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Grech O, Seneviratne SY, Alimajstorovic Z, Yiangou A, Mitchell JL, Smith TB, Mollan SP, Lavery GG, Ludwig C, Sinclair AJ. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Metabolomics in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension to Identify Markers of Disease and Headache. Neurology 2022; 99:e1702-e1714. [PMID: 36240084 PMCID: PMC9620805 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We evaluated the metabolomic profile in the CSF, serum, and urine of participants with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) compared with that in controls and measured changes in metabolism associated with clinical markers of disease activity and treatment. METHODS A case-control study compared women aged 18-55 years with active IIH (Friedman diagnostic criteria) with a sex-matched, age-matched, and body mass index-matched control group. IIH participants were identified from neurology and ophthalmology clinics from National Health Service hospitals and underwent a prospective intervention to induce disease remission through weight loss with reevaluation at 12 months. Clinical assessments included lumbar puncture, headache, papilledema, and visual measurements. Spectra of the CSF, serum, and urine metabolites were acquired using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Urea was lower in IIH participants (CSF, controls median ± IQR 0.196 ± 0.008, IIH 0.058 ± 0.059, p < 0.001; urine, controls 5971.370 ± 3021.831, IIH 4691.363 ± 1955.774, p = 0.009), correlated with ICP (urine p = 0.019) and headache severity (CSF p = 0.031), and increased by 12 months (CSF 12 months; 0.175 ± 0.043, p = 0.004, urine; 5210.874 ± 1825.302, p = 0.043). The lactate:pyruvate ratio was increased in IIH participants compared with that in controls (CSF, controls 49.739 ± 19.523, IIH 113.114 ± 117.298, p = 0.023; serum, controls 38.187 ± 13.392, IIH 54.547 ± 18.471, p = 0.004) and decreased at 12 months (CSF, 113.114 ± 117.298, p < 0.001). Baseline acetate was higher in IIH participants (CSF, controls 0.128 ± 0.041, IIH 0.192 ± 0.151, p = 0.008), correlated with headache severity (p = 0.030) and headache disability (p = 0.003), and was reduced at 12 months (0.160 ± 0.060, p = 0.007). Ketones, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, were altered in the CSF at baseline in IIH participants (3-hydroxybutyrate, controls 0.074 ± 0.063, IIH 0.049 ± 0.055, p = 0.019; acetoacetate, controls 0.013 ± 0.007, IIH 0.017 ± 0.010, p = 0.013) and normalized at 12 months (0.112 ± 0.114, p = 0.019, 0.029 ± 0.017, p = 0.015, respectively). DISCUSSION We observed metabolic disturbances that are evident in the CSF, serum, and urine of IIH participants, suggesting global metabolic dysregulation. Altered ketone body metabolites normalized after therapeutic weight loss. CSF:serum urea ratio was altered, which may influence ICP dynamics and headache. Elevated CSF acetate, known to stimulate trigeminal sensitization, was associated with headache morbidity. These alterations of metabolic pathways specific to IIH provide biological insight and warrant mechanistic evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02124486 (submitted April 22, 2014) and NCT02017444 (submitted December 16, 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Grech
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Senali Y Seneviratne
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Zerin Alimajstorovic
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Andreas Yiangou
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - James L Mitchell
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Susan P Mollan
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Metabolic Neurology (O.G., S.Y.S., Z.A., A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Department of Neurology (A.Y., J.L.M., A.J.S.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Surgery (T.B.S.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, The University of Cambridge; Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology (S.P.M), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (G.G.L., C.L.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; and Department of Biosciences (G.G.L.), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, UK.
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Johanson CE, Duncan JA, Klinge PM, Brinker T, Stopa EG, Silverberg GD. Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2008; 5:10. [PMID: 18479516 PMCID: PMC2412840 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review integrates eight aspects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory dynamics: formation rate, pressure, flow, volume, turnover rate, composition, recycling and reabsorption. Novel ways to modulate CSF formation emanate from recent analyses of choroid plexus transcription factors (E2F5), ion transporters (NaHCO3 cotransport), transport enzymes (isoforms of carbonic anhydrase), aquaporin 1 regulation, and plasticity of receptors for fluid-regulating neuropeptides. A greater appreciation of CSF pressure (CSFP) is being generated by fresh insights on peptidergic regulatory servomechanisms, the role of dysfunctional ependyma and circumventricular organs in causing congenital hydrocephalus, and the clinical use of algorithms to delineate CSFP waveforms for diagnostic and prognostic utility. Increasing attention focuses on CSF flow: how it impacts cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics, neural stem cell progression in the subventricular zone, and catabolite/peptide clearance from the CNS. The pathophysiological significance of changes in CSF volume is assessed from the respective viewpoints of hemodynamics (choroid plexus blood flow and pulsatility), hydrodynamics (choroidal hypo- and hypersecretion) and neuroendocrine factors (i.e., coordinated regulation by atrial natriuretic peptide, arginine vasopressin and basic fibroblast growth factor). In aging, normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease, the expanding CSF space reduces the CSF turnover rate, thus compromising the CSF sink action to clear harmful metabolites (e.g., amyloid) from the CNS. Dwindling CSF dynamics greatly harms the interstitial environment of neurons. Accordingly the altered CSF composition in neurodegenerative diseases and senescence, because of adverse effects on neural processes and cognition, needs more effective clinical management. CSF recycling between subarachnoid space, brain and ventricles promotes interstitial fluid (ISF) convection with both trophic and excretory benefits. Finally, CSF reabsorption via multiple pathways (olfactory and spinal arachnoidal bulk flow) is likely complemented by fluid clearance across capillary walls (aquaporin 4) and arachnoid villi when CSFP and fluid retention are markedly elevated. A model is presented that links CSF and ISF homeostasis to coordinated fluxes of water and solutes at both the blood-CSF and blood-brain transport interfaces. OUTLINE 1 Overview2 CSF formation2.1 Transcription factors2.2 Ion transporters2.3 Enzymes that modulate transport2.4 Aquaporins or water channels2.5 Receptors for neuropeptides3 CSF pressure3.1 Servomechanism regulatory hypothesis3.2 Ontogeny of CSF pressure generation3.3 Congenital hydrocephalus and periventricular regions3.4 Brain response to elevated CSF pressure3.5 Advances in measuring CSF waveforms4 CSF flow4.1 CSF flow and brain metabolism4.2 Flow effects on fetal germinal matrix4.3 Decreasing CSF flow in aging CNS4.4 Refinement of non-invasive flow measurements5 CSF volume5.1 Hemodynamic factors5.2 Hydrodynamic factors5.3 Neuroendocrine factors6 CSF turnover rate6.1 Adverse effect of ventriculomegaly6.2 Attenuated CSF sink action7 CSF composition7.1 Kidney-like action of CP-CSF system7.2 Altered CSF biochemistry in aging and disease7.3 Importance of clearance transport7.4 Therapeutic manipulation of composition8 CSF recycling in relation to ISF dynamics8.1 CSF exchange with brain interstitium8.2 Components of ISF movement in brain8.3 Compromised ISF/CSF dynamics and amyloid retention9 CSF reabsorption9.1 Arachnoidal outflow resistance9.2 Arachnoid villi vs. olfactory drainage routes9.3 Fluid reabsorption along spinal nerves9.4 Reabsorption across capillary aquaporin channels10 Developing translationally effective models for restoring CSF balance11 Conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Johanson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - John A Duncan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Petra M Klinge
- International Neuroscience Institute Hannover, Rudolph-Pichlmayr-Str. 4, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Brinker
- International Neuroscience Institute Hannover, Rudolph-Pichlmayr-Str. 4, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edward G Stopa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Gerald D Silverberg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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