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Carter CA, Oronsky BT, Roswarski J, Oronsky AL, Oronsky N, Scicinski J, Lybeck H, Kim MM, Lybeck M, Reid TR. No patient left behind: The promise of immune priming with epigenetic agents. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1315486. [PMID: 29123948 PMCID: PMC5665084 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1315486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that inhibit PD-1 or CTLA-4, have revolutionized the treatment of multiple cancers. Despite the enthusiasm for the clinical successes of checkpoint inhibitors, and immunotherapy, in general, only a minority of patients with specific tumor types actually benefit from treatment. Emerging evidence implicates epigenetic alterations as a mechanism of clinical resistance to immunotherapy. This review presents evidence for that association, summarizes the epi-based mechanisms by which tumors evade immunogenic cell death, discusses epigenetic modulation as a component of an integrated strategy to boost anticancer T cell effector function in relation to a tumor immunosuppression cycle and, finally, makes the case that the success of this no-patient-left-behind strategy critically depends on the toxicity profile of the epigenetic agent(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Carter
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Murtha Cancer Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph Roswarski
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Murtha Cancer Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Harry Lybeck
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michelle M Kim
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Tony R Reid
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Firor AE, Jares A, Ma Y. From humble beginnings to success in the clinic: Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cells and implications for immunotherapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1087-98. [PMID: 25956686 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 50 years, disease burden has steadily shifted from infectious disease to cancer. Standard chemotherapy has long been the mainstay of cancer medical management, and despite vast efforts towards more targeted and personalized drug therapy, many cancers remain refractory to treatment, with high rates of relapse and poor prognosis. Recent dramatic immunotherapy clinical trials have demonstrated that engineering T-cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to target CD19 can lead to complete remission in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies, generating a great deal of enthusiasm in the field. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the history of adoptive T-cell therapy, including CARs, in solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies. CAR therapy has the potential to fundamentally transform cancer treatment with specific and even personalized targeting of tissue- and tumor-specific antigens. However, before CARs become standard first-line treatment modalities, critical issues regarding efficacy, combinatorial regimens, and mechanisms of treatment failure and toxicity will need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Firor
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alexander Jares
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yupo Ma
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Datta SK, Trentin JJ, McCormick KJ. Prevention of primary simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) tumors in hamsters by adoptive transfer of lymphoid cells: role of different cell types. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1981; 134:165-75. [PMID: 6261538 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-0495-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Steinbok P, Mahaley MS, Lipper S, Dalzell JG, Pegram C, Bigner D. Failure of intracerebral BCG cell wall preparation to prevent glioma induction by avian sarcoma virus in rats. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00206355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Scelsi R, Scelsi M, Poggi P, Mosca L. Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin and 7,12-Dimethylbenz(α)-Anthracene Carcinogenesis in Mice. TUMORI JOURNAL 1978; 64:353-60. [PMID: 98879 DOI: 10.1177/030089167806400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of single or repeated Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) treatment on the onset of tumors induced by the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) injected at birth into Swiss mice were studied. Multiple doses of BCG, given at regular intervals significantly lowered the incidence of carcinogen-induced tumors. The DMBA–induced lung adenomas did not differ morphologically from the ones that appeared in mice simultaneously treated with both DMBA and BCG.
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Smrkovski LL, Larson CL. Effect of treatment with BCG on the course of visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 1977; 16:249-57. [PMID: 873609 PMCID: PMC421515 DOI: 10.1128/iai.16.1.249-257.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous inoculation of BCG was found to be both prophylactic and therapeutic in BALB/c mice against challenge with amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Spleens and livers of mice inoculated with BCG maintained total parasite burdens at significantly lower levels when compared to controls. BCG administered intravenously 14 days prior to and on the same day of protozoan challenge was more protective than vaccine given 30 and 14 days prior to challenge. A level of 10(7) viable units of BCG provided more protection against challenge with parasites than did 10(6) viable units. BCG given the same route as the challenge dose of amastigotes provided more protection than if administered via some other route. BCG given to mice with an already established infection was shown to significantly reduce their parasite burdens.
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Woods WA. Mechanisms of action of immunopotentiating agents in cancer therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1977; 14:143-62. [PMID: 329658 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Pearson JW, Perk K, Chirigos MA, Pryor JW, Fuhrman FS. Histological and combined chemoimmunostimulation therapy studies against a murine leukemia. Int J Cancer 1975; 16:142-52. [PMID: 170212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910160116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Graffi murine leukemia was utilized as a model system to investigate the effect of chemoimmunostimulation therapy. Subcutaneous inoculation of approximately 1.0 times 10(6) tumor cells resulted in a rapidly growing tumor at the site of inoculation and subsequent development of splenomegaly and lymphoadenopathy. All animals succumbed to the leukemia within 24 to 30 days. Treatment of diseased animals with two courses of cytoxan over a 2-week period resulted in a remission period of approximately 16 to 18 days before relapse and eventual death of approximately 70% of the drug-treated animals. A significant number of long-term survivors (50 to 83%) was obtained in groups of animals that received combined drug plus BCG or C. parvum therapy. In contrast, the administration of MER (a methanol-extracted residue of BCG) to animals in a drug-induced remission period was no more effective than drug alone. The protective effect afforded by BCG and C. parvum was dependent on the time interval between drug therapy and the administration of the immunostimulators. Treatment of leukemic animals with BCG, C. parvum, or MER alone proved ineffective as all mice died at approximately the same time as untreated control animals. No leukemic cells were observed in any of the histologically examined tissues taken from long-term survivors. The implication of these results for cancer therapy is discussed.
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Chirigos MA, Papas TS. Immunological and chemotherapeutic prevention and control of oncogenic viruses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1975; 12:89-124. [PMID: 50721 PMCID: PMC8333623 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/1984] [Accepted: 04/09/1984] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) and surgical findings were correlated retrospectively in 51 patients with preoperative diagnoses of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas. Twenty-four had microadenomas at surgery. Twenty-eight had identifiable discrete lesions. Of these, 18 had microadenomas and 10 did not; these two groups could not be distinguished reliably. Six patients with proven microadenomas had normal CT scans. Focal hypodense lesions, sellar floor erosion, infundibulum displacement, gland height greater than 8 mm, and an abnormal diaphragma sellae configuration are neither sensitive nor specific findings of microadenoma. A significant number of patients with proven microadenomas had few or none of these abnormalities. Thus, recognition of prolactin microadenoma is seldom possible by CT alone, even with high-resolution direct coronal imaging.
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Larson CL, Ushijima RN, Kasuga SK, Baker RE, Baker MB. Resistance of mice to infection with Friend disease virus after subcutaneous injection of Friend virus and Friend spleen cells. Infect Immun 1973; 8:708-14. [PMID: 4748944 PMCID: PMC422916 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.5.708-714.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Swiss mice injected subcutaneously with suspensions of spleen cells or an extract of spleens from mice infected with Friend virus develop resistance to subsequent intravenous inoculation of Friend virus. A single injection of either Friend virus or Friend cells induces resistance. Immunized mice display resistance when challenged 6 months after immunization and survive for at least 20 weeks after infection. Neutralization tests indicate that serum, but not lymphoid cells of resistant animals, can neutralize Friend virus. In vitro neutralization tests indicate that residence of virus within the peritoneal cavity of immune mice for 1 h sharply reduces the infective titer of the virus.
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Kataoka T, Nakamura RM, Yamamoto S, Tokunaga T, Murohashi T. Effect of BCG on carcinogen-induced tumor development in mice. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1972; 25:377-82. [PMID: 4579145 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.25.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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