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Ju Z, Shao J, Zhou M, Jin J, Pan H, Ding P, Huang R. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling reveal the p53-dependent benzeneacetic acid attenuation of silica-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:30. [PMID: 33546743 PMCID: PMC7866764 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica exposure underlies the development of silicosis, one of the most serious occupational hazards worldwide. We aimed to explore the interaction of the silica-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcripts with the cellular metabolism regulated by p53. METHODS We knocked out p53 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell line. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses and integrative omics were conducted using microarrays, GC-MS, and MetaboAnalyst, respectively. RESULTS Fifty-two mRNAs showed significantly altered expression in the HBE p53-KO cells post-silica exposure. A total of 42 metabolites were putatively involved in p53-dependent silica-mediated HBE cell dysfunction. Through integrated data analysis, we obtained five significant p53-dependent metabolic pathways including phenylalanine, glyoxylate, dicarboxylate, and linoleic acid metabolism, and the citrate cycle. Through metabolite screening, we further identified that benzeneacetic acid, a key regulation metabolite in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, attenuated the silica-induced EMT in HBE cells in a p53-dependent manner. Interestingly, despite the extensive p53-related published literature, the clinical translation of these studies remains unsubstantial. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which epithelial cells respond to silica exposure and provide fresh perspective and direction for future clinical biomarker research and potential clinically sustainable and translatable role of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jianlin Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Huiji Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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2
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Phi JH, Choi SA, Kwak PA, Lee JY, Wang KC, Hwang DW, Kim SK. Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppresses leptomeningeal seeding in a medulloblastoma animal model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56747-56757. [PMID: 28915627 PMCID: PMC5593598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal seeding is a strong negative prognostic factor for medulloblastoma (MB). The mechanism of leptomeningeal seeding is unclear but may involve epigenetic regulation. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, panobinostat, in the suppression of MB leptomeningeal seeding. Panobinostat decreased the cell viability and proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MB cell lines. The migration and adhesion capabilities were significantly decreased. Panobinostat effectively down-regulated protein expression of CCND1 and ID3 which has been associated with leptomeningeal seeding of MB. After panobinostat treatment, neurophil-like cellular processes developed and expression of synaptophysin and NeuroD1 was increased, indicating neuronal differentiation. In MB leptomeningeal seeding in vivo model, the panobinostat-treated group showed significantly decreased spinal leptomeningeal seeding and a survival benefit. The findings demonstrate that panobinostat suppresses MB leptomeningeal seeding through the down-regulation of ID3 and the induction of neuronal differentiation. An HDAC inhibitor might be a potent treatment option for the treatment of MB patients with leptomeningeal seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Adolescent Cancer Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ah Choi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Adolescent Cancer Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil Ae Kwak
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Adolescent Cancer Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Adolescent Cancer Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Özay R, Aktaş A, Taşkapılıoğlu MÖ, Gürer B, Erdoğan B, Çağlar YŞ. Does glioblastoma cyst fluid promote sciatic nerve regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1643-9. [PMID: 26692863 PMCID: PMC4660759 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma cyst fluid contains growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins which are known as neurotrophic and neurite-promoting agents. Therefore, we hypothesized that glioblastoma cyst fluid can promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. To validate this hypothesis, we transected rat sciatic nerve, performed epineural anastomosis, and wrapped the injured sciatic nerve with glioblastoma cyst fluid- or saline-soaked gelatin sponges. Neurological function and histomorphological examinations showed that compared with the rats receiving local saline treatment, those receiving local glioblastoma cyst fluid treatment had better sciatic nerve function, fewer scars, greater axon area, counts and diameter as well as fiber diameter. These findings suggest that glioblastoma cyst fluid can promote the regeneration of injured sciatic nerve and has the potential for future clinical application in patients with peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafet Özay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Diskapi Yıldırım Beyazıt Educational and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abit Aktaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Bora Gürer
- Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Erdoğan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Fatih University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Şükrü Çağlar
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Blakeley J, Grossman SA. Chemotherapy with cytotoxic and cytostatic agents in brain cancer. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 104:229-54. [PMID: 22230447 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52138-5.00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Szucs Z, Sathekge M, Marjanovic-Painter B, Wagener J, Sello T, Wagener C, Zeevaart JR. Synthesis of I-131 labelled 4-iodophenylacetic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hai J, Lin Q, Zhang H, Lu Y, Yi J. Cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of differentiation of rat C6 glioma cells by panaxydol. Neurol Res 2008; 31:274-9. [PMID: 19040798 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x380919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preliminary works have indicated that panaxydol possesses growth inhibition and induces differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this differentiation remains unknown. We sought to investigate the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cellular differentiation induced by panaxydol. METHODS C6 cells were treated with panaxydol and various specific inhibitors, and the inhibition of cell growth was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and homotransplantation in nude mice. Astrocytic processes were quantified under a phase-contrasted microscope. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and cell migration were carried out by Western blot and scratch-wound test, respectively. In addition, the intracellular cAMP concentration was measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Panaxydol induces the elevation of intracellular cAMP concentration in C6 cells. The effects of growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo and induction of differentiation in C6 cells by panaxydol could be inhibited by the cAMP inhibitor, Rp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate, but not by protein kinase A or protein kinase C specific inhibitors. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the cAMP-dependent pathway may regulate cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation in C6 glioma cells by panaxydol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Watanabe M, Miyajima N, Igarashi M, Endo Y, Watanabe N, Sugano S. Sodium phenylacetate inhibits the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway to induce reduction of the c-Raf-1 protein in human and canine breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 118:281-91. [PMID: 18953652 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An aromatic fatty acid, phenylacetate (PA), has been shown to have cytostatic, antitumor and cell differentiation-inducing effects on various kinds of tumors. Previously, we have demonstrated cell growth inhibition, malignant phenotype reduction and cell differentiation effects of sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) treatment in a canine mammary tumor cell line. To clarify the molecular mechanism of these effects, we examined the expression of Ras/MAPK signaling pathway-related molecules in human and canine breast cancer cell lines, and found that the level of c-Raf-1 protein was reduced by 5, 10 and 20 mM of NaPA treatments, though Ras activation was maintained. Dephosphorylation of c-Raf-1 at Serine (Ser) 259, Ser 338, and Ser 621 were also seen in NaPA-treated cells. Downstream factors in the pathway, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 and ERK1/2, showed decreased activity, and accordingly, expressions of cyclinD1, c-myc, and inactivation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which are MAPK targets, were reduced. We also observed the reduction of cell-cycle-promoted molecules, such as cdc1/cdk2, cdk4, PCNA cyclin A, and cyclin B, and the increased expression of p27kip1. Furthermore, expression of an epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was increased by NaPA treatment. These results suggest that one of the molecular targets of NaPA treatment was the reduction of c-Raf-1 protein, and that its reduction results in the decrease of malignant characteristics of tumor cells through blockage of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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8
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Camacho LH, Olson J, Tong WP, Young CW, Spriggs DR, Malkin MG. Phase I dose escalation clinical trial of phenylbutyrate sodium administered twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2006; 25:131-8. [PMID: 17053987 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-9017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylbutyrate (PBA), and its metabolite phenylacetate (PAA), induce growth inhibition and cellular differentiation in multiple tumor models. However, despite their potential anti-cancer properties, several pharmacodynamic aspects remain unknown. METHODS We conducted a dose escalating trial to evaluate twice-daily intravenous PBA infusions for two consecutive weeks (Monday through Friday) every month at five dose levels (60-360 mg/kg/day). Twenty-one patients with the following malignancies were treated: colon carcinoma 4, non-small cell lung carcinoma 4; anaplastic astrocytoma 3, glioblastoma multiforme 3, bladder carcinoma 2, sarcoma 2, and ovarian carcinoma, rectal hemangiopericytoma, and pancreatic carcinoma 1 each. RESULTS Conversion of PBA to PAA and phenylacetylglutamine (PAG) was documented without catabolic saturation. Plasma content of PBA > or =1 mM was documented for only 3 h following each dose at the top two dosages. The therapy was well tolerated overall. Common adverse effects included grade 1 nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and lightheadedness. Dose limiting toxicities were short-term memory loss, sedation, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. Two patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and a patient with glioblastoma remained stable without tumor progression for 5, 7, and 4 months respectively. CONCLUSIONS Administration of PBA in a twice-daily infusion schedule is safe. The maximum tolerated dose is 300 mg/kg/day. Study designs with more convenient treatment schedules and specific molecular correlates may help to further delineate the mechanism of action of this compound. Future studies evaluating PBA's ability to induce histone acetylation and cell differentiation alone or in combination with other anti-neoplastics are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Camacho
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Berger A, Santic R, Hauser-Kronberger C, Schilling FH, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Gamper A, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B. Galanin and galanin receptors in human cancers. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:353-9. [PMID: 15944034 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest in peptides and peptide receptors in cancer is based on the possibility of receptor targeting, because peptide receptors are often expressed in different human tumors. The neuropeptide galanin has also been suggested to be involved in the development of neuroendocrine tumors based on the development of estrogen-induced tumors in estrogen-sensitive rats. This study summarizes our current knowledge on the expression of galanin peptide and galanin receptors in different human neuroendocrine tumors. The expression of both, peptide and corresponding receptor, seems to be a common feature of human gliomas, pheochromocytomas, pituitary and neuroblastic tumors. The co-expression of galanin and its receptors supports a role for galanin in tumor cell pathology via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Muellner-Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Jendrossek V, Belka C, Bamberg M. Novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 12:1899-924. [PMID: 14640936 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.12.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, the discovery of novel targets for therapeutic intervention led to the development of chemotherapeutic agents that specifically interfere with altered cellular functions of tumour cells. Genetic alterations in glioblastoma affect cell proliferation and cell cycle control, as well as invasive and metastatic growth. Therefore, innovative therapeutic strategies have been based on drugs targeting cellular proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and differentiation of tumour cells. Furthermore, disruption of cell-death pathways also contributes to the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and may result in resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, additional treatment strategies that target intracellular survival and/or apoptotic pathways are under current laboratory investigation. The progress in the understanding of glioblastoma tumour biology and the refined diagnosis of individual patients together with the exploration of targeted drugs may allow a risk-adapted, individualised therapeutic strategy and will hopefully improve prognosis of glioblastoma patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Jendrossek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Zassler B, Blasig IE, Humpel C. Protein delivery of caspase-3 induces cell death in malignant C6 glioma, primary astrocytes and immortalized and primary brain capillary endothelial cells. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:127-34. [PMID: 15690127 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-1364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most brain tumors consist of transformed glia cells and are highly vascularized by capillary endothelial cells. The aim of the present study therefore was to deliver pro-apoptotic caspase-3 into malignant C6 glioma and immortalized rBCEC4 brain endothelial cells to induce cell death. Both cell lines were transfected with a reporter protein (beta-galactosidase) using lipid-mediated gene transfer (FuGENE6) or using the novel protein delivery reagent BioPORTER. beta-Galactosidase protein was successfully delivered into both cells, the protein expression peaked around day 2 and was transient. Delivery of caspase-3 induced TUNEL-positive cell death of both cell types. As a control, caspase-3 was also delivered to non-neoplastic primary astrocytes and endothelial cells and induced cell death. In conclusion BioPORTER-protein delivery of pro-apoptotic molecules may provide a potent tool to cause death of the cells in brain tumors, however, this method is limited due to its toxicity to non-malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Zassler
- Laboratory of Psychiatry, University Clinic of Psychiatry, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Phenylacetate (PA) is a reversible inhibitor of tumor cell growth and an inhibitor of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MPD). We hypothesized that MPD inhibition should lower rates of protein accumulation and accretion of cell number in all cell lines regardless of tumorigenic status or origin of the cell lines. PA treatment inhibited growth of MCF-7, NIH-3T3, Detroit 551, UT-2, NCTC-929, COS-1 and PC-3 cell lines. NCTC-929 cells lack cadherins and Cos-1 cells are deficient in PPARalpha and PPARgamma, proteins suggested to be central to the action of PA. Oxidative metabolism was not impeded by PA treatment. One-dimensional and two-dimensional FACS analysis of BrdU incorporation failed to demonstrate a redistribution of nuclei in the cell cycle or that the rate of cells entering S phase had changed. Time-lapse photo-microscopy studies reveal a process that left condensed nuclei with little or no cytoplasm. However, negative TUNEL assay results and failure to block cell loss with z-VAD-fmk suggest this type of cell death is not typical apoptosis, but cell death is responsible for the lower rates of cell and protein accumulation. Supplementation studies with mevalonate pathway intermediates during inhibition of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis by lovastatin confirmed MPD as a site of PA inhibition of growth, but in the presence of lovastatin with or without farnesyl pyrophosphate plus geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, additive inhibition by PA revealed additional site(s). The existence of site(s) in addition to MPD suggests effective PA-based agents might be developed that would not inhibit MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bahl
- Sarver Heart Center, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5046, USA.
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Park JH, Park MY, Park HS, Jang KY, Chung MJ, Moon WS, Lee DG, Kang MJ. Phenylacetate induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Res Treat 2004; 36:324-9. [PMID: 20368823 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2004.36.5.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenylacetate has potent antiproliferative effects in many malignant tumors. However, the exact mechanism as to how phenylacetate induces cell growth arrest remains unclear and very little is known about its effects on human osteosarcoma cells. In this study, we investigated whether phenylacetate is effective against two osteosarcoma cell lines (HOS and U-2 OS) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The viability of phenylacetate-treated cell lines was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay, and the cell cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometry. To measure cell apoptosis, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage assay and flow cytometry were employed. The expressions of cell cycle-regulatory proteins and the apoptosis-related genes were evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS Phenylacetate was found to inhibit the growth of osteosarcoma cells, induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, and induce apoptosis. A significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression and a mild up-regulation of Bax were also observed in both phenylacetate-treated cell lines. Reduced phosphorylation of the pRb and the increased expression of p21(Cip1) were observed subsequent to treatment with phenylacetate. CONCLUSION These findings support the idea that phenylacetate may be an effective chemotherapeutic agent to be employed in the future against osteosarcoma, because phenylacetate acts to inhibit the growth of osteosarcoma cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyuk Park
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Li XN, Parikh S, Shu Q, Jung HL, Chow CW, Perlaky L, Leung HCE, Su J, Blaney S, Lau CC. Phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of human medulloblastoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1150-9. [PMID: 14871995 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenylbutyrate (PB) and phenylacetate (PA) have antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing effects in malignant tumors, and had been evaluated in Phase I/II clinical trials. This study was undertaken to evaluate their antitumor activities in medulloblastomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The biological effects of PB and PA, ranging from 0.1 mM to 3 mM, on two medulloblastoma cell lines (DAOY and D283-MED) were examined using various long-term in vitro and in vivo assays for morphology, proliferation, differentiation, anchorage-independent growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity. RESULTS PB and PA can both induce morphological changes and suppress proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were more pronounced with PB and became irreversible in D283-MED cells after continuous exposure to 3 mM PB for 28 days. Both PB and PA were able to increase expression of glial marker glial fibriliary acidic protein and neuronal marker synaptophysin in two cell lines. For anchorage-independent growth, PB showed a more significant suppression than PA in D283-MED cells. PB caused more pronounced cell cycle arrest and remarkably reduced tumorigenicity in D283-MED cells than in DAOY cells. Apoptosis was readily induced in D283-MED cells with either low dose of PB or short-term treatment. In contrast, much higher concentrations of PB or longer treatment were required to achieve similar effect with DAOY cells. PB induced increased histones H3 acetylation in both cell lines, but histone H4 acetylation was only observed in D283-MED cells. CONCLUSIONS PB, through induction of hyperacetylation of histone H3 and H4, is a much more potent antitumor agent than PA. 283-MED cells are more responsive to PB than DAOY cells, which may be dependent on their original state of differentiation as well as the changes of histone H4 acetylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wismeth C, Hau P, Fabel K, Baumgart U, Hirschmann B, Koch H, Jauch T, Grauer O, Drechsel L, Brawanski A, Bogdahn U, Steinbrecher A. Maintenance therapy with 13-cis retinoid acid in high-grade glioma at complete response after first-line multimodal therapy--a phase-II study. J Neurooncol 2004; 68:79-86. [PMID: 15174524 DOI: 10.1023/b:neon.0000024748.26608.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5% of patients with malignant glioma achieve complete response (CR) after first-line combined modality treatment. Although these patients will invariably suffer from tumor recurrence, they usually do not receive any further treatment to maintain remission. According to in vitro and in vivo clinical studies, 13-cis retinoic acid (cRA) may be a promising agent for maintenance therapy in these patients. OBJECTIVE We initiated a clinical study to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of high-dose cRA as maintenance therapy in patients with high-grade glioma in complete remission after first-line multimodal treatment. METHODS A prospective single-arm phase-II study in patients with CR after combined first-line therapy (neurosurgery, radio- and chemotherapy) was performed. Patients were treated with cRA at 60 mg/m2 BS from day 1 to 21 in four-weekly cycles with a dose escalation of up to 100 mg/m2 BS until tumor recurrence. Clinical controls were performed every 4 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging every 8 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-three patients (10, grade IV; 13, grade III) were evaluable using an intention-to-treat analysis. Treatment was well tolerated for up to 149 weeks with moderate dermatological symptoms in all patients. No grade 4 toxicities were observed. Median time to progression was 41 weeks, median overall survival 74 weeks after inclusion in the protocol. DISCUSSION There is an urgent need for strategies maintaining remission in patients with malignant glioma. Maintenance therapy with high-dose cRA is feasible and well tolerated over long periods of time. A controlled clinical trial to test the efficacy of cRA as a maintenance treatment in malignant glioma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caecilia Wismeth
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Antitumor histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress cutaneous radiation syndrome: Implications for increasing therapeutic gain in cancer radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.317.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for head and neck, skin, anogenital, and breast cancers. However, radiation-induced skin morbidity limits the therapeutic benefits. A low-toxicity approach to selectively reduce skin morbidity without compromising tumor killing by radiotherapy is needed. We found that the antitumor agents known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (phenylbutyrate, trichostatin A, and valproic acid) could suppress cutaneous radiation syndrome. The effects of HDAC inhibitors in promoting the healing of wounds caused by radiation and in decreasing later skin fibrosis and tumorigenesis were correlated with suppression of the aberrant expression of radiation-induced transforming growth factor β and tumor necrosis factor α. Our findings implicate that the inhibition of HDAC may provide a novel strategy to increase the therapeutic gain in cancer radiotherapy by not only inhibiting tumor growth but also protecting normal tissues.
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Burzynski SR, Lewy RI, Weaver RA, Axler ML, Janicki TJ, Jurida GF, Paszkowiak JK, Szymkowski BG, Khan MI, Bestak M. Phase II study of antineoplaston A10 and AS2-1 in patients with recurrent diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma: a preliminary report. Drugs R D 2003; 4:91-101. [PMID: 12718563 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200304020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A phase II study of antineoplaston A10 and AS2-1 was conducted to evaluate the antineoplastic activity in patients with recurrent diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This report describes the results of treatment of the first 12 patients admitted to the study. Patients received escalating doses of antineoplaston A10 and AS2-1 by intravenous bolus injections. The median duration of treatment was 6 months and the average dosage of antineoplaston A10 was 11.3 g/kg/day and of antineoplaston AS2-1 0.4 g/kg/day. Responses were assessed by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the head. RESULTS Of ten evaluable patients, complete response was determined in two cases (20%), partial response in three (30%), stable disease in three (30%) and progressive disease in two (20%). Survival at 2 years was 33.3%. Currently, of all 12 patients, two (17%) were alive and tumour free for over 5 years since initial diagnosis; one was alive for more than 5 years, and another for more than 4 years from the start of treatment. Only mild and moderate toxicities were observed, which included three cases of skin allergy, two cases of anaemia, fever and hypernatraemia, and single cases of agranulocytosis, hypoglycaemia, numbness, tiredness, myalgia and vomiting. CONCLUSION The results of this study compared favourably with the responses of patients treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The study continues with accrual of additional patients.
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19
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Chung YL, Lee MY, Wang AJ, Yao LF. A therapeutic strategy uses histone deacetylase inhibitors to modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Ther 2003; 8:707-17. [PMID: 14599803 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by progressive destruction of the affected joints. The pathophysiology results from genetic susceptibility and autoimmune phenomena, leading to tissue inflammation and synovial hyperplasia termed pannus, which irreversibly destroys cartilage and bone. The current treatment options, which suppress immune responses or ameliorate inflammation, do not halt the destructive process. We found that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (phenylbutyrate and trichostatin A) causing histone hyperacetylation to modulate multiple gene expression not only induced the expression of p21(Cip1) and p16(INK4) in synovial cells but also inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in affected tissues in adjuvant arthritis, an animal model of RA. Based on the observations that joint swelling is reduced, subintimal mononuclear cell infiltration is decreased, synovial hyperplasia is inhibited, pannus formation is suppressed, and no cartilage or bone destruction is seen, the HDAC inhibitors may represent a new class of compounds for the treatment of RA by simultaneously, coordinately, synergistically, or epigenetically modulating multiple molecular targets in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, 112, Taiwan, Taipei, Republic of China.
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20
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Berger A, Santic R, Almer D, Hauser-Kronberger C, Huemer M, Humpel C, Stockhammer G, Sperl W, Kofler B. Galanin and galanin receptors in human gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 105:555-60. [PMID: 12734662 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-003-0680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2002] [Revised: 01/13/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like immunoreactivity (GAL-LI) and specific GAL binding sites have been shown to be widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in CNS tumors. GAL and its receptors have also been shown to be present in glial cells, but to date it is still unknown whether human gliomas produce GAL and express GAL receptors. In this study 20 brain tumors consisting of 15 glioblastomas, 4 meningiomas and 1 gliosarcoma were investigated for the presence of GAL-LI and GAL receptors. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a dense network of GAL-LI positive cellular processes and cell bodies in 18 of the 20 tumors. In contrast, in vitro (125)I-labeled GAL receptor autoradiography showed substantial GAL binding in only 6 glioblastoma tissues. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis detected mRNA of all three known galanin receptors in the tumor tissues, with most tumors expressing multiple receptor subtypes. Pharmacological analysis of tumor membrane homogenates with GAL and the specific GAL receptor GalR2 agonist, AR-M1896, revealed that the GAL receptor GalR1 is most likely the receptor responsible for the observed GAL binding in the glioblastomas. No correlation could be found between GAL-LI, the level of GAL binding and proliferative activity as determined by immunostaining with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas cause 2% of cancer deaths in western countries, and even the most intensive combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy cannot be curative. New chemotherapeutic drugs and alternative therapeutic modalities are strongly needed. Huge efforts are directed towards the development of innovative strategies for targeting and mending the specific molecular alterations in tumor cells (translational research). This review aims to summarize the most promising lines of investigational research in the field of neuro-oncology, such as non-cytotoxic drugs, immunotoxins, inhibitors of angiogenesis and gene therapy approaches, which will probably offer new therapy options for brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Basso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedale-Università of Padova, Italy
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22
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Tsai YJ, Chen IL, Horng LY, Wu RT. Induction of differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells with Saikosaponins. Phytother Res 2002; 16:117-21. [PMID: 11933111 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of saikosaponins (a, b(1), b(2), c, d), isolated from Bupleurum Radix, on the induction of differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells were studied. Saikosaponins a and d were shown to inhibit cell proliferation and alter cell morphology. In addition to cytostasis, the enzymatic activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) were also noticeably increased after treatment with saikosaponin a. Nevertheless, saikosaponin d only showed an increase of GS activity, no significant changes in CNP activity were found. These results suggest that saikosaponin a can induce the differentiation of C6 glioma cells into astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes, but saikosaponin d can only induce the differentiation of C6 glioma cells into astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jyu Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Research, Taipei Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Weis C, Wiesenhofer B, Humpel C. Nerve growth factor plays a divergent role in mediating growth of rat C6 glioma cells via binding to the p75 neurotrophin receptor. J Neurooncol 2002; 56:59-67. [PMID: 11949828 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014410519935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of proliferation, differentiation and cell death play a major role in glial tumors, and there is evidence for regulatory mechanisms involving nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors in various CNS-derived tumor cell lines. The aim of our study was to observe the effect of exogenous recombinant NGF on C6 rat glioma growth, to characterize the role of endogenous NGF and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) and to rule out whether p75 is necessary to mediate the effect of exogenous NGF. Recombinant exogenous NGF (1-100 ng/ml) was applied under different serum conditions (0%, 1%, 5%) and knockdown of endogenous NGF and p75 was achieved by lipid-mediated antisense oligonucleotide treatment. In presence of serum, NGF had a positive whereas in absence of serum NGF produced a negative effect on C6 cell number. A knockdown of NGF or p75 increased cell numbers and enhanced BrdU incorporation. In p75-knocked down cells NGF did not enhance C6 glioma growth in presence of serum. We conclude that (1) exogenous recombinant NGF enhances C6 glioma growth under serum conditions but decreases cell number in absence of serum, that (2) the effect of exogenous NGF is mediated by p75 alone or by heterodimers containing p75 and that (3) either basal levels of endogenous NGF or basal levels of p75 receptor moderate C6 glioma growth and represent an autoregulatory potential of C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Weis
- Laboratory of Psychiatry, Clinic of Psychiatry, University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Engelhard HH, Duncan HA, Kim S, Criswell PS, Van Eldik L. Therapeutic effects of sodium butyrate on glioma cells in vitro and in the rat C6 glioma model. Neurosurgery 2001; 48:616-24; discussion 624-5. [PMID: 11270553 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200103000-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preliminary in vitro studies have indicated that sodium butyrate inhibits the proliferation of cultured glioma cells and induces cellular differentiation, making it potentially useful as a therapeutic agent for patients with glioblastoma multiforme. The purpose of this study was to expand on the preliminary research by investigating the effects of sodium butyrate on multiple cell lines, explanted cells from glioblastoma tumor specimens, and in vivo in the rat C6 glioma brain tumor model. METHODS Four malignant glioma cell lines (A-172, T98G, U118MG, and C6) and two primary cell cultures derived from human glioblastoma tumor specimens were treated with 2 mmol/L sodium butyrate for up to 72 hours. Sodium butyrate-induced effects on cell morphology, proliferation, cell cycle distribution, migration, glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, and S100beta protein content were determined. For in vivo studies, a total of 64 male Wistar-Furth rats underwent operations to implant C6 glioma cells stereotactically or were used as controls. The rats were treated with escalating doses of sodium butyrate by microinfusion with Alzet minipumps (Durect Corp., Cupertino, CA). RESULTS Sodium butyrate treatment in vitro produced changes in morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression indicative of cellular differentiation. In cell lines and explanted cells, sodium butyrate consistently inhibited glioblastoma cell proliferation (to 51 +/- 6% that of controls) and migration (to 46 +/- 17%). Intratumoral infusion of 40 mmol/L sodium butyrate prolonged the survival of Wistar-Furth rats with intracerebral C6 tumors (P = 0.013) without detectable toxicity. CONCLUSION These data support further consideration of direct interstitial infusion of sodium butyrate in a Phase I clinical study for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Engelhard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
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25
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Watanabe M, Sugano S, Imai J, Yoshida K, Onodera R, Amin MR, Uchida K, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S. Suppression of tumourigenicity, and induction of differentiation of the canine mammary tumour cell line MCM-B2 by sodium phenylacetate. Res Vet Sci 2001; 70:27-32. [PMID: 11170848 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated the cell growth inhibition, reduction of tumourigenicity, and differentiation-inducing effects of sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) on a canine mammary tumour cell line. Treatment of the canine mammary tumour cell line (MCM-B2) with NaPA lead to the arrest of cell growth. Sodium phenylacetate induced changes in the cells to non-malignant characteristics, as indicated by a reduction of colony formation in semi-solid agar and a decrease in tumour formation in athymic mice. Moreover, NaPA induced morphological changes from a spindle-shaped to an epithelial-like appearance, and significant accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, these treated cells reacted clearly with the antibody for keratin/cytokeratin. Sodium phenylacetate treatment increased the expression of the milk-specific genes alpha-lactalbumin and beta-casein. The results of this study warrant an evaluation of NaPA in a clinical trial to establish its possible value as adjunctive treatment of malignant canine mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 889-2155, Miyazaki, Japan
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26
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Wiesenhofer B, Weis C, Humpel C. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a proliferation factor for rat C6 glioma cells: evidence from antisense experiments. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:311-21. [PMID: 11079571 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors play an important role in proliferation and differentiation of malignant brain gliomas in humans. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown recently to be highly expressed in human glioblastomas and in rat glial cell lines B49 and C6. The aim of the present study was to knockdown GDNF, its receptor GFR-alpha1, and the related family member persephin by using antisense oligonucleotides and to observe the effects on cell proliferation. To enhance cellular uptake into C6 glioma cells, 15-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were complexed with the cationic lipid Lipofectamine. The complex was applied for 3 x 12 hours to C6 glioma cells, and cells were allowed to recover for 24 hours after each transfection and then analyzed. This protocol markedly reduced GDNF and GFR-alpha1 protein levels in C6 glioma cells compared with control oligonucleotides. Knockdown of C6 cells with GDNF and GFR-alpha1 but not with persephin antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased the number of C6 glioma cells and also inhibited the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine as a sign of reduced DNA synthesis. In conclusion, it is shown that GDNF but not persephin is a potent proliferation factor for rat glioma cells. Knockdown of GDNF using antisense oligonucleotides complexed with lipids as carriers may be useful in gene therapeutic approaches in vitro and possibly also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wiesenhofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Hatse S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Role of antimetabolites of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in tumor cell differentiation. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:539-55. [PMID: 10413291 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transformed cells are characterized by imbalances in metabolic routes. In particular, different key enzymes of nucleotide metabolism and DNA biosynthesis, such as CTP synthetase, thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, IMP dehydrogenase, ribonucleotide reductase, DNA polymerase, and DNA methyltransferase, are markedly up-regulated in certain tumor cells. Together with the concomitant down-modulation of the purine and pyrimidine degradation enzymes, the increased anabolic propensity supports the excessive proliferation of transformed cells. However, many types of cancer cells have maintained the ability to differentiate terminally into mature, non-proliferating cells not only in response to physiological receptor ligands, such as retinoic acid, vitamin D metabolites, and cytokines, but also following exposure to a wide variety of non-physiological agents such as antimetabolites. Interestingly, induction of tumor cell differentiation is often associated with reversal of the transformation-related enzyme deregulations. An important class of differentiating compounds comprises the antimetabolites of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis, the majority being structural analogs of natural nucleosides. The CTP synthetase inhibitors cyclopentenylcytosine and 3-deazauridine, the thymidylate synthase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate, the IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors tiazofurin, ribavirin, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) and mycophenolic acid, the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors hydroxyurea and deferoxamine, and the DNA polymerase inhibitors ara-C, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), and aphidicolin, as well as several nucleoside analogs perturbing the DNA methylation pattern, have been found to induce tumor cell differentiation through impairment of DNA synthesis and/or function. Thus, by selectively targeting those anabolic enzymes that contribute to the neoplastic behavior of cancer cells, the normal cellular differentiation program may be reactivated and the malignant phenotype suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hatse
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Ozawa T, Lu RM, Hu LJ, Lamborn KR, Prados MD, Deen DF. Radiopotentiation of human brain tumor cells by sodium phenylacetate. Cancer Lett 1999; 142:139-46. [PMID: 10463769 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetate (PA) inhibits the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo and shows promise as a relatively nontoxic agent for cancer treatment. A recent report shows that prolonged exposure of cells to low concentrations of PA can enhance the radiation response of brain tumor cells in vitro, opening up the possibility of using this drug to improve the radiation therapy of brain tumor patients. We investigated the cytotoxicity produced by sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) alone and in combination with X-rays in SF-767 human glioblastoma cells and in two medulloblastoma cell lines, Masden and Daoy. Exposure of all three cell lines to relatively low concentrations of NaPA for up to 5 days did not enhance the subsequent cell killing produced by X-irradiation. However, enhanced cell killing was achieved by exposing either oxic or hypoxic cells to relatively high drug concentrations ( > 50-70 mM) for 1 h immediately before X-irradiation. Because central nervous system toxicity can occur in humans at serum concentrations of approximately 6 mM PA, translation of these results into clinical trials will likely require local drug-delivery strategies to achieve drug concentrations that can enhance the radiation response. The safety of such an approach with this drug has not been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ozawa
- Brain Tumor Research Center of the Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0520, USA
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29
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Abstract
Medulloblastomas and related primitive neuroectodermal tumors are the second most common malignant tumors of childhood. In spite of improvements in cancer therapy, these tumors are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although these tumors share similar histologic features, recent molecular studies suggest that they could represent a genetically mixed group of tumors. The genetic events that might play a role in the biology of these tumors also could allow a molecular subtyping of medulloblastomas. Such molecular subtyping of medulloblastomas could allow for the use of newer therapeutic techniques, such as gene therapy, for selective targeting of critical genetic events in subsets of medulloblastomas. It is becoming increasingly clear that in medulloblastomas, the morphologic similarity of "small blue" cells does not imply similar or shared molecular characteristics, with implications for differing tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adesina
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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30
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Chang SM, Kuhn JG, Robins HI, Schold SC, Spence AM, Berger MS, Mehta MP, Bozik ME, Pollack I, Schiff D, Gilbert M, Rankin C, Prados MD. Phase II study of phenylacetate in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium report. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:984-90. [PMID: 10071293 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.3.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the response rate, time to treatment failure, and toxicity of phenylacetate in patients with recurrent malignant glioma and to identify plasma concentrations achieved during repeated continuous infusion of this agent. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients with recurrent malignant glioma were treated with phenylacetate. The schedule consisted of a 2-week continuous, intravenous infusion followed by a 2-week rest period (14 days on, 14 days off). A starting dose of 400 mg/kg total body weight per day of phenylacetate was initially used and subsequently changed to 400 mg/kg/d based on ideal body weight. Intrapatient dose escalations were allowed to a maximum of 450 mg/kg ideal body weight/d. Tumor response was assessed every 8 weeks. The National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria were used to assess toxicity. Plasma concentrations achieved during the patients' first two 14-day infusions were assessed. RESULTS Forty-three patients were enrolled between December 1994 and December 1996. Of these, 40 patients were assessable for toxicity and response to therapy. Reversible symptoms of fatigue and somnolence were the primary toxicities, with only mild hematologic toxicity. Thirty (75%) of the 40 patients failed treatment within 2 months, seven (17.5%) had stable disease, and three (7.5%) had a response defined as more than 50% reduction in the tumor. Median time to treatment failure was 2 months. Thirty-five patients have died, with a median survival of 8 months. Pharmacokinetic data for this dose schedule showed no difference in the mean plasma concentrations of phenylacetate between weeks 1 and 2 or between weeks 5 and 6. CONCLUSION Phenylacetate has little activity at this dose schedule in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Further studies with this drug would necessitate an evaluation of a different dose schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Chang
- University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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31
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Buckner JC, Malkin MG, Reed E, Cascino TL, Reid JM, Ames MM, Tong WP, Lim S, Figg WD. Phase II study of antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261) in patients with recurrent glioma. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74:137-45. [PMID: 10069350 DOI: 10.4065/74.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261). DESIGN We initiated a phase II trial in order to determine whether evidence of antitumor activity of A10 and AS2-1 could be documented. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme recurring after radiation therapy were eligible for enrollment in the trial. Patients received escalating doses of A10 and AS2-1 by multiple intermittent intravenous injections with use of a portable programmable pump to the target daily dose of 1.0 g/kg for A10 and of 0.4 g/kg for AS2-1. RESULTS Nine patients were treated, in six of whom the treatment response was assessable in accordance with protocol stipulations. No patient demonstrated tumor regression. Reversible grade 2 or 3 neurocortical toxicity, consisting of transient somnolence, confusion, and exacerbation of an underlying seizure disorder, was noted in five patients. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of phenylacetate and phenylacetylglutamine after escalation to the target doses of A10 and AS2-1 were 177+/-101 microg/mL and 302+/-102 microg/mL, respectively. Patients who exhibited confusion tended to have higher phenylacetate levels. CONCLUSION Although we could not confirm any tumor regression in patients in this study, the small sample size precludes definitive conclusions about treatment efficacy. Antineoplaston-related toxicity was acceptable in most patients with appropriate dose modification, although severe neurocortical toxicity may occur. Steady-state plasma concentrations of phenylacetate with use of A10 and AS2-1 were similar to those reported with use of similar doses of phenylacetate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Buckner
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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32
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Engelhard HH, Homer RJ, Duncan HA, Rozental J. Inhibitory effects of phenylbutyrate on the proliferation, morphology, migration and invasiveness of malignant glioma cells. J Neurooncol 1998; 37:97-108. [PMID: 9524087 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005865125588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (phenylbutyrate) on the proliferation, morphology, migration and invasiveness of malignant glioma cells in vitro. Phenylbutyrate is a novel differentiating and cytotoxic compound used clinically with low toxicity in the treatment of beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and urea cycle disorders. Preliminary clinical trials testing phenylbutyrate as an anti-cancer agent have included patients with malignant glioma. However, little information is available regarding the effects of phenylbutyrate on glioma cells, particularly with respect to the expression of genes important in the pathogenesis of glial malignancy. In experiments reported here, glioma cell lines and explant cells from a tumor patient were exposed to 2, 4 and 8 mM phenylbutyrate and compared to untreated control cells. The effect on cellular proliferation was assessed using cell counts and DNA flow cytometry. Changes in morphology were evaluated using vimentin staining. Scratch and Matrigel assays were performed to assess changes in cellular migration and invasiveness. Finally, Northern blot analysis was used to study c-myc and urokinase expression. Phenylbutyrate was found to have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on glioma cell proliferation, morphology, migration, invasiveness and c-myc and urokinase expression. Mean growth-inhibitory (IC50) phenylbutyrate concentrations ranged from 0.5 mM for T98G cells to 5.0 mM for explant cells. Phenylbutyrate treatment reduced % S phase cells, increased % G0/G1 cells, and produced morphologic changes consistent with induction of differentiation. 24 hours of treatment with 4 mM phenylbutyrate resulted in a 50% reduction in migration and invasiveness. Northern blots showed a decrease in urokinase and c-myc expression at non-cytotoxic doses. We conclude that phenylbutyrate is a promising candidate compound for treating patients with malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Engelhard
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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33
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Halfter H, Lotfi R, Westermann R, Young P, Ringelstein EB, Stögbauer FT. Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation of glioma cell lines by oncostatin M (OSM). Growth Factors 1998; 15:135-47. [PMID: 9505169 DOI: 10.3109/08977199809117189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropoietic cytokines of the interleukin-6 family are a group of structurally and functionally related polypeptides. We studied the effect of the multifunctional neuropoietic cytokines, including oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), on anaplastic glioma cell lines. Growth and morphology of the glioma cell lines were affected differently. While IL-6 and LIF exerted no or only small minor morphological changes and growth retardation, OSM induced a marked change in morphology and a strong suppression of growth. OSM treated cells were characterized by enlargement and the formation of multiple, thin processes thus resembling mature cultured astrocytes. The growth inhibitory effects were dose dependent with a maximum exerted by addition of 50 ng/ml OSM. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by OSM could be abolished by antibodies blocking either the activity of OSM or the OSM-receptor component, gp130.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Halfter
- Clinic of Neurology, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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34
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Gonzalez FJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha in peroxisome proliferation, physiological homeostasis, and chemical carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 422:109-25. [PMID: 9361819 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2670-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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35
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Robertson SC, Ackerman LL, Traynelis VC, Menezes AH. Increased height in patients with medulloblastomas. Neurosurgery 1997; 41:561-5; discussion 565-6. [PMID: 9310972 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199709000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medulloblastomas demonstrate histological features similar to neuroendocrine tumors. Expression of various receptors for growth factors and production of growth hormones have been identified to occur with medulloblastomas. We studied the preoperative height of patients with medulloblastomas. METHODS We studied 85 patients (64 children and 21 adults) with medulloblastomas and 42 patients (27 children and 15 adults) with cerebellar astrocytomas who served as a control group. All of the patients had their height and weight documented on standardized growth charts. In addition, age, sex, symptoms, radiographic findings, treatment, and survival were examined. RESULTS Preoperatively, 22.4% of the patients with medulloblastomas were above the 95% curve in height and 80.0% were above the 50% curve for height. Compared with patients with cerebellar astrocytomas, 7.1% were above the 95% curve for height and 54.8% were above the 50% curve for height. The distribution of patients along the weight curves for both tumor types demonstrated a slight prevalence for lower weights but was not significantly different from the national average. A significant number of patients presenting with medulloblastomas attained increased height, which was disproportionate to the weight loss generally observed with neoplasms. To our knowledge, the disproportionate number of patients with medulloblastomas and increased height has not been reported before. A similar deviation in height distribution from the normal population could not be identified in patients with cerebellar astrocytomas. CONCLUSION This study suggests that medulloblastomas may be influenced by growth hormone production or may produce growth factors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Robertson
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Robertson SC, Ackerman LL, Traynelis VC, Menezes AH. Increased Height in Patients with Medulloblastomas. Neurosurgery 1997. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199709000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Short-term treatment of rats and mice with peroxisome proliferators (PP) results in an increase in liver peroxisome number, marked hepatomegaly and induction of several genes encoding peroxisomal and other microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Chronic treatment of rodents with PP results in hepatocellular carcinoma. Species differences in PP responses have been found. For example, PP such as clofibrate and gemfibrozil, are highly effective lipid and cholesterol lowering drugs in humans but do not cause peroxisome proliferation and there is no evidence for increased liver cancers in patients receiving these drugs. A receptor, designated PP-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) is capable of trans-activating reporter genes containing a PP response (PPRE), but requires the presence of both PP, 9-cis retinoic acid and another receptor called RXR alpha. However, PP may not directly bind to PPAR alpha but probably indirectly disturb cellular metabolism to liberate an endogenous ligand. Subsequent to the first identification of a PPAR alpha, other members of this receptor family were found and designated PPAR alpha, PPAR beta (also called NUC1 and PPAR delta) and PPAR gamma. The alpha form is most abundant in liver and kidney, sites of peroxisome proliferation while the other two receptors are not significantly expressed in these tissues. On the basis of tissue-specific localization and spectrum of target gene activation, the physiological function of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma appear to be related to fatty acid metabolism and regulation of adipogenesis, respectively. To gain insight into the function of PPAR alpha and its role in the peroxisome proliferator response and hepatocellular carcinogenesis, gene targeting was used to develop a PPAR alpha-deficient mouse. These animals are resistant to the pleiotropic effects of PP and no induction of any known target gene has been found. Recent studies on the phenotypes of these mice have led to an understanding of the mechanism of action of PP. They have also provided a useful model to establish the physiological role of PPAR alpha in fatty acid homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Smith M, Ho PT. Pediatric drug development: a perspective from the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Invest New Drugs 1996; 14:11-22. [PMID: 8880389 DOI: 10.1007/bf00173678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Well-designed and carefully conducted pediatric phase 1 trials are critical to the process of evaluating new agents for potential benefit in children with cancer, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has for a number of years sponsored pediatric phase I trials. The development of new agents for children with cancer differs in important ways from drug development for adults with cancer, primarily necessitated by the smaller number of children eligible for phase I trials in comparison to adults. Pediatric drug development is characterized by a greater need to prioritize new agents for evaluation, since many more agents can be evaluated in adults than can be evaluated in children. Pediatric phase I trials are also commonly conducted as multi-institutional collaborations, since most single institutions do not have enough eligible patients to complete phase I trials within a reasonable time. In addition, pediatric phase I trials begin at doses close to the adult maximum tolerated dose, thereby minimizing the number of patients required to complete pediatric phase I trials. While pediatric phase I trials have traditionally evaluated conventional cytotoxic agents, new classes of agents with distinctive mechanisms of action are entering clinical evaluation. These agents target specific cellular proteins (e.g., protein tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C isoforms, enzymes involved in controlling progression through the cell cycle). Determining whether these agents with specificity for critical cellular proteins will be effective anti-cancer agents will be an important objective of pediatric clinical investigations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smith
- Clinical Investigations Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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