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Comparing Protection of Remote Limb with Resveratrol Preconditioning following Rodent Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040568. [PMID: 35454157 PMCID: PMC9026829 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Preventing delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains an important therapeutic target. Preconditioning stimulates multiple endogenous protective mechanisms and may be a suitable treatment for DCI following SAH. We here compare remote limb conditioning with resveratrol conditioning in a clinically relevant SAH model. Methods: We produced a SAH in 39 male Sprague Dawley rats using a single injection model. Animals were randomized to four groups: repetitive limb conditioning with a blood pressure cuff, sham conditioning, intraperitoneal resveratrol (10 mg/kg) or intraperitoneal vehicle administered at 24, 48 and 72 h after SAH. On day 4 neurological and behavioral scores were obtained, and animals were euthanized. The cross-sectional area of the basilar artery was measured at the vertebrobasilar junction, and at the mid and distal segments. Hippocampal cells were counted in both hemispheres and normalized per mm length. We compared true limb preconditioning with sham conditioning and resveratrol with vehicle preconditioning. Results: The cross-sectional area of the mid-basilar artery in the true limb preconditioning group was significantly larger by 43% (p = 0.03) when compared with the sham preconditioning group. No differences in the cross-sectional area were found in the resveratrol-treated group when compared to the vehicle-treated group. We found no differences in the neuro score, behavioral score, and in mean hippocampal neuron counts between the groups. Conclusion: We found beneficial vascular effects of remote limb preconditioning on SAH-induced basilar artery vasoconstriction. Our findings support further studies of limb preconditioning as a potential treatment after SAH.
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Chen Y, Chen S, Chang J, Wei J, Feng M, Wang R. Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update on Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapeutic Advances. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740632. [PMID: 34737745 PMCID: PMC8560684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has one of the worst prognoses among patients with stroke. Surgical measures have been adopted to relieve the mass effect of the hematoma, and developing targeted therapy against secondary brain injury (SBI) after ICH is equally essential. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that perihematomal edema (PHE) is a quantifiable marker of SBI after ICH and is associated with a poor prognosis. Thus, PHE has been considered a promising therapeutic target for ICH. However, the findings derived from existing studies on PHE are disparate and unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to classify, compare, and summarize the existing studies on PHE. In this review, we describe the growth characteristics and relevant underlying mechanism of PHE, analyze the contributions of different risk factors to PHE, present the potential impact of PHE on patient outcomes, and discuss the currently available therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengpan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianbo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Neuroprotective Therapies for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 35:862-886. [PMID: 34341912 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients who survive the initial ictus of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain vulnerable to subsequent injury of the perilesional parenchyma by molecular and cellular responses to the hematoma. Secondary brain injury after ICH, which contributes to long-term functional impairment and mortality, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence for neuroprotective therapies targeting secondary injury pathways following ICH. A focus on therapies with pleiotropic antiinflammatory effects that target thrombin-mediated chemotaxis and inflammatory cell migration has led to studies investigating statins, anticholinergics, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonists, and magnesium. Attempts to modulate ICH-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown and perihematomal edema formation has prompted studies of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and complement inhibitors. Iron chelators, such as deferoxamine and albumin, have been used to reduce the free radical injury that ensues from erythrocyte lysis. Stem cell transplantation has been assessed for its potential to enhance subacute neurogenesis and functional recovery. Despite promising preclinical results of numerous agents, their outcomes have not yet translated into positive clinical trials in patients with ICH. Further studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the molecular events that promote damage and inflammation of the perihematomal parenchyma after ICH. Elucidating the temporal and pathophysiologic features of this secondary brain injury could enhance the clinical efficacy of neuroprotective therapies for ICH.
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Cozene B, Sadanandan N, Gonzales-Portillo B, Saft M, Cho J, Park YJ, Borlongan CV. An Extra Breath of Fresh Air: Hyperbaric Oxygenation as a Stroke Therapeutic. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091279. [PMID: 32899709 PMCID: PMC7563917 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke serves as a life-threatening disease and continues to face many challenges in the development of safe and effective therapeutic options. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) demonstrates pre-clinical effectiveness for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and reports reductions in oxidative stress, inflammation, and neural apoptosis. These pathophysiological benefits contribute to improved functional recovery. Current pre-clinical and clinical studies are testing the applications of HBOT for stroke neuroprotection, including its use as a preconditioning regimen. Mild oxidative stress may be able to prime the brain to tolerate full extensive oxidative stress that occurs during a stroke, and HBOT preconditioning has displayed efficacy in establishing such ischemic tolerance. In this review, evidence on the use of HBOT following an ischemic stroke is examined, and the potential for HBOT preconditioning as a neuroprotective strategy. Additionally, HBOT as a stem cell preconditioning is also discussed as a promising strategy, thus maximizing the use of HBOT for ischemic stroke.
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Hentia C, Rizzato A, Camporesi E, Yang Z, Muntean DM, Săndesc D, Bosco G. An overview of protective strategies against ischemia/reperfusion injury: The role of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00959. [PMID: 29761012 PMCID: PMC5943756 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, has been recognized as the most frequent causes of devastating disorders and death currently. Protective effect of various preconditioning stimuli, including hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), has been proposed in the management of I/R. METHODS In this study, we searched and reviewed up-to-date published papers to explore the pathophysiology of I/R injury and to understand the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of HBO as conditioning strategy. RESULTS Animal study and clinic observation support the notion that HBO therapy and conditioning provide beneficial effect against the deleterious effects of postischemic reperfusion. Several explanations have been proposed. The first likely mechanism may be that HBO counteracts hypoxia and reduces I/R injury by improving oxygen delivery to an area with diminished blood flow. Secondly, by reducing hypoxia-ischemia, HBO reduces all the pathological events as a consequence of hypoxia, including tissue edema, increased affective area permeability, postischemia derangement of tissue metabolism, and inflammation. Thirdly, HBO may directly affect cell apoptosis, signal transduction, and gene expression in those that are sensitive to oxygen or hypoxia. HBO provides a reservoir of oxygen at cellular level not only carried by blood, but also by diffusion from the interstitial tissue where it reaches high concentration that may last for several hours, improves endothelial function and rheology, and decreases local inflammation and edema. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests the benefits of HBO when used as a preconditioning stimulus in the setting of I/R injury. Translating the beneficial effects of HBO into current practice requires, as for the "conditioning strategies", a thorough consideration of risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications that could interfere with HBO-related protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Hentia
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy.,Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Alex Rizzato
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Zhongjin Yang
- The Institute for Human Performance SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY USA
| | - Danina M Muntean
- Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania.,Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Dorel Săndesc
- Faculty of Medicine "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara Romania
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Master II level in Hyperbaric Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
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6
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Ostrowski RP, Stępień K, Pucko E, Matyja E. The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen in hemorrhagic stroke: experimental and clinical implications. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1217-1223. [PMID: 28883864 PMCID: PMC5575217 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.65081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke, accounting for 10-30% of stroke cases, carries high rates of morbidity and mortality. This review presents the current knowledge on the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-based modalities in the preclinical research on hemorrhagic stroke. Both preconditioning and post-treatment with HBO are considered as prospective therapeutic options. High efficacy of HBO therapy (HBOT) for brain hemorrhage has been noted. We found that moderate hyperbaric pressures appear optimal for therapeutic effect, while the therapeutic window of opportunity is short. HBO preconditioning offers more modest neuroprotective benefit as compared to HBO post-treatment for experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. We advocate for mandatory calculations of percent changes in the experimentally investigated indexes of HBO effectiveness and stress the need to design new clinical trials on HBO for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Ostrowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stępień
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emanuela Pucko
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Matyja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Cui HJ, He HY, Yang AL, Zhou HJ, Tang T, Luo JK. Hyperbaric oxygen for experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: Systematic review and stratified meta-analysis. Brain Inj 2017; 31:456-465. [PMID: 28426381 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1279752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Cui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Yu He
- Institute of Mental Health, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - A-Li Yang
- Institute of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie-Kun Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Lab of Chinese Gan of SATCM, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Li S, Hafeez A, Noorulla F, Geng X, Shao G, Ren C, Lu G, Zhao H, Ding Y, Ji X. Preconditioning in neuroprotection: From hypoxia to ischemia. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:79-91. [PMID: 28110083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal hypoxic or ischemic events can improve the tolerance of tissues, organs, and even organisms from subsequent lethal injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia. This phenomenon has been termed hypoxic or ischemic preconditioning (HPC or IPC) and is well established in the heart and the brain. This review aims to discuss HPC and IPC with respect to their historical development and advancements in our understanding of the neurochemical basis for their neuroprotective role. Through decades of collaborative research and studies of HPC and IPC in other organ systems, our understanding of HPC and IPC-induced neuroprotection has expanded to include: early- (phosphorylation targets, transporter regulation, interfering RNA) and late- (regulation of genes like EPO, VEGF, and iNOS) phase changes, regulators of programmed cell death, members of metabolic pathways, receptor modulators, and many other novel targets. The rapid acceleration in our understanding of HPC and IPC will help facilitate transition into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Noorulla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
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9
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Hu SL, Feng H, Xi GH. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and preconditioning for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Med Gas Res 2016; 6:232-236. [PMID: 28217297 PMCID: PMC5223316 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.196907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the therapeutic methods for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are still limited. The lack of oxygen supply is critical for brain injury following stroke. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), an approach through a process in which patients breathe in 100% pure oxygen at over 101 kPa, has been shown to facilitate oxygen delivery and increase oxygen supply. Hence, HBO possesses the potentials to produce beneficial effects on stroke. Actually, accumulated basic and clinical evidences have demonstrated that HBO therapy and preconditioning could induce neuroprotective functions via different mechanisms. Nevertheless, the lack of clinical translational study limits the application of HBO. More translational studies and clinical trials are needed in the future to develop effective HBO protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Hua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Hu Q, Manaenko A, Matei N, Guo Z, Xu T, Tang J, Zhang JH. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning: a reliable option for neuroprotection. Med Gas Res 2016; 6:20-32. [PMID: 27826420 PMCID: PMC5075679 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and clinically there is no effective therapy for neuroprotection. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) has been experimentally demonstrated to be neuroprotective in several models and has shown efficiency in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Compared with other preconditioning stimuli, HBO is benign and has clinically translational potential. In this review, we will summarize the results in experimental brain injury and clinical studies, elaborate the mechanisms of HBO-PC, and discuss regimes and opinions for future interventions in acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhenni Guo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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11
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Fang J, Li H, Li G, Wang L. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning on peri-hemorrhagic focal edema and aquaporin-4 expression. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:699-704. [PMID: 26622378 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) on peri-hemorrhagic focal edema and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) expression in an experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) rat model. Sixty-six Sprague Dawley® rats were divided into three groups: The sham-surgery group (SHG; n=6); the control group (A-ICH; n=30), in which the rats were injected with autologous blood; and the experimental HBO-PC group (P-HBO; n=30). The rats underwent brain edema and AQP-4 detection at 5 postoperative time-points (24, 48 and 72 h and 5 and 7 days). The water content in the brain tissues of the A-ICH animals was higher than that in the brain tissues of the SHG rats at each time-point (P<0.05), and the edema in the P-HBO was significantly more severe 24 and 48 h postoperatively than that at 7 days postoperatively (P<0.05). The difference between the P-HBO and A-ICH was significant at 48 and 72 h postoperatively (P<0.05). AQP-4 was expressed in the post-hemorrhagic rat brains of all groups; the SHG animals exhibited low expression, while the A-ICH animals exhibited an increased expression 24 h postoperatively. In the A-ICH, expression peaked at 48 h postoperatively and began to decrease gradually after 72 h. At the 7-day time-point, the expression level in the A-ICH was closer to but still higher than that of the SHG animals (P<0.05). The differences between the P-HBO and A-ICH animals at the postoperative 24-h, 48-h and 7-day time-points were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, HBO-PC may downregulate AQP-4 expression to reduce the intracerebral edema, thus strengthening tolerance to ICH and protecting the nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian, Zibo, Shandong 255025, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Guanglei Li
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, P.R. China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
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Reis C, Wang Y, Akyol O, Ho WM, Ii RA, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. What's New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11903-65. [PMID: 26016501 PMCID: PMC4490422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160611903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as an alteration in brain functions caused by an external force, is responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. It is important to identify and treat TBI victims as early as possible. Tracking and monitoring TBI with neuroimaging technologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and high definition fiber tracking (HDFT) show increasing sensitivity and specificity. Classical electrophysiological monitoring, together with newly established brain-on-chip, cerebral microdialysis techniques, both benefit TBI. First generation molecular biomarkers, based on genomic and proteomic changes following TBI, have proven effective and economical. It is conceivable that TBI-specific biomarkers will be developed with the combination of systems biology and bioinformation strategies. Advances in treatment of TBI include stem cell-based and nanotechnology-based therapy, physical and pharmaceutical interventions and also new use in TBI for approved drugs which all present favorable promise in preventing and reversing TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Jinan, Guangzhou 250012, China.
| | - Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Wing Mann Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Richard Applegate Ii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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13
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Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuates postoperative cognitive impairment in aged rats. Neuroreport 2015; 25:718-24. [PMID: 24870985 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline after surgery in the elderly population is a major clinical problem with high morbidity. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) preconditioning can induce significant neuroprotection against acute neurological injury. We hypothesized that HBO preconditioning would prevent the development of postoperative cognitive impairment. Elderly male rats (20 months old) underwent stabilized tibial fracture operation under general anesthesia after HBO preconditioning (once a day for 5 days). Separate cohorts of animals were tested for cognitive function with fear conditioning and Y-maze tests, or euthanized at different times to assess the blood-brain barrier integrity, systemic and hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 activity. Animals exhibited significant cognitive impairment evidenced by a decreased percentage of freezing time and an increased number of learning trials on days 1, 3, and 7 after surgery, which were significantly prevented by HBO preconditioning. Furthermore, HBO preconditioning significantly ameliorated the increase in serum and hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), IL-6, and high-mobility group protein 1 in surgery-challenged animals. Moreover, HBO preconditioning markedly improved blood-brain barrier integrity and caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus of surgery-challenged animals. These findings suggest that HBO preconditioning could significantly mitigate surgery-induced cognitive impairment, which is strongly associated with the reduction of systemic and hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines and caspase-3 activity.
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Abstract
Diverse preconditioning (PC) stimuli protect against a wide variety of neuronal insults in animal models, engendering enthusiasm that PC could be used to protect the brain clinically. Candidate clinical applications include cardiac and vascular surgery, after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and prior to conditions in which acute neuronal injury is anticipated. However, disappointments in clinical validation of multiple neuroprotectants suggest potential problems translating animal data into successful human therapies. Thus, despite strong promise of preclinical PC studies, caution should be maintained in translating these findings into clinical applications. The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) working group and the National institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) proposed working guidelines to improve the utility of preclinical studies that form the foundation of therapies for neurological disease. Here, we review the applicability of these consensus criteria to preconditioning studies and discuss additional considerations for PC studies. We propose that special attention should be paid to several areas, including 1) safety and dosage of PC treatments; 2) meticulously matching preclinical modeling to the human condition to be tested; and 3) timing of both the initiation and discontinuation of the PC stimulus relative to injury ictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA ; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA ; Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
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Zhou W, Marinescu M, Veltkamp R. Only Very Early Oxygen Therapy Attenuates Posthemorrhagic Edema Formation and Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Murine Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2014; 22:121-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-014-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA,
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17
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Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) describes a phenomenon whereby a sub-injury inducing stress can protect against a later injurious stress. Great strides have been made in identifying the mechanisms of PC-induced protection in animal models of brain injury. While these may help elucidate potential therapeutic targets, there are questions over the clinical utility of cerebral PC, primarily because of questions over the need to give the PC stimulus prior to the injury, narrow therapeutic windows and safety. The object of this review is to address the question of whether there may indeed be a clinical use for cerebral PC and to discuss the deficiencies in our knowledge of PC that may hamper such clinical translation.
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Lu PG, Hu SL, Hu R, Wu N, Chen Z, Meng H, Lin JK, Feng H. Functional recovery in rat spinal cord injury induced by hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning. Neurol Res 2013; 34:944-51. [PMID: 23006818 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Gang Lu
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of NeurosurgeryJinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shan-Dong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Li Hu
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang-Kai Lin
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of NeurosurgerySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Hu S, Li F, Luo H, Xia Y, Zhang J, Hu R, Cui G, Meng H, Feng H. Amelioration of rCBF and PbtO2 following TBI at high altitude by hyperbaric oxygen pre-conditioning. Neurol Res 2013; 32:173-8. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x414524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Ischemic preconditioning attenuates brain edema after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:180-7. [PMID: 23162674 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) provides protection against subsequent severe ischemic injury. A recent study found that cerebral IPC prolongs bleeding time. In this study, we examined whether IPC protects against intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain edema formation and whether IPC affects blood coagulation. There were three sets of experiments in this study. In the first set, male Sprague-Dawley rats were preconditioned with either 15 min of left middle cerebral artery occlusion, an IPC stimulus, or a sham operation. Three days later, rats received an infusion of autologous whole blood in the ipsilateral or contralateral caudate. Rats were killed 24 h later for brain water content measurement. In the second set, rats underwent 15 min of IPC or a sham operation. Three days later, rats were used for bleeding and thrombin clotting time tests. In the third set, the levels of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), transferrin (Tf), and transferrin receptor (TfR) in the brain 24 or 72 h after IPC were examined. We found that IPC reduced ICH-induced brain edema when blood was injected into the ipsilateral caudate but it did not when blood was injected into the contralateral caudate. IPC resulted in prolongation of bleeding time and thrombin clotting time. IPC also induced the activation of p44/42 MAPKs and upregulation of HO-1, Tf, and TfR levels in the ipsilateral caudate. These results suggest that IPC protects against ICH-induced brain edema formation and decreases blood coagulation. The protection of IPC against ICH is mainly due to local factors in the brain and may be related to activation of p44/42 MAPKs and upregulation of HO-1, Tf, and TfR.
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21
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Westra D, Chen W, Tsuchiyama R, Colohan A, Zhang JH. Pretreatment with normobaric and hyperbaric oxygenation worsens cerebral edema and neurologic outcomes in a murine model of surgically induced brain injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:243-51. [PMID: 21725763 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbaric oxygenation is a readily available treatment modality, and its ability to improve neurological outcomes in a variety of animal models has been demonstrated. This study was designed to investigate the use of a single pretreatment regimen of either hyperbaric oxygenation or normobaric oxygenation to determine its effects in a murine model of surgically induced brain injury (SBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperbaric oxygen (2.5ATM, 1 h), normobaric oxygen (100% FIO2, 1 h) or room air (21% FIO2, 1 h) was applied on CD-1 mice immediately, or at 1, 2 or 3 h followed by SBI or sham surgical operation. Neurological assessment of the animals was done by a blinded observer at 24 and 72 h using a 21-point modified Garcia scale, wire hanging test, and beam balance test. The brain edema was evaluated using brain water content at 24 and 72 h after SBI. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the mortality rate after treatment compared with the SBI group. The brain water content after SBI was significantly increased in the right (ipsilateral) frontal lobe surrounding the site of surgical resection compared with the sham group. Both hyperbaric and normobaric oxygen treatment significantly increased the brain edema and worsened the neurological outcomes using a 21-point Garcia score compared with the SBI group. The brain edema at 24 h after injury was most pronounced in the group treated with normobaric oxygenation 2 h prior to surgery. These differences disappeared at 72 h after SBI. CONCLUSION Immediate pretreatment with either hyperbaric (2.5ATM, 1 h) or normobaric oxygen (100% FIO2, 1 h) increased brain edema and worsened neurological function at 24 h following SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Westra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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22
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Isoflurane Preconditioning Affords Functional Neuroprotection in a Murine Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE RESEARCH 2011; 111:141-4. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning reduces postoperative brain edema and improves neurological outcomes after surgical brain injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2010; 106:217-20. [PMID: 19812952 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-98811-4_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine if hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) is neuroprotective in a mouse model of surgical brain injury (SBI). C57BL mice were administered 100% oxygen for 1 h at 2.5 ATA for 5 consecutive days and subjected to SBI on the following day. The HBO-PC + SBI animals were compared to sham and normoxia + SBI groups for brain water content in different brain regions at 24 and 72 h after surgery. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated using Evan's blue dye extravasation at 24 h. Neurological assessment of the animals was done by a blinded observer at 24 and 72 h. The results showed that brain water content was significantly increased in the right (ipsilateral) frontal lobe surrounding the site of resection. This was attenuated by HBO-PC at 24 and 72 h. However, HBO-PC did not have any effect on the increased BBB permeability observed after SBI. Significant neurological deficits were observed after SBI. HBO-PC improved neurological deficits at 72 h on the 21-point sensorimotor scale and at 24 and 72 h on the wire hang and beam balance scoring. In conclusion, HBO-PC attenuates post-operative brain edema and improves neurological outcomes following SBI.
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Jadhav V, Ostrowski RP, Tong W, Matus B, Jesunathadas R, Zhang JH. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 mediates hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning-induced neuroprotection in the mouse model of surgical brain injury. Stroke 2009; 40:3139-42. [PMID: 19628811 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.549774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We investigated the role of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) in the mouse model of surgical brain injury (SBI). METHODS C57BL mice were administered 100% oxygen for 1 hour at 2.5 atmosphere absolute for 5 consecutive days and subjected to SBI. Neurological status and brain edema were evaluated at 24 hours and 72 hours after the brain insult. Fluorescent immunostaining and Western blotting were performed to study hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and COX-2, respectively. Two doses of COX-2 inhibitor, NS398 (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were used to verify the role of COX-2 signaling pathway in the mechanism of HBO-PC. RESULTS HBO-PC improved neurological status and decreased brain edema at 24 hours and 72 hours after SBI. HBO-PC by itself and SBI independently increased COX-2 levels by 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. HBO-PC, however, reduced increase in hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and COX-2 expression after SBI. The HBO-PC-induced improvement in neurological status and brain edema was reversed by a suboptimal dose of the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398 (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally; 1/4th of dose shown to provide neuroprotection), which itself had no effect on investigated end points. CONCLUSIONS HBO-PC attenuates postoperative brain edema and improves neurological outcomes after SBI. The HBO-PC-induced neuroprotection is mediated through COX-2 signaling pathways.
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25
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Hu SL, Hu R, Li F, Liu Z, Xia YZ, Cui GY, Feng H. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning protects against traumatic brain injury at high altitude. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2009; 105:191-6. [PMID: 19066108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-09469-3_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) can reduce ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury. We investigated effects of HBO preconditioning on traumatic brain injury (TBI) at high altitude and examined the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in such protection. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: HBO preconditioning group (HBOP; n = 13), high-altitude group (HA; n = 13), and high-altitude sham operation group (HASO; n = 13). All groups were subjected to head trauma by weight-drop device, except for HASO group. HBOP rats received 5 sessions of HBO preconditioning (2.5 ATA, 100% oxygen, 1 h daily) and then were kept in hypobaric chamber at 0.6 ATA (to simulate pressure at 4000m altitude) for 3 days before operation. HA rats received control pretreatment (1 ATA, room air, 1 h daily), then followed the same procedures as HBOP group. HASO rats were subjected to skull opening only without brain injury. Twenty-four hours after TBI, 7 rats from each group were examined for neurological function and brain water content; 6 rats from each group were killed for analysis by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Neurological outcome in HBOP group (0.71 +/- 0.49) was better than HA group (1.57 +/- 0.53; p < 0.05). Preconditioning with HBO significantly reduced percentage of brain water content (86.24 +/- 0.52 vs. 84.60 +/- 0.37; p < 0.01). Brain morphology and structure seen by light microscopy was diminished in HA group, while fewer pathological injuries occurred in HBOP group. Compared to HA group, pretreatment with HBO significantly reduced the number of MMP-9-positive cells (92.25 +/- 8.85 vs. 74.42 +/- 6.27; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS HBO preconditioning attenuates TBI in rats at high altitude. Decline in MMP-9 expression may contribute to HBO preconditioning-induced protection of brain tissue against TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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26
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Keep RF, Xiang J, Ennis SR, Andjelkovic A, Hua Y, Xi G, Hoff JT. Blood-brain barrier function in intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2009; 105:73-7. [PMID: 19066086 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-09469-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review current knowledge on blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). BBB disruption is a hallmark of ICH-induced brain injury. Such disruption contributes to edema formation, the influx of leukocytes, and the entry of potentially neuroactive agents into the perihematomal brain, all of which may contribute to brain injury. A range of factors have been implicated in inducing BBB disruption, including inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), thrombin, hemoglobin breakdown products, oxidative stress, complement, and matrix metalloproteinases. While there is interaction between some of these mediators, it is probable that prevention of ICH-induced BBB disruption will involve blocking multiple pathways or blocking a common end pathway (e.g., by stabilizing tight junction structure). While the effects of ICH on BBB passive permeability have been extensively examined, effects on other 'barrier' properties (metabolic and transport functions) have been less well-studied. However, recent data suggests that ICH can affect transport and that this may help protect the BBB and the brain. Indeed, it is possible in small bleeds that BBB disruption may be beneficial, and it is only in the presence of larger bleeds that disruption has detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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27
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Doshi BM, Perdrizet GA, Hightower LE. Wound healing from a cellular stress response perspective. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:393-9. [PMID: 18626792 PMCID: PMC2673931 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This meeting review highlights areas of mutual interest to investigators in the cellular stress response field and to those carrying out wound-healing research. Inflammation, perhaps the major unifying theme of this meeting, is an essential component of the adult wound response and understanding the control of inflammation is a common interest shared with researchers of the cellular stress response. The particular interest of the authors of this review is in chronic non-healing wounds that frequently occur in patients with major illnesses such as diabetes and diseases of the blood vessels. This orientation has undoubtedly influenced the selection of topics. It is fair to say that the authors were often surprised and certainly impressed with the overlapping interests and possibilities for collaboration among investigators of these two research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindi M. Doshi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | | | - Lawrence E. Hightower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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28
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Titova E, Ostrowski RP, Rowe J, Chen W, Zhang JH, Tang J. Effects of superoxide dismutase and catalase derivates on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2008; 105:33-35. [PMID: 19066078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-09469-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) has been previously evaluated against various reactive oxygen species-mediated brain injuries, especially those associated with ischemia/ reperfusion. In this study, we investigated effects of these enzymatic antioxidants on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. A total of 65 male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-380 g) were divided into a sham group, an untreated ICH group, 3 groups of ICH rats treated with lecithinized SOD (PC-SOD) at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, and a group treated with polyethylene glycol conjugated CAT (PEG-CAT) at a dose of 10,000 U/kg. An additional group of ICH rats received a combination of PC-SOD (1 mg/kg) and PEG-CAT (10,000 U/kg). ICH was induced by collagenase injection. All drugs were administered intravenously immediately after ICH induction. Brain injury was evaluated by scoring neurological function and measuring brain edema at 24 h after ICH induction. Our results demonstrated that ICH caused significant neurological deficit associated with remarkable brain edema. Treatment with PC-SOD, PEG-CAT, or PC-SOD in combination with PEG-CAT did not reduce brain edema or neurological deficit after ICH. We conclude that intravenously administered PC-SOD and/or PEG-CAT do not reduce brain injury in the collagenase-induced ICH rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Titova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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