-STS) test on their own using GPS signal and camera detection with a skeleton extraction algorithm. METHODS A total of 53 healthy adults performed the two tests in three different sessions to determine the intra- and inter-day reproducibility. Test validity was assessed by comparing the results obtained from the app to gold standard measures. Pearson correlations and concordance correlation coefficients, the relative measurement error, intraclass correlation coefficients, the standard error of measure and the minimal detectable change were computed for each test.s. RESULTS The results revealed high to excellent validity of the app in comparison to gold standards (ρ = 0.84 for the 6MWT and ρ = 0.99 for the 30s-STS test) with low relative measurement error. The mean differences between the app and the gold standard measures were 8.96m for the 6MWT and 0.28 repetition for the 30s-STS test. Both tests had good test-retest reliability (ICCs = 0.77). The minimal detectable changes were respectively 97.56 meters for the 6MWT and 7.37 repetitions for the 30s-STS test. CONCLUSION The MediEval medical device proposes valid and reproducible measures of the 6MWT and the 30s-STS test. This device holds promise for monitoring the physical activity of large epidemiologic cohorts while refining patient experience and improving the scalability of the healthcare system. Considering minimal detectable change values, it may be important to ask participants to perform several tests and average them to improve accuracy. Future studies in clinical context are needed to evaluate the responsiveness and the smallest detectable changes of the device for specific populations with chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mazéas
- SENS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- INRAE, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Kiplin, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Martine Duclos
- INRAE, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Exploration, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ogrodnik M, Karsan S, Cirone V, Heisz JJ. Exploring the Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Executive Functioning in Adults with ADHD. Brain Sci 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 37190638 PMCID: PMC10136722 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations between measures of executive functioning (EF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were examined for adults with and without ADHD. METHOD Measures of executive functioning including the Stroop task, Wisconsin Card Sorting task, and Operation Span Task were completed virtually (n = 36 ADHD; n = 36 Control). Participants completed the Six-Minute Walk Test to estimate CRF. RESULTS Mean performance measures of executive function did not differ by group. However, higher estimated CRF was associated with better Stroop task performance, and the association was strongest for individuals with ADHD. CONCLUSION In adults with ADHD, higher estimated CRF was associated with better inhibitory control, but not with other measures of executive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ogrodnik
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Victoria Cirone
- Department of Physical Therapy, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The Centre for Aging SMART, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V1Y 1T3, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ogrodnik M, Karsan S, Heisz JJ. Mental Health in Adults With ADHD: Examining the Relationship With Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:698-708. [PMID: 36915221 PMCID: PMC10173354 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231158383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mental health of adults with ADHD was compared to neurotypical controls, and associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mental health were examined. METHOD Seventy-two participants (n = 36 with ADHD) completed demographic questions assessing ADHD and mental health symptoms. CRF was estimated using the 6-Minute Walk Test and a self-perception question. RESULTS Those with ADHD had significantly poorer mental health outcomes than controls (p < .001), with 50% of adults with ADHD reporting moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Critically, lower CRF was associated with worse depression, anxiety, and stress (all p ≤ .03) across both groups. Within the ADHD group, those with higher estimated CRF had significantly lower stress. Among participants with less severe ADHD symptoms, those with higher perceived CRF had significantly lower depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION In our cross-sectional study, participants with ADHD had poorer mental health than neurotypical controls, and higher fitness was associated with better mental health.
Collapse
|
9
|
XR (Extended Reality: Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality) Technology in Spine Medicine: Status Quo and Quo Vadis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020470. [PMID: 35054164 PMCID: PMC8779726 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the rapid advancement and consumerization of virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and extended reality (XR) technology, the use of XR technology in spine medicine has also become increasingly popular. The rising use of XR technology in spine medicine has also been accelerated by the recent wave of digital transformation (i.e., case-specific three-dimensional medical images and holograms, wearable sensors, video cameras, fifth generation, artificial intelligence, and head-mounted displays), and further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in minimally invasive spine surgery. The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on society, but positive impacts can also be expected, including the continued spread and adoption of telemedicine services (i.e., tele-education, tele-surgery, tele-rehabilitation) that promote digital transformation. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the accelerators of XR (VR, AR, MR) technology in spine medicine and then to provide a comprehensive review of the use of XR technology in spine medicine, including surgery, consultation, education, and rehabilitation, as well as to identify its limitations and future perspectives (status quo and quo vadis).
Collapse
|
10
|
Klukowska AM, Staartjes VE, Vandertop WP, Schröder ML. Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test Performance in Healthy Individuals: Reference Values and Predictors From 2 Prospective Cohorts. Neurospine 2022; 18:760-769. [PMID: 35000330 PMCID: PMC8752709 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2142750.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The 5-repetition-sit-to-stand (5R-STS) test is an objective test of functional impairment- commonly used in various diseases, including lumbar degenerative disc diseases. It is used to measure the severity of disease and to monitor recovery. We aimed to evaluate reference values for the test, as well as factors predicting 5R-STS performance in healthy adults.
Methods Healthy adults (> 18 years of age) were recruited, and their 5R-STS time was measured. Their age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, education level, work situation and EuroQOL-5D Healthy & Anxiety category were recorded. Linear regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of 5R-STS performance.
Results We included 172 individuals with mean age of 39.4±14.1 years and mean BMI of 24.0 ±4.0 kg/m2. Females constituted 57%. Average 5R-STS time was 6.21 ±1.92 seconds, with an upper limit of normal of 12.39 seconds. In a multivariable model, age (regression coefficient [RC], 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05/0.09; p<0.001), male sex (RC, -0.87; 95% CI, -1.50 to -0.23; p=0.008), BMI (RC, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.10–0.71; p=0.010), height (RC, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04–0.22; p=0.006), and houseworker status (RC, -1.62; 95% CI, -2.93 to -0.32; p=0.016) were significantly associated with 5R-STS time. Anxiety and depression did not influence performance significantly (RC, 0.82; 95% CI, -0.14 to 1.77; p=0.097).
Conclusion The presented reference values can be applied as normative data for 5R-STS in healthy adults, and are necessary to judge what constitutes abnormal performance. We identified several significant factors associated with 5R-STS performance that may be used to calculate individualized expected test times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Klukowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bergman Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen's Medical Center, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor E Staartjes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bergman Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Peter Vandertop
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc L Schröder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bergman Clinics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ziegl A, Rzepka A, Kastner P, Vinatzer H, Edegger K, Hayn D, Prescher S, Moller V, Schreier G. mHealth 6-minute walk test - accuracy for detecting clinically relevant differences in heart failure patients. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:7095-7098. [PMID: 34892736 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a serious disease which increases mortality as well as hospital admission rates for affected patients. Disease management programs supported by telehealth solutions are cost-effective approaches for reducing all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalizations. A 6-minute walk test (6MWT) app could help heart failure patients to self-monitor their functional capacity. We have developed such an application capable of tracking the geolocation, guiding users through a 6MWT and providing the walked distance after six minutes. Besides common global navigation satellite system (GNSS) filtering methods like a Kalman filter, we have investigated the impact of positioning the device (tablet) and GNSS reception on the accuracy of the test. In a field experiment, we gathered 166 6MWT recordings with the developed mobile application. Applying the Kalman filter reduced the overall relative error from 35.5 % to 3.7 %. Wearing the tablet on the body led to significantly better results than holding it in the hand (p < .001). The average accuracy of 2.2 % of body-worn measurements was below previously defined thresholds for reliable results. It thus allows to define a procedure on how to perform and integrate an accurate 6MWT in telehealth settings for clinical decision support in heart failure patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Douma JAJ, Zweegman S, Alberts M, Kruyswijk S, van de Donk NCWJ, van Linde M, Buffart LM, Verheul HMW. Smartphone measurements of physical activity and fitness are associated with early trial discontinuation of patients in (hemato)oncology phase I/II clinical trials. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:3783-3792. [PMID: 33236210 PMCID: PMC8163675 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients, who discontinue early, do not benefit from phase I/II clinical trials (early-phase clinical trials (EPCT)). In this study, associations between objective smartphone measurements of physical activity and fitness and early trial discontinuation in patients with cancer participating in EPCT were investigated. METHODS Before start of treatment, physical activity (steps/day) and physical fitness (meters walked in 6 min) were measured with a smartphone, and patient-reported physical function (PRO-PF) was assessed (EORTC QLQ-C30-PF). Early trial discontinuation was defined as discontinuation ≤ 28 days. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to study associations of physical activity, fitness, and function with early trial discontinuation. Optimal cutoff values of physical activity and fitness were assessed with ROCs, based on positive predictive values (PPV). RESULTS Median (interquartile range (IQR)) step count was 4263 (2548-6897) steps/day, mean ± standard deviation 6-min walking distance was 477 ± 120 m and median (IQR) PRO-PF score was 83 (67-95) points. Fourteen patients (12%) discontinued the trial early. Smartphone measurements of physical activity in units of 100 steps per day (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94-0.99, p = 0.01), physical fitness (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98-0.99, p < 0.01), and PRO-PF (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94-1.00, p = 0.03) were associated with early trial discontinuation. Optimal cutoff values were < 900 steps for physical activity and < 285 m for physical fitness. PPV for early trial discontinuation was 100% in patients who walked both < 1500 steps per day and < 300 m in 6 min. CONCLUSIONS Objective smartphone measurements of physical activity and fitness are associated with early trial discontinuation. However, cutoff values should be externally validated in a larger cohort before implementation in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joeri A J Douma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Alberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandy Kruyswijk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C W J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myra van Linde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien M Buffart
- Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sosnova M, Zeitlberger AM, Ziga M, Gautschi OP, Regli L, Weyerbrock A, Bozinov O, Stienen MN, Maldaner N. Patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative spinal disorders favor smartphone-based objective self-assessment over paper-based patient-reported outcome measures. Spine J 2021; 21:610-617. [PMID: 33346155 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Smartphone-based applications enable new prospects to monitor symptoms and assess functional outcome in patients with lumbar degenerative spinal disorders. However, little is known regarding patient acceptance and preference towards new modes of digital objective outcome assessment. PURPOSE To assess patient preference of an objective smartphone-based outcome measure compared to conventional paper-based subjective methods of outcome assessment. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Fourty-nine consecutive patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative spinal disorder. OUTCOME MEASURES Patients completed a preference survey to assess different methods of outcome assessment. A 5-level Likert scale ranged from strong disagreement (2 points) over neutral (6 points) to strong agreement (10 points) was used. METHODS Patients self-determined their objective functional impairment using the 6-minute Walking Test application (6WT-app) and completed a set of paper-based patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) before and 6 weeks after surgery. Patients were then asked to rate the methods of outcome assessment in terms of suitability, convenience, and responsiveness to their symptoms. RESULTS The majority of patients considered the 6WT-app a suitable instrument (median 8.0, interquartile range [IQR] 4.0). Patients found the 6WT more convenient (median 10.0, IQR 2.0) than the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ; median 8.0, IQR 4.0, p=.019) and Core Outcome Measure Index (COMI; median 8.0, IQR 4.0, p=.007). There was good agreement that the 6WT-app detects change in physical performance (8.0, IQR 4.0). 78 % of patients considered the 6WT superior in detecting differences in symptoms (vs. 22% for PROMs). Seventy-six percent of patients would select the 6WT over the other, 18% the ZCQ and 6% the COMI. Eighty-two percent of patients indicated their preference to use a smartphone app for the assessment and monitoring of their spine-related symptoms in the future. CONCLUSIONS Patients included in this study favored the smartphone-based evaluation of objective functional impairment over paper-based PROMs. Involving patients more actively by means of digital technology may increase patient compliance and satisfaction as well as diagnostic accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Sosnova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Michal Ziga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver P Gautschi
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bozinov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin N Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Maldaner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maldaner N, Sosnova M, Zeitlberger AM, Ziga M, Gautschi OP, Regli L, Weyerbrock A, Stienen MN. Evaluation of the 6-minute walking test as a smartphone app-based self-measurement of objective functional impairment in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 33:779-788. [PMID: 32764182 DOI: 10.3171/2020.5.spine20547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Digital transformation enables new possibilities to assess objective functional impairment (OFI) in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD). This study examines the psychometric properties of an app-based 6-minute walking test (6WT) and determines OFI in patients with lumbar DDD. METHODS The maximum 6-minute walking distance (6WD) was determined in patients with lumbar DDD. The results were expressed as raw 6WDs (in meters), as well as in standardized z-scores referenced to age- and sex-specific values of spine-healthy volunteers. The 6WT results were assessed for reliability and content validity using established disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS Seventy consecutive patients and 330 volunteers were enrolled. The mean 6WD was 370 m (SD 137 m) in patients with lumbar DDD. Significant correlations between 6WD and the Core Outcome Measures Index for the back (r = -0.31), Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ) symptom severity (r = -0.32), ZCQ physical function (r = -0.33), visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain (r = -0.42), and VAS for leg pain (r = -0.32) were observed (all p < 0.05). The 6WT revealed good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.82), and the standard error of measurement was 58.3 m. A 4-tier severity stratification classified patients with z-scores > -1 (no OFI), -1 to -1.9 (mild OFI), -2 to -2.9 (moderate OFI), and ≤ -3 (severe OFI). CONCLUSIONS The smartphone app-based self-measurement of the 6WT is a convenient, reliable, and valid way to determine OFI in patients with lumbar DDD. The 6WT app facilitates the digital evaluation and monitoring of patients with lumbar DDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Maldaner
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen; and
| | | | | | - Michal Ziga
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen; and
| | - Oliver P Gautschi
- 3Neurological and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich
| | | | - Martin N Stienen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biebl JT, Huber S, Rykala M, Kraft E, Lorenz A. Attitudes and Expectations of Health Care Professionals Toward App-Based Therapy in Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee: Questionnaire Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e21704. [PMID: 33112255 PMCID: PMC7657727 DOI: 10.2196/21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of mobile health (mHealth) apps is becoming increasingly widespread. However, little is known about the attitudes, expectations, and basic acceptance of health care professionals toward such treatment options. As physical activity and behavior modification are crucial in osteoarthritis management, app-based therapy could be particularly useful for the self-management of this condition. Objective The objective of the study was to determine the expectations and attitudes of medical professionals toward app-based therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Methods Health care professionals attending a rehabilitation congress and employees of a university hospital were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of 16 items. A total of 240 questionnaires were distributed. Results A total of 127 participants completed the questionnaire. At 95.3% (121/127), the approval rate for app-based therapy for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee was very high. Regarding possible concerns, aspects related to data protection and privacy were primarily mentioned (41/127, 32.3%). Regarding potential content, educational units, physiotherapeutic exercise modules, and practices based on motivation psychology were all met with broad approval. Conclusions The study showed a high acceptance of app-based therapy for osteoarthritis, indicating a huge potential of this form of treatment to be applied, prescribed, and recommended by medical professionals. It was widely accepted that the content should reflect a multimodal therapy approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Theresia Biebl
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marzena Rykala
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduard Kraft
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lorenz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arjun Sharma J, Gadjradj PS, Peul WC, van Tulder MW, Moojen WA, Harhangi BS. SIZE study: study protocol of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of an interarcuair decompression versus extended decompression in patients with intermittent neurogenic claudication caused by lumbar spinal stenosis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036818. [PMID: 33028548 PMCID: PMC7539610 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent neurogenic claudication (INC) is often caused by lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Laminectomy is considered a frequently used surgical technique for LSS. Previous studies have shown that laminectomy can potentially cause lumbar instability. Less invasive techniques, preserving midline structures including the bilateral small size interarcuair decompression, are currently applied. Due to lack of evidence and consensus, surgeons have to rely on their training and own experiences to choose the best surgical techniques for their patients. Hence, an observer and patient blinded multicentre, randomised controlled trial was designed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bilateral interarcuair decompression versus laminectomy for LSS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 174 patients above 40 years with at least 12 weeks of INC will be recruited. Patients are eligible for inclusion if they have a clinical indication for surgery for INC with an MRI showing signs of LSS. Patients will be randomised to laminectomy or bilateral interarcuair decompression. The primary outcome is functional status measured with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire at 12 months. Secondary outcomes consist of pain intensity, self-perceived recovery, functional status measured with the Oswestry Disability Index and a physical examination. Outcome measurement moments will be scheduled at 3 and 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months after surgery. Physical examination will be performed at 6 weeks, and 12, 24 and 48 months. An economic evaluation will be performed and questionnaires will be used to collect cost data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Medical Ethical Committee of the Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam approved this study (NL.65826.078.18). The results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03480893). IRB APPROVAL STATUS MEC-2018-093.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pravesh S Gadjradj
- Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center and The Hague Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C Peul
- Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center and The Hague Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter A Moojen
- Neurosurgery, University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center and The Hague Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Neurosurgery, Medical Centre Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sprau AC, Basil G, Borowsky P, Yoon JW, Wang MY. Patient Participation With a Mobile Phone Application for Objective Activity Assessment Before and After Spinal Fusion. Cureus 2020; 12:e10326. [PMID: 33052287 PMCID: PMC7546594 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evolution within spine surgery is driven by a surgeon’s desire for expertise and significant improvement in their patients’ quality of life. As surgeons move away from using subjective patient-reported outcome (PRO) surveys, there must be an alternative objective metric in its place. Modern iPhone (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) technology can be used to capture daily activity in a simple, non-user biased manner. These health data can be used to analyze objective functional status in conjunction with PRO surveys to measure surgical outcomes. Methods Patients who underwent an awake transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) between 2014 and 2018 at our institution were identified. Patients were consented and instructed to download the application “QS Access” (Quantified Self Labs, San Francisco, CA). Following data collection, we analyzed the demographic information of patients who were reached to gauge participation and feasibility of data exportation. Results A total of 177 patients who underwent an awake TLIF at our institution were contacted. Of those who answered, 41 (44.6%) agreed to participate and 51 (55.4%) declined to participate. When comparing those who either participated or declined, there were no significant differences in age (p=0.145), sex (p=0.589), or ethnicity (p=0.686). Conclusion Our pilot study examined the patient participation in the novel usage of Apple "Health" data, queried from "QS Access" (Quantified Self Labs), to objectively measure relative patient functional status surrounding spinal fusion. We demonstrated that a smartphone-based application was mostly well received by our patient cohort and has the potential to be used as an objective operative metric moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelise C Sprau
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Gregory Basil
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Borowsky
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Jang W Yoon
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Y Wang
- Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sosnova M, Zeitlberger AM, Ziga M, Gautschi OP, Weyerbrock A, Stienen MN, Maldaner N. Longitudinal smartphone-based self-assessment of objective functional impairment in patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative disc disease: initial experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:2061-2068. [PMID: 32405670 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide spread of smartphone usage enables new possibilities for longitudinal monitoring of objective functional impairment (OFI) in patients undergoing surgery for lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD). METHODS Three patients, undergoing elective surgery for lumbar DDD, self-assessed OFI using a recently validated 6-min walking test (6WT) smartphone application. Results are presented as raw 6-min walking distance (6WD) as well as in reference to age- and sex-specific healthy population reference values using standardized z-scores (number of standard deviations). In parallel, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), including numeric rating scale (NRS) leg-pain and Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) were obtained before (pre) and 6 weeks (6 W) as well as 3 months (3 M) after surgery. Descriptive analyses were used to compare PROMs with repeated 6WT measurements over time. The feasibility and benefits of the longitudinal OFI measurements using the 6WT app are discussed. RESULTS One patient presented a favorable outcome, reflected by a clinically meaningful improvement in PROMs. Correspondingly, the 6WT distance gradually improved above the normal population values ((pre 399 m (z-score - 1.96) vs. 6 W 494 m (- 0.85) vs. 3 M 557 m (- 0.1)). One patient experienced initial improvement at 6 W, followed by a decline in 6WD at 3 M which promoted further interventions with subsequent recovery ((358 m (z-score - 3.29) vs 440 m (- 2.2) vs 431 m (- 2.32) vs 471 m (- 1.78)). The last patient showed a lack of improvement in PROMs as well as in OFI (360 m (z-score 0.0) vs 401 m (0.30) vs 345 m (- 0.11)) resulting in secondary surgery. CONCLUSION The longitudinal assessment of OFI using the 6WT app was feasible and provided the physician with a detailed history of patients' postoperative walking capacity complementing commonly used PROMs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tosic L, Goldberger E, Maldaner N, Sosnova M, Zeitlberger AM, Staartjes VE, Gadjradj PS, Eversdijk HAJ, Quddusi A, Gandía-González ML, Sayadi JJ, Desai A, Regli L, Gautschi OP, Stienen MN. Normative data of a smartphone app-based 6-minute walking test, test-retest reliability, and content validity with patient-reported outcome measures. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 33:480-489. [PMID: 32470938 DOI: 10.3171/2020.3.spine2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 6-minute walking test (6WT) is used to determine restrictions in a subject's 6-minute walking distance (6WD) due to lumbar degenerative disc disease. To facilitate simple and convenient patient self-measurement, a free and reliable smartphone app using Global Positioning System coordinates was previously designed. The authors aimed to determine normative values for app-based 6WD measurements. METHODS The maximum 6WD was determined three times using app-based measurement in a sample of 330 volunteers without previous spine surgery or current spine-related disability, recruited at 8 centers in 5 countries (mean subject age 44.2 years, range 16-91 years; 48.5% male; mean BMI 24.6 kg/m2, range 16.3-40.2 kg/m2; 67.9% working; 14.2% smokers). Subjects provided basic demographic information, including comorbidities and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): visual analog scale (VAS) for both low-back and lower-extremity pain, Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI), Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ), and subjective walking distance and duration. The authors determined the test-retest reliability across three measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], standard error of measurement [SEM], and mean 6WD [95% CI]) stratified for age and sex, and content validity (linear regression coefficients) between 6WD and PROMs. RESULTS The ICC for repeated app-based 6WD measurements was 0.89 (95% CI 0.87-0.91, p < 0.001) and the SEM was 34 meters. The overall mean 6WD was 585.9 meters (95% CI 574.7-597.0 meters), with significant differences across age categories (p < 0.001). The 6WD was on average about 32 meters less in females (570.5 vs 602.2 meters, p = 0.005). There were linear correlations between average 6WD and VAS back pain, VAS leg pain, COMI Back and COMI subscores of pain intensity and disability, ZCQ symptom severity, ZCQ physical function, and ZCQ pain and neuroischemic symptoms subscores, as well as with subjective walking distance and duration, indicating that subjects with higher pain, higher disability, and lower subjective walking capacity had significantly lower 6WD (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides normative data for app-based 6WD measurements in a multicenter sample from 8 institutions and 5 countries. These values can now be used as reference to compare 6WT results and quantify objective functional impairment in patients with degenerative diseases of the spine using z-scores. The authors found a good to excellent test-retest reliability of the 6WT app, a low area of uncertainty, and high content validity of the average 6WD with commonly used PROMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Tosic
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elior Goldberger
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Maldaner
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marketa Sosnova
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Zeitlberger
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Victor E Staartjes
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pravesh S Gadjradj
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ayesha Quddusi
- 5Center for Neuroscience, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jamasb Joshua Sayadi
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California; and
| | - Atman Desai
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California; and
| | - Luca Regli
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver P Gautschi
- 8Neuro and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Martin N Stienen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park DY. The Advent of Smartphone Applications in Spine Surgery: Bringing the Field to the 21st Century. Neurospine 2020; 17:143-145. [PMID: 32252165 PMCID: PMC7136104 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040066.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Don Young Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zeitlberger AM, Sosnova M, Ziga M, Steinsiepe V, Gautschi OP, Stienen MN, Maldaner N. Smartphone-Based Self-Assessment of Objective Functional Impairment (6-Minute Walking Test) in Patients Undergoing Epidural Steroid Injection. Neurospine 2020; 17:136-142. [PMID: 32252164 PMCID: PMC7136089 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040022.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidural steroid injection (ESI) represents a popular treatment option in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD). The main objective of the article was to determine whether the 6-minute walking test (6WT) could assist in the discrimination between ESI responders and nonresponders. We used a validated 6WT smartphone application to assess self-measured objective functional impairment (OFI) in 3 patients with DDD undergoing ESI. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), including the Core Outcome Measures Index and the Oswestry Disability Index, were obtained at baseline and at the 3-, 7-, and 28-day follow-up. Descriptive analyses were used to compare PROMs with OFI over time. Two patients responded well to the ESI, illustrated by clinically meaningful improvements in PROMs. This improvement was accompanied by a substantial increase in the 6WT distance (case I: 358 m vs. 517 m and case II: 296 m vs. 625 m). One patient reported only moderate improvement in leg pain and conflicting results in the other PROMs. The 6WT demonstrated a persistent OFI (487 m vs. 488 m). This patient was considered a nonresponder and underwent surgical treatment. This case series illustrates the feasibility of the smartphone-based 6WT as a tool to assess OFI in patients undergoing ESI for lumbar DDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marketa Sosnova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michal Ziga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Steinsiepe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver P Gautschi
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Martin N Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Maldaner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stienen MN, Rezaii PG, Ho AL, Veeravagu A, Zygourakis CC, Tomkins-Lane C, Park J, Ratliff JK, Desai AM. Objective activity tracking in spine surgery: a prospective feasibility study with a low-cost consumer grade wearable accelerometer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4939. [PMID: 32188895 PMCID: PMC7080733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are commonly used to estimate disability of patients with spinal degenerative disease. Emerging technological advances present an opportunity to provide objective measurements of activity. In a prospective, observational study we utilized a low-cost consumer grade wearable accelerometer (LCA) to determine patient activity (steps per day) preoperatively (baseline) and up to one year (Y1) after cervical and lumbar spine surgery. We studied 30 patients (46.7% male; mean age 57 years; 70% Caucasian) with a baseline activity level of 5624 steps per day. The activity level decreased by 71% in the 1st postoperative week (p < 0.001) and remained 37% lower in the 2nd (p < 0.001) and 23% lower in the 4th week (p = 0.015). At no time point until Y1 did patients increase their activity level, compared to baseline. Activity was greater in patients with cervical, as compared to patients with lumbar spine disease. Age, sex, ethnic group, anesthesia risk score and fusion were variables associated with activity. There was no correlation between activity and PROMs, but a strong correlation with depression. Determining activity using LCAs provides real-time and longitudinal information about patient mobility and return of function. Recovery took place over the first eight postoperative weeks, with subtle improvement afterwards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin N Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Paymon G Rezaii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allen L Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anand Veeravagu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Corinna C Zygourakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christy Tomkins-Lane
- Wearable Health Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John K Ratliff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Atman M Desai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maldaner N, Tomkins-Lane C, Desai A, Zygourakis CC, Weyerbrock A, Gautschi OP, Stienen MN. Digital transformation in spine research and outcome assessment. Spine J 2020; 20:310-311. [PMID: 32000961 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Maldaner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Christy Tomkins-Lane
- Wearable Health Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA; Department of Physical Education and Recreation Studies, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atman Desai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA
| | - Corinna C Zygourakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver P Gautschi
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Martin N Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maldaner N, Desai A, Gautschi OP, Regli L, Ratliff JK, Park J, Stienen MN. Improving the Patient-Physician Relationship in the Digital Era - Transformation From Subjective Questionnaires Into Objective Real-Time and Patient-Specific Data Reporting Tools. Neurospine 2019; 16:712-714. [PMID: 31905462 PMCID: PMC6944997 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1938400.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Maldaner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Atman Desai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver P. Gautschi
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Clinic St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John K. Ratliff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin N. Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|