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Wang Y, Chen L. Identification of Senescence-Related Biomarkers and Regulatory Networks in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurologist 2024; 29:225-232. [PMID: 38251721 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe neurological disorder with substantial societal implications. Cellular senescence plays a critical role in ICH pathogenesis. This study aims to identify senescence-related biomarkers in ICH for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. METHODS Raw data from GSE24265 in Gene Expression Omnibus was downloaded. Senescence-related genes were acquired from CellAge. Differential gene analysis was done between patients with ICH and controls. The intersection of ICH differentially expressed genes and senescence-related genes for senescence-related ICH genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed through the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis was done for immune cell infiltration and function evaluation in control and ICH groups. miRWalk2.0 database was used for microRNA predictions targeting ICH biomarkers. Transcriptional regulatory relationships unraveled by sentence-based text mining database was employed to predict transcription factors regulating identified biomarkers. RESULTS Thirteen senescence-related ICH genes were identified. They were primarily enriched in the positive regulation of angiogenesis and the Advanced Glycation End Product -Receptor for AGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. Validation in the GSE149317 data set and receiver operating characteristic analysis highlighted Caveolin 1, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1, ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor, and Serpin Family E Member 1 as potential ICH biomarkers. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis revealed increased Type 2 T helper cell 2_cells, Treg cells, and immune functions like Antigen-presenting cells_co_stimulation in patients with ICH. Fourteen microRNA, including has-miR-6728-3p, were predicted to regulate these biomarkers. transcription factors such as PPARG, RARA, HMGA1, and NFKB1 were identified as potential regulators of the ICH biomarkers. CONCLUSION Caveolin 1, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1, ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor, and Serpin Family E Member 1 may serve as valuable biomarkers in ICH. Targeting these genes could contribute to ICH prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Cangzhou Medical College
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Gynaecology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
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2
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Edvinsson L, Krause DN. Switching Off Vascular MAPK Signaling: A Novel Strategy to Prevent Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01234-z. [PMID: 38334872 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Patients who initially survive the rupture and repair of a brain aneurysm often take a devastating turn for the worse some days later and die or suffer permanent neurologic deficits. This catastrophic sequela is attributed to a delayed phase of global cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), but we lack effective treatment. Here we present our view, based on 20 years of research, that the initial drop in blood flow at the time of rupture triggers genomic responses throughout the brain vasculature that manifest days later as increased vasoconstriction and decreased cerebral blood flow. We propose a novel treatment strategy to prevent DCI by early inhibition of the vascular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that triggers expression of vasoconstrictor and inflammatory mediators. We summarize evidence from experimental SAH models showing early treatment with MAPK inhibitors "switches off" these detrimental responses, maintains flow, and improves neurological outcome. This promising therapy is currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, CopenhagenUniversity, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Diana N Krause
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SchoolofPharmacy&PharmaceuticalSciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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3
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Hu Z, Deng X, Zhou S, Zhou C, Shen M, Gao X, Huang Y. Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications of extracellular matrix remodelling in cerebral vasospasm. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:81. [PMID: 37925414 PMCID: PMC10625254 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm significantly contributes to poor prognosis and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Current research indicates that the pathological and physiological mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm may be attributed to the exposure of blood vessels to toxic substances, such as oxyhaemoglobin and inflammation factors. These factors disrupt cerebral vascular homeostasis. Vascular homeostasis is maintained by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and related cell surface receptors, such as integrins, characterised by collagen deposition, collagen crosslinking, and elastin degradation within the vascular ECM. It involves interactions between the ECM and smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial cells. Its biological activities are particularly crucial in the context of cerebral vasospasm. Therefore, regulating ECM homeostasis may represent a novel therapeutic target for cerebral vasospasm. This review explores the potential pathogenic mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm and the impacts of ECM protein metabolism on the vascular wall during ECM remodelling. Additionally, we underscore the significance of an ECM protein imbalance, which can lead to increased ECM stiffness and activation of the YAP pathway, resulting in vascular remodelling. Lastly, we discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, 315302, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinpeng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenhui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglu Shen
- Cixi Third People's Hospital, Cixi, 315324, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Liuting Street 59, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Zhang A, Liu Y, Wang X, Xu H, Fang C, Yuan L, Wang K, Zheng J, Qi Y, Chen S, Zhang J, Shao A. Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1533-1554. [PMID: 37196120 PMCID: PMC10529760 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), classified as a medical emergency, is a devastating and severe subtype of stroke. SAH induces an immune response, which further triggers brain injury; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. The current research is predominantly focused on the production of specific subtypes of immune cells, especially innate immune cells, post-SAH onset. Increasing evidence suggests the critical role of immune responses in SAH pathophysiology; however, studies on the role and clinical significance of adaptive immunity post-SAH are limited. In this present study, we briefly review the mechanistic dissection of innate and adaptive immune responses post-SAH. Additionally, we summarized the experimental studies and clinical trials of immunotherapies for SAH treatment, which may form the basis for the development of improved therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of SAH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - KaiKai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yangjian Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Romoli M, Giammello F, Mosconi MG, De Mase A, De Marco G, Digiovanni A, Ciacciarelli A, Ornello R, Storti B. Immunological Profile of Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108856. [PMID: 37240207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) carries high mortality and disability rates, which are substantially driven by complications. Early brain injury and vasospasm can happen after SAH and are crucial events to prevent and treat to improve prognosis. In recent decades, immunological mechanisms have been implicated in SAH complications, with both innate and adaptive immunity involved in mechanisms of damage after SAH. The purpose of this review is to summarize the immunological profile of vasospasm, highlighting the potential implementation of biomarkers for its prediction and management. Overall, the kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) immune invasion and soluble factors' production critically differs between patients developing vasospasm compared to those not experiencing this complication. In particular, in people developing vasospasm, a neutrophil increase develops in the first minutes to days and pairs with a mild depletion of CD45+ lymphocytes. Cytokine production is boosted early on after SAH, and a steep increase in interleukin-6, metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) anticipates the development of vasospasm after SAH. We also highlight the role of microglia and the potential influence of genetic polymorphism in the development of vasospasm and SAH-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Romoli
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giammello
- Translational Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Biomedical, Dental Science and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Mosconi
- Emergency and Vascular Medicine, University of Perugia-Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio De Mase
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, AORN Cardarelli, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Marco
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Digiovanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciacciarelli
- Stroke Unit, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Roma La Sapienza-Umberto I Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ornello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Storti
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Jin J, Duan J, Du L, Xing W, Peng X, Zhao Q. Inflammation and immune cell abnormalities in intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): Relevant signaling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027756. [PMID: 36505409 PMCID: PMC9727248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a cerebrovascular disorder associated with high overall mortality. Currently, the underlying mechanisms of pathological reaction after aneurysm rupture are still unclear, especially in the immune microenvironment, inflammation, and relevant signaling pathways. SAH-induced immune cell population alteration, immune inflammatory signaling pathway activation, and active substance generation are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunosuppression, and brain injury. Crosstalk between immune disorders and hyperactivation of inflammatory signals aggravated the devastating consequences of brain injury and cerebral vasospasm and increased the risk of infection. In this review, we discussed the role of inflammation and immune cell responses in the occurrence and development of aneurysm SAH, as well as the most relevant immune inflammatory signaling pathways [PI3K/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), STAT, SIRT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NLRP3, TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Keap1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/ARE cascades] and biomarkers in aneurysm SAH. In addition, we also summarized potential therapeutic drugs targeting the aneurysm SAH immune inflammatory responses, such as nimodipine, dexmedetomidine (DEX), fingolimod, and genomic variation-related aneurysm prophylactic agent sunitinib. The intervention of immune inflammatory responses and immune microenvironment significantly reduces the secondary brain injury, thereby improving the prognosis of patients admitted to SAH. Future studies should focus on exploring potential immune inflammatory mechanisms and developing additional therapeutic strategies for precise aneurysm SAH immune inflammatory regulation and genomic variants associated with aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Duan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Leiya Du
- 4Department of Oncology, The Second People Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Xing
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Qijie Zhao, ; Xingchen Peng,
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Qijie Zhao, ; Xingchen Peng,
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7
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Weng W, Cheng F, Zhang J. Specific signature biomarkers highlight the potential mechanisms of circulating neutrophils in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1022564. [PMID: 36438795 PMCID: PMC9685413 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1022564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating hemorrhagic stroke with high disability and mortality. Neuroinflammation and the immunological response after aSAH are complex pathophysiological processes that have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, attention should be paid to exploring the inflammation-related genes involved in the systemic response to the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Methods: The datasets of gene transcriptomes were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We constructed a gene co-expression network to identify cluster genes associated with aSAH and screened out differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The common gene was subsequently applied to identify hub genes by protein-protein interaction analysis and screen signature genes by machine learning algorithms. CMap analysis was implemented to identify potential small-molecule compounds. Meanwhile, Cibersort and ssGSEA were used to evaluate the immune cell composition, and GSEA reveals signal biological pathways. Results: We identified 602 DEGs from the GSE36791. The neutrophil-related module associated with aSAH was screened by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and functional enrichment analysis. Several small molecular compounds were predicted based on neutrophil-related genes. MAPK14, ITGAM, TLR4, and FCGR1A have been identified as crucial genes involved in the peripheral immune activation related to neutrophils. Six significant genes (CST7, HSP90AB1, PADI4, PLBD1, RAB32, and SLAMF6) were identified as signature biomarkers by performing the LASSO analysis and SVM algorithms. The constructed machine learning model appears to be robust by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. The immune feature analysis demonstrated that neutrophils were upregulated post-aSAH and PADI4 was positively correlated with neutrophils. The NETs pathway was significantly upregulated in aSAH. Conclusion: We identified core regulatory genes influencing the transcription profiles of circulating neutrophils after the rupture of intracranial aneurysms using bioinformatics analysis and machine learning algorithms. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of peripheral immune response and inflammation after aSAH.
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Rehnström M, Frederiksen SD, Ansar S, Edvinsson L. Transcriptome profiling revealed early vascular smooth muscle cell gene activation following focal ischemic stroke in female rats - comparisons with males. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:883. [PMID: 33297959 PMCID: PMC7726885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women account for 60% of all stroke deaths and are more often permanently disabled than men, despite their higher observed stroke incidence. Considering the clinical population affected by stroke, an obvious drawback is that many pre-clinical and clinical studies only investigate young males. To improve therapeutic translation from bench to bedside, we believe that it is advantageous to include both sexes in experimental models of stroke. The aims of this study were to identify early cerebral vascular responses to ischemic stroke in females, compare the differential gene expression patterns with those seen in males, and identify potential new therapeutic targets. Results Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used to induce stroke in both female and male rats, the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were isolated 3 h post reperfusion and RNA was extracted. Affymetrix whole transcriptome expression profiling was performed on female (n = 12) MCAs to reveal differentially expressed genes. In total, 1076 genes had an increased expression and 879 genes a decreased expression in the occluded MCAs as compared with the control MCAs from female rats. An enrichment of genes related to apoptosis, regulation of transcription, protein autophosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue repair and recovery were seen in the occluded MCA. The high expression genes chosen for qPCR verification (Adamts4, Olr1, JunB, Fosl1, Serpine1, S1pr3, Ccl2 and Socs3) were all shown to be upregulated in the same manner in both females and males after tMCAO (p < 0.05; n = 23). When comparing the differentially expressed genes in female MCAs (occluded and non-occluded) with our previous findings in males after tMCAO, a total of 297 genes overlapped (all groups had 32 genes in common). Conclusions The cascades of processes initiated in the vasculature following reperfusion are complex. Dynamic gene expression alterations were observed in the occluded MCAs, and to a less pronounced degree in the non-occluded MCAs. Dysregulation of inflammation and blood-brain barrier breakdown are possible pharmacological targets. The sample of genes (< 1% of the differentially expressed genes) validated for this microarray did not reveal any sex differences. However, sex differences might be observed for other gene targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07295-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi Rehnström
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, S22185, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Saema Ansar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, S22185, Lund, Sweden.
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Targeting CCL20 inhibits subarachnoid hemorrhage-related neuroinflammation in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14849-14862. [PMID: 32575072 PMCID: PMC7425437 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) is upregulated after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we investigated the functions of CCL20 in SAH injury and its underlying mechanisms of action. We found that CCL20 is upregulated in an SAH mouse model and in cultured primary microglia and neurons. CCL20-neutralizing antibody alleviated SAH-induced neurological deficits, decreased brain water content and neuronal apoptosis, and repressed microglial activation. We observed increased levels of CCL20, CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as of microglial activation in microglia treated with oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb). CCL20 or CCR6 knockdown reversed the effects of OxyHb on microglia. Conditioned medium from OxyHb-treated microglia induced neuronal apoptosis, while the percentage of apoptotic neurons in the conditioned medium from microglia transfected with CCL20 siRNA or CCR6 siRNA was decreased. We observed no decrease in OxyHb-induced apoptosis in CCL20-knockdown neurons. Conditioned medium from OxyHb-treated neurons led to microglial activation and induced CCR6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression, while CCL20 knockdown in neurons or CCR6 knockdown in microglia reversed those effects. Our results thus suggest CCL20 may be targeted to elicit therapeutic benefits after SAH injury.
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10
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Khey KMW, Huard A, Mahmoud SH. Inflammatory Pathways Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:675-693. [PMID: 31808009 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an acute cerebrovascular emergency resulting from the rupture of a brain aneurysm. Despite only accounting for 5% of all strokes, SAH imposes a significant health burden on society due to its relatively young age at onset. Those who survive the initial bleed are often afflicted with severe disabilities thought to result from delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Consequently, elucidating the underlying mechanistic pathways implicated in DCI development following SAH remains a priority. Neuroinflammation has recently been implicated as a promising new theory for the development of SAH complications. However, despite this interest, clinical trials have failed to provide consistent evidence for the use of anti-inflammatory agents in SAH patients. This may be explained by the complexity of SAH as a plethora of inflammatory pathways have been shown to be activated in the disease. By determining how these pathways may overlap and interact, we hope to better understand the developmental processes of SAH complications and how to prevent them. The goal of this review is to provide insight into the available evidence regarding the molecular pathways involved in the development of inflammation following SAH and how SAH complications may arise as a result of these inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Min Wei Khey
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alec Huard
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sherif Hanafy Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Guo Z, Hu Q, Xu L, Guo ZN, Ou Y, He Y, Yin C, Sun X, Tang J, Zhang JH. Lipoxin A4 Reduces Inflammation Through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2/p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rats. Stroke 2016; 47:490-7. [PMID: 26732571 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has been reported to reduce inflammation in several neurological injury models. We studied the effects of LXA4 on neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a rat model. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats, weight 280-320 g, were used. Exogenous LXA4 (0.3 and 1.0 nmol) were injected intracerebroventricularly at 1.5 hours after SAH. Neurological scores, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier were evaluated at 24 hours after SAH; Morris water maze and T-maze tests were examined at 21 days after SAH. The expression of endogenous LXA4 and its receptor formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), as well as p38, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were studied either by ELISA or by Western blots. Neutrophil infiltration was observed by myeloperoxidase staining. FPR2 siRNA was used to knock down LXA4 receptor. RESULTS The expression of endogenous LXA4 decreased, and the expression of FPR2 increased after SAH. Exogenous LXA4 decreased brain water content, reduced Evans blue extravasation, and improved neurological functions and improved the learning and memory ability after SAH. LXA4 reduced neutrophil infiltration and phosphorylation of p38, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. These effects of LXA4 were abolished by FPR2 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous LXA4 inhibited inflammation by activating FPR2 and inhibiting p38 after SAH. LXA4 may serve as an alternative treatment to relieve early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongduo Guo
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Qin Hu
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Liang Xu
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Yibo Ou
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Yue He
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Cheng Yin
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.)
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (Z.G., Q.H., L.X., Z.-N.G., Y.O., Y.H., C.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (Z.G., X.S.).
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Abstract
AbstractCerebral vasospasm is a prolonged but reversible narrowing of cerebral arteries beginning days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Progression to cerebral ischemia is tied mostly to vasospasm severity, and its pathogenesis lies in artery encasement by blood clot, although the complex interactions between hematoma and surrounding structures are not fully understood. The delayed onset of vasospasm provides a potential opportunity for its prevention. It is disappointing that recent randomized, controlled trials did not demonstrate that the endothelin antagonist clazosentan, the cholesterol-lowering agent simvastatin, and the vasodilator magnesium sulfate improve patient outcome. Minimizing ischemia by avoiding inadequate blood volume and pressure, administering the calcium antagonist nimodipine, and intervention with balloon angioplasty, when necessary, constitutes current best management. Over the past two decades, our ability to manage vasospasm has led to a significant decline in patient morbidity and mortality from vasospasm, yet it still remains an important determinant of outcome after aneurysm rupture.
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Kurogi R, Kikkawa Y, Matsuo S, Nakamizo A, Mizoguchi M, Sasaki T. Upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 contributes to restoration of the extracellular matrix in the rabbit basilar artery during cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2015; 1616:26-36. [PMID: 25940763 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling caused by extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism contributes to the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The balance between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in ECM remodeling. We investigated the mechanism of vascular remodeling following cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit double hemorrhage model. Rabbit basilar arteries were harvested on days 3, 5, and 7 after initial hemorrhage. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression were investigated with microarray analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression and localization of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV were investigated with immuohistochemical staining. After SAH, TIMP-1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 3 and then decreased to the control level on days 5 and 7. MMP-9 protein expression was significantly increased on day 7. TIMP-2 and MMP-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 7. Elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV protein expression was decreased on day 3 and then restored to control levels on day 7. Upregulation of TIMP-1 during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may contribute to the recovery of the ECM during the late phase of cerebral vasospasm, resulting in a protective role of TIMP-1 from cerebral vasospasm. Moreover, the increase in arterial compliance by the decrease in ECM during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may facilitate vasoconstriction of the cerebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kurogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikkawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka City 350-1298, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamizo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyusyu City 805-8508, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomio Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Pathological mechanisms underlying aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and vasospasmElsevier Ltd. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Shimada R, Abe K, Furutani R, Kibayashi K. Changes in dopamine transporter expression in the midbrain following traumatic brain injury: an immunohistochemical andin situhybridization study in a mouse model. Neurol Res 2014; 36:239-46. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Beaulieu LM, Lin E, Mick E, Koupenova M, Weinberg EO, Kramer CD, Genco CA, Tanriverdi K, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Freedman JE. Interleukin 1 receptor 1 and interleukin 1β regulate megakaryocyte maturation, platelet activation, and transcript profile during inflammation in mice and humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:552-64. [PMID: 24458711 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 (IL1R1) and its ligand, IL1β, are upregulated in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and infection. Previously, we reported a higher level of IL1R1 transcripts in platelets from obese individuals of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), but its functional effect in platelets has never been described. Additionally, IL1β levels are increased in atherosclerotic plaques and in bacterial infections. The aim of this work is to determine whether IL1β, through IL1R1, can activate platelets and megakaryocytes to promote atherothrombosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that IL1β-related genes from platelets, as measured in 1819 FHS participants, were associated with increased body mass index, and a direct relationship was shown in wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet. Mechanistically, IL1β activated nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in megakaryocytes. IL1β, through IL1R1, increased ploidy of megakaryocytes to 64+ N by 2-fold over control. IL1β increased agonist-induced platelet aggregation by 1.2-fold with thrombin and 4.2-fold with collagen. IL1β increased adhesion to both collagen and fibrinogen, and heterotypic aggregation by 1.9-fold over resting. High fat diet-enhanced platelet adhesion was absent in IL1R1(-/-) mice. Wild-type mice infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis had circulating heterotypic aggregates (1.5-fold more than control at 24 hours and 6.2-fold more at 6 weeks) that were absent in infected IL1R1(-/-) and IL1β(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, IL1R1- and IL1β-related transcripts are elevated in the setting of obesity. IL1R1/IL1β augment both megakaryocyte and platelet functions, thereby promoting a prothrombotic environment during infection and obesity; potentially contributing to the development of atherothrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M Beaulieu
- From the Department of Medicine (L.M.B., M.K., K.T., J.E.F.) and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; Department of Medicine (E.L., M.K., E.O.W., C.D.K., C.A.G., E.J.B.), Section of Infectious Disease (C.A.G.), and Department of Microbiology (C.A.G.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; NHLBI and Boston University's Framingham Heart Institute, Framingham, MA (M.G.L., E.J.B.); and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, MA (M.G.L.)
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Edvinsson L, Larsen SS, Maddahi A, Nielsen J. Plasticity of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:365-76. [PMID: 24449486 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is most often followed by a delayed phase of cerebral ischemia which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The causes underlying this delayed phase are still unsettled, but are believed to include cerebral vasospasm, cortical spreading depression, inflammatory reactions, and microthrombosis. Additionally, a large body of evidence indicates that vascular plasticity plays an important role in SAH pathophysiology, and this review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the phenotypic changes of vascular smooth muscle cells of the cerebral vasculature following SAH. In light of the emerging view that the whole cerebral vasculature and the cells of the brain parenchyma should be viewed as one integrated neurovascular network, phenotypical changes are discussed both for the cerebral arteries and the microvasculature. Furthermore, the intracellular signaling involved in the vascular plasticity is discussed with a focus on the Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway which seems to play a crucial role in SAH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark,
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18
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Shimamura N, Ohkuma H. Phenotypic transformation of smooth muscle in vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:357-64. [PMID: 24323729 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMC) control vasoconstriction and vasodilation, but they can undergo transformation, proliferate, secret cytokines, and migrate into the subendotherial layer with adverse consequences. In this review, we discuss the phenotypic transformation of SMC in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Phenotypic transformation starts with an insult as caused by aneurysm rupture: Elevation of intracranial and blood pressure, secretion of norepinephrine, and mechanical force on an artery are factors that can cause aneurysm. The phenotypic transformation of SMC is accelerated by inflammation, thrombin, and growth factors. A wide variety of cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxidase synthases, endothelins, thromboxane A2, mitogen-activated protein kinase, platelet-derived vascular growth factors, and vascular endothelial factor) all play roles in cerebral vasospasm (CVS). We summarize the correlations between various factors and the phenotypic transformation of SMC. A new target of this study is the transient receptor potential channel in CVS. Statin together with fasdil prevents phenotypic transformation of SMC in an animal model. Clazosentan prevents CVS and improves outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical trials of cilostazol for the prevention of phenotypic transformation of SMC have been reported, along with requisite experimental evidence. To conquer CVS in its complexity, we will ultimately need to elucidate its general, underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shimamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5-Zaihuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, 036-8562, Japan,
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19
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Tipton DA, Carter TB, Dabbous MK. Inhibition of interleukin 1β-stimulated interleukin-6 production by cranberry components in human gingival epithelial cells: effects on nuclear factor κB and activator protein 1 activation pathways. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:437-47. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Tipton
- College of Dentistry; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
- Department of Bioscience Research; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
| | - T. B. Carter
- College of Dentistry; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
- Department of Periodontology; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
| | - M. Kh. Dabbous
- College of Dentistry; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
- Department of Bioscience Research; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
- College of Medicine; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis TN USA
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurol Res Int 2013; 2013:943761. [PMID: 23691315 PMCID: PMC3649803 DOI: 10.1155/2013/943761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral vasospasm is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). While the cellular mechanisms underlying vasospasm remain unclear, it is believed that inflammation may play a critical role in vasospasm. Matrix metalloproteinasees (MMPs) are a family of extracellular and membrane-bound proteases capable of degrading the blood-rain barrier (BBB). As such, MMP upregulation following SAH may result in a proinflammatory extravascular environment capable of inciting delayed cerebral vasospasm. This paper presents an overview of MMPs and describes existing data pertinent to delayed cerebral vasospasm.
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Maddahi A, Povlsen GK, Edvinsson L. Regulation of enhanced cerebrovascular expression of proinflammatory mediators in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:274. [PMID: 23259581 PMCID: PMC3573995 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is suggested that the associated inflammation is mediated through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH. The aim of this study was first to investigate the timecourse of altered expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase in the cerebral arteries walls following SAH. Secondly, we investigated whether administration of a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor, U0126, given at 6 h after SAH prevents activation of the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway and the upregulation of cerebrovascular inflammatory mediators and improves neurological function. METHODS SAH was induced in rats by injection of 250 μl of autologous blood into basal cisterns. U0126 was given intracisternally using two treatment regimens: (A) treatments at 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after SAH and experiments terminated at 48 h after SAH, or (B) treatments at 6, 12, and 24 h after SAH and terminated at 72 h after SAH. Cerebral arteries were harvested and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) levels investigated by immunohistochemistry. Early activation of pERK1/2 was measured by western blot. Functional neurological outcome after SAH was also analyzed. RESULTS Expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-9 and pERK1/2 proteins were elevated over time with an early increase at around 6 h and a late peak at 48 to 72 h post-SAH in cerebral arteries. Enhanced expression of TNFα in cerebral arteries started at 24 h and increased until 96 h. In addition, SAH induced sensorimotor and spontaneous behavior deficits in the animals. Treatment with U0126 starting at 6 h after SAH prevented activation of MEK-ERK1/2 signaling. Further, U0126 significantly decreased the upregulation of inflammation proteins at 48 and 72 h following SAH and improved neurological function. We found no differences between treatment regimens A and B. CONCLUSIONS These results show that SAH induces early activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in cerebral artery walls, which is associated with upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and MMP-9. Inhibition of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by U0126 starting at 6 h post-SAH prevented upregulation of cytokines and MMP-9 in cerebral vessels, and improved neurological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Sang J, Chen Y, Jiang L, Tao Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Lan T, Shao G. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits ERK/JNK-mediated activation of transcription factors in gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1190-4. [PMID: 22940826 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study has shown that type II cGMP‑dependent protein kinase (PKG II) inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through blocking EGF-triggered MAPK/ERK signal transduction, indicating that the kinase may be a potential anticancer factor. In the present study, the role of PKG II in the EGF-induced activation of transcription factors in the MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway was investigated. BGC-823 human gastric cancer cells were infected with adenoviral constructs encoding the cDNA of PKG II (pAd‑PKG II) to increase the expression of PKG II and treated with 8-pCPT‑cGMP to activate the enzyme. Using luciferase reporter assays, it was revealed that PKG II markedly suppressed the EGF-induced transcriptional activities of AP-1 and Elk1. Consistent with the inhibitory effect of PKG II on AP-1 activity, the expression levels of c-Jun and c-Fos, components of AP-1, were also inhibited. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that EGF treatment increased the AP-1 content through inducing the formation of p-c-Jun-c-Jun homodimers and p-c-Jun-c-Fos heterodimers. However, this combination was efficiently blocked by activated PKG II. While pretreatments with MAPK inhibitors suppressed the EGF-induced transcriptional activities of AP-1 and Elk1, PKG II prevented the EGF-induced phosphorylation/activation of ERK and JNK, but not the phosphorylation of p38MAPK induced by EGF. These data suggest that PKG II inhibits the EGF-triggered proliferation of gastric cancer cells through suppressing ERK-/JNK-, but not p38MAPK, -mediated AP-1 and Elk1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Sang
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.
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Inhibition of cerebrovascular raf activation attenuates cerebral blood flow and prevents upregulation of contractile receptors after subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:107. [PMID: 22032648 PMCID: PMC3219635 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late cerebral ischemia carries high morbidity and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the subsequent cerebral ischemia which is associated with upregulation of contractile receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signal pathway. We hypothesize that SAH initiates cerebrovascular ERK1/2 activation, resulting in receptor upregulation. The raf inhibitor will inhibit the molecular events upstream ERK1/2 and may provide a therapeutic window for treatment of cerebral ischemia after SAH. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that SAH increases the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in cerebral vessels and reduces the neurology score in rats in additional with the CBF measured by an autoradiographic method. The intracisternal administration of SB-386023-b, a specific inhibitor of raf, given 6 h after SAH, aborts the receptor changes and protects the brain from the development of late cerebral ischemia at 48 h. This is accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in cerebrovascular SMC. SAH per se enhances contractile responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1), 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) and angiotensin II (Ang II), upregulates ETB, 5-HT1B and AT1 receptor mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with SB-386023-b given as late as at 6 h but not at 12 h after the SAH significantly decreased the receptor upregulation, the reduction in CBF and the neurology score. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence for a role of the ERK1/2 pathway in regulation of expression of cerebrovascular SMC receptors. It is suggested that raf inhibition may reduce late cerebral ischemia after SAH and provides a realistic time window for therapy.
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Maddahi A, Kruse LS, Chen QW, Edvinsson L. The role of tumor necrosis factor-α and TNF-α receptors in cerebral arteries following cerebral ischemia in rat. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:107. [PMID: 21871121 PMCID: PMC3177895 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is rapidly upregulated in the brain after injury. TNF-α acts by binding to its receptors, TNF-R1 (p55) and TNF-R2 (p75), on the cell surface. The aim of this study was first to investigate if there is altered expression of TNF-α and TNF-α receptors in cerebral artery walls following global or focal ischemia, and after organ culture. Secondly, we asked if the expression was regulated via activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Methods The hypothesis was tested in vivo after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and in vitro by organ culture of isolated cerebral arteries. The localization and amount of TNF-α, TNF-α receptor 1 and 2 proteins were analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blot after 24 and 48 h of organ culture and at 48 h following SAH or MCAO. In addition, cerebral arteries were incubated for 24 or 48 h in the absence or presence of a B-Raf inhibitor (SB386023-b), a MEK- inhibitor (U0126) or an NF-κB inhibitor (IMD-0354), and protein expression evaluated. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed enhanced expression of TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in the walls of cerebral arteries at 48 h after MCAO and SAH compared with control. Co-localization studies showed that TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 were primarily localized to the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of the smooth muscle cells (SMC). There was, in addition, some expression of TNF-R2 in the endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that these proteins were upregulated after 24 and 48 h in culture, and this upregulation reached an apparent maximum at 48 h of organ culture. Treatment with U0126 significantly reduced the enhanced SMC expression of TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 immunoreactivities after 24 and 48 h of organ culture. The Raf and NF-κB inhibitors significantly reduced organ culture induced TNF-α expression while they had minor effects on the TNF-α receptors. Conclusion The present study shows that cerebral ischemia and organ culture induce expression of TNF-α and its receptors in the walls of cerebral arteries and that upregulation is transcriptionally regulated via the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Pan H, Wang H, Zhu L, Mao L, Qiao L, Su X. Depletion of Nrf2 enhances inflammation induced by oxyhemoglobin in cultured mice astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2434-41. [PMID: 21833844 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element pathway has been proved to be the key regulator in reducing inflammatory damage, which is involved in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, in a traditional in vitro SAH model, we investigated the effect of Nrf2 depletion on pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Primary cultured astrocytes from Nrf2 wild type (WT) or knockout (KO) mouse were exposed or not exposed to oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb). Then the DNA-binding activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was detected by EMSA. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP9 were evaluated. The activity of MMP9 was measured by Gelatin zymography. After exposure to OxyHb, NF-κB was activated and the expression of downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines was up-regulated in astrocytes. And such up-regulation was much higher in KO astrocytes than in WT astrocytes, which means more aggravated inflammation in Nrf2 deficient astrocytes. These results suggest that astrocytes participate in inflammatory process after SAH and the absence of Nrf2 may induce more aggressive inflammation through activation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Effects of a calcineurin inhibitor, FK506, and a CCR5/CXCR3 antagonist, TAK-779, in a rat small intestinal transplantation model. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wirrig C, Hunter I, Mathieson FA, Nixon GF. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is a proinflammatory mediator in cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:212-21. [PMID: 20551970 PMCID: PMC3049485 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation has an important function in the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, the mediators of this inflammatory response have not been clearly identified. In this study, we have investigated the potential function of two sphingolipids, which occur naturally in plasma and serum, sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), to act as proinflammatory mediators in cerebral artery vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. In rat cerebral arteries, SPC but not S1P activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Using transcription factor arrays, two proinflammatory transcription factors activated by SPC in cerebral arteries were identified--nuclear factor-κB and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein. Both these transcription factors were activated by SPC in a p38MAPK-dependent manner. To determine whether this contributed to vascular inflammation, an inflammatory protein array was performed, which showed that SPC increased release of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cultured rat VSM cells. This increase in MCP-1 expression was confirmed in cerebral arteries. The S1P did not increase MCP-1 release. Taken together, our results suggest that SPC, but not S1P, can act as a proinflammatory mediator in cerebral arteries. This may contribute to inflammation observed after SAH and may be part of the initiating event in vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wirrig
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Blockade of the MEK/ERK pathway with a raf inhibitor prevents activation of pro-inflammatory mediators in cerebral arteries and reduction in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rat model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:144-54. [PMID: 20424636 PMCID: PMC3049479 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia that develops after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) carries high morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory mediators are involved in the development of cerebral ischemia through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We hypothesized that blockade of the MAPkinase/ERK (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway upstream with a specific raf inhibitor would prevent SAH-induced activation of the cerebrovascular inflammatory response. The raf inhibitor SB-386023-b was injected intracisternally in our rat model at 0, 6, or 12 hours after the SAH. After 48 hours, cerebral arteries were harvested, and iNOS, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 were investigated by immunofluorescence, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot analysis. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using autoradiography. Protein levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β were increased after SAH, as were mRNA levels of IL-6, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. After SAH, pERK1/2 was increased, but CBF was reduced. Treatment with SB-386023-b at 0 or 6 hours after SAH normalized CBF and prevented SAH-induced upregulation of MMPs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pERK1/2 proteins. These results suggested that inhibition of MEK/ERK signal transduction by a specific raf inhibitor administered up to 6 hours after SAH normalized the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix-related genes.
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Suzuki H, Hasegawa Y, Kanamaru K, Zhang JH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:133-9. [PMID: 21116928 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0353-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The goal of this review is to bring together recent diverse data concerning the roles of MAPKs in cerebral vasospasm and to consider the future research. METHOD A review of publications in the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health database was conducted in August 2009 using specific keyword search terms pertaining to subarachnoid hemorrhage and MAPKs. FINDINGS There are nine in vitro studies and 17 in vivo studies published. Most of previous studies used MAPK inhibitors or their upstream molecule inhibitors, and showed that MAPK inhibitions prevented vasospasm. The MAPK cascade appears to interact with other signaling molecules, and MAPK may be an important final common pathway for the signaling transduction during cerebral vasospasm. However, the mechanism by which MAPK causes sustained vascular smooth muscle contraction remains unclear. In addition, the role of endogenous MAPK inhibitors, MAPK phosphatases, has not been investigated in cerebral vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS The experimental data support the causative role of MAPK in cerebral vasospasm and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Glycine-induced cytoprotection is mediated by ERK1/2 and AKT in renal cells with ATP depletion. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:333-41. [PMID: 21122942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptor (GlyR) activation by glycine protects cells against ATP depletion. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To define signaling pathways responsible for the GlyR mediated cytoprotection, we examined the phosphorylation status of key kinases signaling pathways in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Our results indicated that growing the ATP-depleted MDCK cells in glycine-containing media increased the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), Ets-like transcription factor-1 (Elk1), AKT, and Forkhead box O-class 1 (FoxO1), decreased the level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, while having little effect on the phosphorylation status of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and 2. Similar phosphorylation changes in these molecules took place in the GlyRα1 stably expressing HEK-293 cell. We also showed that treating MDCK cells with ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 or AKT inhibitor LY294002 diminished cytoprotection against cell death by glycine, as determined by assessment of lactate dehydrogenase release and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide activity. In contrast, treatment with p38 inhibitor SB203580 enhanced the glycine-induced cytoprotection. Finally, RNAi-mediated silencing of GlyRα1 abolished the glycine-induced changes in phosphorylation status of the above kinases in ATP-depleted cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways are involved in the glycine-GlyR protection of MDCK cells against death induced by ATP depletion.
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Nakao KI, Kibayashi K, Taki T, Koyama H. Changes in the Brain after Intracerebral Implantation of a Lead Pellet in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1925-34. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Nakao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Taki
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Koyama
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Al-Dasooqi N, Gibson RJ, Bowen JM, Logan RM, Stringer AM, Keefe DM. Matrix metalloproteinases are possible mediators for the development of alimentary tract mucositis in the dark agouti rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1244-56. [PMID: 20682600 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alimentary tract (AT) mucositis is a serious and debilitating side-effect of cancer therapy primarily characterized by damage of the mucous membranes throughout the AT. It is well established that this damage is a result of up-regulation of stress response genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to function in several of the pathways known to be up-regulated in mucositis and play a key role in tissue injury and inflammation in many gastrointestinal disorders. This study aims to characterize the expression of multiple MMPs including MMP-1, -2, -3, -9 and -12 and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2, in a rat model of irinotecan-induced mucositis. Dark agouti rats were administered a single 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of irinotecan and killed at 1, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 h following treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and realtime polymerase chain reaction were used to assess histopathological damage and MMP expression in the jejunum and colon. Marked histopathological evidence of mucositis was observed in the jejunum and colon as early as six hours following irinotecan treatment. A significant alteration in both gene expression and tissue levels of MMPs and TIMPs was noted following irinotecan. The increase in MMP-2, -3, -9 and -12 levels was associated with inflammatory infiltrate and maximum tissue damage. In contrast, MMP-1 expression correlated with tissue restitution. TIMP-1 and -2 levels were significantly altered in the jejunum following irinotecan. The augmentation in the expression profiles of MMPs and their inhibitors correlated with histopathological alterations observed in the tissue following irinotecan. This prompts the consideration of MMPs as possible mediators of chemotherapy-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al-Dasooqi
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Mauney J, Volloch V. Adult human bone marrow stromal cells regulate expression of their MMPs and TIMPs in differentiation type-specific manner. Matrix Biol 2009; 29:3-8. [PMID: 19765656 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described a profound impact of structural conformation of collagen matrix on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Thus, a marginal p38-independent adipogenesis on native collagen I matrix contrasts with an efficient p38-dependent differentiation on denatured collagen I. An efficient Hsp90-dependent osteogenesis occurs on native collagen I matrix but not on its denatured counterpart where it is insignificant and proceeds in an Hsp90-independent manner. Whereas only marginal osteogenesis and no detectable adipogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells occur on native collagen IV, the same matrix supports a highly efficient adipogenesis in denatured structural state. The present study addresses the opposite direction in the flow of cell-matrix interaction, namely the cells' influence on structural state of collagen matrix, and tests the possibility that differentiating bone marrow stromal cells may adjust the expression phenotype of MMP and TIMP in such a way that, if translated into matrix modification, would facilitate the maintenance of collagen matrix in or its modification into structural state optimal for the ongoing differentiation process. The results obtained indicate that this is indeed the case. In bone marrow stromal cells stimulated to undergo adipogenesis the expression of MMP increases and that of TIMP decreases. In cells induced to undergo osteogenesis the opposite is true: MMP/TIMP expression is adjusted in a manner that, if translated into matrix modification, could promote the native structural conformation optimal for this type of differentiation. The results obtained also indicate that the observed adjustment in MMP/TIMP expression phenotype might be an early differentiation event and that differentiation stimulation alone might be sufficient to trigger it even on matrices not favorable to a given type of differentiation. The findings of the present study raise significant questions and indicate directions for further experimentation.
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Maddahi A, Chen Q, Edvinsson L. Enhanced cerebrovascular expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 via the MEK/ERK pathway during cerebral ischemia in the rat. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:56. [PMID: 19497125 PMCID: PMC2700114 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia is usually characterized by a reduction in local blood flow and metabolism and by disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the infarct region. The formation of oedema and opening of the blood-brain barrier in stroke is associated with enhanced expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Results Here, we found an infarct volume of 24.8 ± 2% and a reduced neurological function after two hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 48 hours of recirculation in rat. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy revealed enhanced expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the smooth muscle cells of the ischemic MCA and associated intracerebral microvessels. The specific MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, given intraperitoneal zero or 6 hours after the ischemic event, reduced the infarct volume significantly (11.8 ± 2% and 14.6 ± 3%, respectively; P < 0.05), improved neurological function, normalized expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, and reduced expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the vessel walls. Administration of U0126 12 hours after MCAO did not alter the expression of MMP-9. Immunocytochemistry showed no overlap in expression between MMP-9/TIMP-1 and the astrocyte/glial cell marker GFAP in the vessel walls. Conclusion These data are the first to show that the elevated vascular expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, associated with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier following focal ischemia, are transcriptionally regulated via the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Vikman P, Xu CB, Edvinsson L. Lipid-soluble cigarette smoking particles induce expression of inflammatory and extracellular-matrix-related genes in rat cerebral arteries. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:333-41. [PMID: 19436652 PMCID: PMC2672441 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cigarette smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that smoke leads to the pathogenesis of stroke are incompletely understood. METHODS Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-soluble (lipid-soluble) cigarette smoking particles (DSP) were extracted from cigarette smoke (0.8 mg nicotine per cigarette; Marlboro). Rat cerebral arteries were isolated and organ cultured in the presence of DSP (0.2 microl/ml, equivalent to the plasma level in smokers) for 24 h. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 13 (MMP9 and MMP13), angiotensin receptor 1 and 2 (AT(1) and AT(2)), interleukin 6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated at mRNA level by real-time PCR and/or at protein level by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the activity of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK) and their downstream transcription factors (ATF-2, Elk-1 and c-Jun) were examined. RESULTS We observed that compared with control (DMSO-treated cerebral arteries), the cerebral arteries treated by DSP exhibited enhanced expression of MMP13 and AT(1) receptors, but not of AT(2) receptors, at both mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that a transcriptional mechanism is most likely involved in the DSP effects. This is further supported by the findings that DSP induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases inflammatory signal protein in parallel with activation of its downstream transcription factor ATF-2 and Elk-1. However, ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK activities were markedly expressed in the control (organ culture per se with DMSO), and DSP failed to further enhance the activation of ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK in the cerebral arteries. CONCLUSIONS DSP induces cerebral vessel inflammation with activation of p38 MAPK inflammatory signal and the downstream transcriptional factors (ATF-2 and Elk-1) in parallel with enhanced extracellular-matrix-related gene transcription and increased AT(1) receptor expression in the cerebral arteries, which are key events in stroke pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Vikman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Experimental Vascular Research, Lund, Sweden
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