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Nirmal N, Koirala P, Khanashyam AC, Panichayupakaranant P, Septama AW. Combined effect of brazilin-rich extract and lawsone methyl ether against infection-causing bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103999. [PMID: 38646564 PMCID: PMC11031759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination and infection widely affect the food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Additionally, these bacteria developed resistance to synthetic antibiotics causing public health danger, globally. Natural plant extracts (NPE) are suitable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics to tackle antimicrobial resistance problems. Furthermore, a blend or combination of different NPEs exerts a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the combined effect of brazilin-rich extract (BRE) and lawsome methyl ether (LME) against infection-causing common bacteria were evaluated. BRE had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against most of the Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) while LME was active against most of the Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis). The combination of BRE and LME at 2:1 and 1:1 concentration significantly reduced the MIC value of each compound as compared to either BRE or LME concentration alone (P < 0.05). Further time-kill kinetics revealed a 3.0-3.5 log reduction in Gram-positive bacteria and a 2.5-3.0 log reduction in Gram-negative bacteria during 120 min of incubation, respectively. Therefore, a combination of BRE and LME was recommended as natural antibacterial to synthetic antibiotics for food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Anandu Chandra Khanashyam
- Deaprtment of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia
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2
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Reddien PW. The purpose and ubiquity of turnover. Cell 2024; 187:2657-2681. [PMID: 38788689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Turnover-constant component production and destruction-is ubiquitous in biology. Turnover occurs across organisms and scales, including for RNAs, proteins, membranes, macromolecular structures, organelles, cells, hair, feathers, nails, antlers, and teeth. For many systems, turnover might seem wasteful when degraded components are often fully functional. Some components turn over with shockingly high rates and others do not turn over at all, further making this process enigmatic. However, turnover can address fundamental problems by yielding powerful properties, including regeneration, rapid repair onset, clearance of unpredictable damage and errors, maintenance of low constitutive levels of disrepair, prevention of stable hazards, and transitions. I argue that trade-offs between turnover benefits and metabolic costs, combined with constraints on turnover, determine its presence and rates across distinct contexts. I suggest that the limits of turnover help explain aging and that turnover properties and the basis for its levels underlie this fundamental component of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Reddien
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Royani A, Hanafi M, Lotulung PDN, Julistiono H, Dinoto A, Manaf A. Analysis of the Antibacterial Activity and the Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract as an Antimicrobial Agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:5782063. [PMID: 37811131 PMCID: PMC10560120 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5782063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that causes metal deterioration by forming biofilms on metal surfaces. This work was carried out to analyze the antibacterial activity and the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. M. oleifera leaves were extracted in a methanol solution at different concentrations. The M. oleifera leaf extract yields were 12.84%, 18.96%, and 19.64% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol ratios, respectively. Extracts of M. oleifera leaves had a minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) of approximately 6144 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa for a ratio of 100% methanol. In addition, no antibacterial activity was found for the 75% and 50% methanol ratios. The total phenolic levels were 16.26%, 12.73%, and 12.33% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol solvent ratios, respectively. The total amounts of flavonoids were 23.32%, 3.40%, and 0.64% for the 100%, 75%, and 50% methanol solvents, respectively. The chemical structure of M. oleifera consists of kaemferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercimeritrin, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, stearidonic acid, trichosanic acid, pyrophaeophorbide A, and stigmastan-3,6-dione. The concentration of the solvent is essential in the extraction of plant constituents. Different concentrations indicate differences in antibacterial activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Royani
- Postgraduate Program of Materials Science Study, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Kawasan Puspiptek, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hanafi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan-Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Puspa Dewi N. Lotulung
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan-Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Heddy Julistiono
- Research Center of Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Dinoto
- Research Center of Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Azwar Manaf
- Postgraduate Program of Materials Science Study, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
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Buatong J, Mittal A, Mittraparp-arthorn P, Palamae S, Saetang J, Benjakul S. Bactericidal Action of Shrimp Shell Chitooligosaccharide Conjugated with Epigallocatechin Gallate (COS-EGCG) against Listeria monocytogenes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030634. [PMID: 36766163 PMCID: PMC9914238 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial effect of chitooligosaccharide conjugated with five different polyphenols, including catechin (COS-CAT), epigallocatechin gallate (COS-EGCG), gallic acid (COS-GAL), caffeic acid (COS-CAF), and ferulic acid (COS-FER), against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated. Among all the conjugates tested, COS-EGCG showed the highest inhibition toward Listeria monocytogenes, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1024 and 1024 µg/mL, respectively. The COS-EGCG conjugate also had a bactericidal effect on the environmental and clinical strains of L. monocytogenes. The low concentration of COS-EGCG conjugate augmented the formation of biofilm and the growth of L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, the inhibition of biofilm formation and bacterial growth was achieved when treated with the COS-EGCG conjugate at 2 × MIC for 48 h. In addition, the COS-EGCG conjugate at 2 × MIC had the potential to inactivate the pre-biofilm, and it reduced the production of the extracellular polysaccharides of L. monocytogenes. The COS-EGCG conjugate at the MIC/4 effectively impeded the motility (the swimming and swarming) of L. monocytogenes, with an 85.7-94.3% inhibition, while 100% inhibition was achieved with the MIC. Based on scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, cell wall damage with numerous pores on the cell surface was observed. Such cell distortion resulted in protein leakage. As a result, COS-EGCG could penetrate into the cell and bind with the DNA backbone. Therefore, the COS-EGCG conjugate could be further developed as a natural antimicrobial agent for inhibiting or controlling L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirayu Buatong
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ajay Mittal
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pimonsri Mittraparp-arthorn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Suriya Palamae
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jirakrit Saetang
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7428-6334
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Transmission of gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria following differing exposure to antibiotic-resistance reservoirs in a rural community: a modelling study for bloodstream infections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13488. [PMID: 35931725 PMCID: PMC9356060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to community reservoirs of gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria (GN-ARB) genes poses substantial health risks to individuals, complicating potential infections. Transmission networks and population dynamics remain unclear, particularly in resource-poor communities. We use a dynamic compartment model to assess GN-ARB transmission quantitatively, including the susceptible, colonised, infected, and removed populations at the community-hospital interface. We used two side streams to distinguish between individuals at high- and low-risk exposure to community ARB reservoirs. The model was calibrated using data from a cross-sectional cohort study (N = 357) in Chile and supplemented by existing literature. Most individuals acquired ARB from the community reservoirs (98%) rather than the hospital. High exposure to GN-ARB reservoirs was associated with 17% and 16% greater prevalence for GN-ARB carriage in the hospital and community settings, respectively. The higher exposure has led to 16% more infections and attributed mortality. Our results highlight the need for early-stage identification and testing capability of bloodstream infections caused by GN-ARB through a faster response at the community level, where most GN-ARB are likely to be acquired. Increasing treatment rates for individuals colonised or infected by GN-ARB and controlling the exposure to antibiotic consumption and GN-ARB reservoirs, is crucial to curve GN-ABR transmission.
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Pattananandecha T, Apichai S, Julsrigival J, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Saenjum C. Antibacterial Activity against Foodborne Pathogens and Inhibitory Effect on Anti-Inflammatory Mediators' Production of Brazilin-Enriched Extract from Caesalpinia sappan Linn. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11131698. [PMID: 35807650 PMCID: PMC9269513 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood was collected from Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Crude extracts were prepared by Soxhlet’s extraction using 50, 60, and 70% of ethanol (EtOH) at 50, 60, and 70 °C, and the brazilin content was measured using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens and anti-inflammatory aspects were investigated. C. sappan, prepared from 70% EtOH at 70 °C (E70T70), significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the highest amount of brazilin (7.90 ± 0.50% w/w). All extracts were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity through an inhibition effect on nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells. The inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production in HT-29 and HCT116 was also studied. All the extracts inhibited NO, iNOS, and COX-2 production induced by combined lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ, especially E70T70, indicating the highest inhibition effect among other extracts. Additionally, E70T70 was selected to determine the antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The result showed that 200 µg/mL extract reduced all test pathogens 100% at 24 h. These results suggested the potential of using C. sappan L. extract as a natural preservative in food and a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Pattananandecha
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sutasinee Apichai
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jakaphun Julsrigival
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Fumihiko Ogata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan; (F.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Naohito Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan; (F.O.); (N.K.)
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-89-950-4227
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7
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Cell Envelope Stress Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:147-184. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Paulchamy R, Sreeramulu B, Karuppiah H, Arumugam G, Sundaram J. A serine protease-associated lectin in the cytolytic system of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala) larvae: Evidence and characterization. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21623. [PMID: 31579962 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic activity against invading microorganisms is one of the innate forms of immunity in invertebrates. A serine protease-associated sialic acid-specific cytolytic lectin was purified using glutaraldehyde-fixed ox erythrocytes from the larval extract of blowfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The purified lectin lysed vertebrate erythrocytes with effective haemolysis of ox red blood cells (RBCs) in an isotonic medium. The degree of haemolytic (HL) activity of the purified cytolytic lectin depended on its concentration, pH, temperature, and calcium ions. It was sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The native molecular mass of the C-type lectin was 260 ± 26 kDa, comprising four different polypeptide subunits of 75 kDa (pI ~8), 69 kDa (pI ~7.0), 61 kDa (pI ~5.3), and 55 kDa (pI ~4.6). The association between the C-type lectin and serine protease was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis that revealed its homology in the same spectral peak as well as the proteases and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride inhibition of HL activity. Haemolysis inhibition by N-acetylneuraminic acid and other sugars revealed the properties of the lectin. The purified lectin distorted the integrity of ox RBCs and Paenalcaligenes hermetiae. This in vitro study documents the presence of a cytolytic system in blowfly (C. megacephala) larvae for the clearance of invading microbial pathogens in their feeding niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Paulchamy
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hilda Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Robertson JM, Anders DL, Basalyga F, Millar J, Slack DP, Bever R. Effect of Sterilants on Amplification and Detection of Target DNA from Bacillus cereus Spores. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:699-707. [PMID: 29139119 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To conceal criminal activity of a bioterrorist or agroterrorist, the site of pathogen generation is often treated with sterilants to kill the organisms and remove evidence. As dead organisms cannot be analyzed by culture, this study examined whether DNA from sterilant-treated Bacillus cereus spores was viable for amplification. The spores were exposed to five common sterilants: bleach, Sterilox®, oxidizer foam (L-Gel), a peroxyacid (Actril®), and formaldehyde vapor. The spores were inoculated on typical surfaces found in offices and laboratories to test for environmental effects. It was found that the surface influenced the efficiency of recovery of the organisms. The DNA isolated from the recovered spores was successfully detected using RT-qPCR for all treatments except for formaldehyde, by amplifying the phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase genes. The results demonstrated that evidence from sites treated with sterilants can still provide information on the uncultured organism, using DNA amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Robertson
- Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Douglas L Anders
- Scientific Response Analysis Unit, FBI Laboratory, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | | | - Julie Millar
- Bode Cellmark Forensics, Inc., Lorton, VA, 22079
| | | | - Robert Bever
- Bode Cellmark Forensics, Inc., Lorton, VA, 22079
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Hyperosmotic Agents and Antibiotics Affect Dissolved Oxygen and pH Concentration Gradients in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02783-16. [PMID: 28062458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02783-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms on wound surfaces are treated topically with hyperosmotic agents, such as medical-grade honey and cadexomer iodine; in some cases, these treatments are combined with antibiotics. Tissue repair requires oxygen, and a low pH is conducive to oxygen release from red blood cells and epithelialization. We investigated the variation of dissolved oxygen concentration and pH with biofilm depth and the variation in oxygen consumption rates when biofilms are challenged with medical-grade honey or cadexomer iodine combined with vancomycin or ciprofloxacin. Dissolved oxygen and pH depth profiles in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms were measured using microelectrodes. The presence of cadexomer iodine with vancomycin or ciprofloxacin on the surface of the biofilm permitted a measurable concentration of oxygen at greater biofilm depths (101.6 ± 27.3 μm, P = 0.02; and 155.5 ± 27.9 μm, P = 0.016, respectively) than in untreated controls (30.1 μm). Decreases in pH of ∼0.6 and ∼0.4 units were observed in biofilms challenged with medical-grade honey alone and combined with ciprofloxacin, respectively (P < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively); the number of bacteria recovered from biofilms was significantly reduced (1.26 log) by treatment with cadexomer iodine and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.002) compared to the untreated control. Combining cadexomer iodine and ciprofloxacin improved dissolved oxygen concentration and penetration depth into the biofilm, while medical-grade honey was associated with a lower pH; not all treatments established a bactericidal effect in the time frame used in the experiments.IMPORTANCE Reports about using hyperosmotic agents and antibiotics against wound biofilms focus mostly on killing bacteria, but the results of these treatments should additionally be considered in the context of how they affect physiologically important parameters, such as oxygen concentration and pH. We confirmed that the combination of a hyperosmotic agent and an antibiotic results in greater dissolved oxygen and reduced pH within an S. aureus biofilm.
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Cell rejuvenation and social behaviors promoted by LPS exchange in myxobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2939-46. [PMID: 26038568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503553112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells in their native environments must cope with factors that compromise the integrity of the cell. The mechanisms of coping with damage in a social or multicellular context are poorly understood. Here we investigated how a model social bacterium, Myxococcus xanthus, approaches this problem. We focused on the social behavior of outer membrane exchange (OME), in which cells transiently fuse and exchange their outer membrane (OM) contents. This behavior requires TraA, a homophilic cell surface receptor that identifies kin based on similarities in a polymorphic region, and the TraB cohort protein. As observed by electron microscopy, TraAB overexpression catalyzed a prefusion OM junction between cells. We then showed that damage sustained by the OM of one population was repaired by OME with a healthy population. Specifically, LPS mutants that were defective in motility and sporulation were rescued by OME with healthy donors. In addition, a mutant with a conditional lethal mutation in lpxC, an essential gene required for lipid A biosynthesis, was rescued by Tra-dependent interactions with a healthy population. Furthermore, lpxC cells with damaged OMs, which were more susceptible to antibiotics, had resistance conferred to them by OME with healthy donors. We also show that OME has beneficial fitness consequences to all cells. Here, in merged populations of damaged and healthy cells, OME catalyzed a dilution of OM damage, increasing developmental sporulation outcomes of the combined population by allowing it to reach a threshold density. We propose that OME is a mechanism that myxobacteria use to overcome cell damage and to transition to a multicellular organism.
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12
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Zheng C, Zhou L. Antibacterial potency of housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1897-1905. [PMID: 24520734 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Use of the fly to convert sewage sludge into nutrient-rich soil conditioner and amendment is an attractive approach for sludge bioconversion. During this process, fecal coliforms, an indicating pathogen, in sludge were reduced to 5.3 x 10(2) most probable number/g dry solid from initial 3.32 x 10(6) MPN/g dry solid. It was also found that the extract of larvae grown in sludge during bioconversion have an observable inhibitory effect against bacteria compared to larvae grown in wheat bran as measured by minimum bacterial concentration tests. In vitro antimicrobial assay tests over time also showed that the extract had strong inhibitory efficiencies of ca. 99% against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, while the efficiency was 69% and 57% against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The observed pathogenic bacterial cell membrane damage was found to be responsible for the phenomenon mentioned above, with nuclear acids leaching out quickly and alkaline phosphatase increasing in the outer membrane, followed by an increase of beta-galactosidase in the inner membrane. Clearly, housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion possesses antibacterial potency against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Finger S, Wiegand C, Buschmann HJ, Hipler UC. Antibacterial properties of cyclodextrin-antiseptics-complexes determined by microplate laser nephelometry and ATP bioluminescence assay. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:188-93. [PMID: 23665083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are able to form inclusion complexes with other molecules, thereby, protecting these guest molecules from degradation, enhancing their biocompatibility or influencing their physiological distribution while retaining their activity. Here, antibacterial effects of CD-complexes with the antiseptics chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), iodine (IOD) and polihexanide (PHMB) were determined using two different in vitro methods, microplate laser nephelometry and an ATP bioluminescence assay. Laser nephelometry is a direct method for monitoring and evaluating growth of micro-organisms by measurement of the turbidity of the solution. In contrast, the ATP bioluminescence assay determines specifically the amount of metabolic active bacterial cells. The antibacterial effects of CD-antiseptics-complexes were examined for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the results of both methods were compared in respect of calculated means of half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) and statistical evaluated Pearson's correlation coefficients (r). It could be demonstrated that both methods showed a high comparability although they differ in the parameters tested. This study revealed that CD-complexes with CHX and PHMB were most effective against E. coli and the tested staphylococci. While CD-IOD-complexes obtained high activity against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa was distinctly more resistant compared to the other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Finger
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Germany.
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Kinlin LM, Spain CV, Ng V, Johnson CC, White ANJ, Fisman DN. Environmental exposures and invasive meningococcal disease: an evaluation of effects on varying time scales. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:588-95. [PMID: 19164421 PMCID: PMC2640162 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an important cause of meningitis and bacteremia worldwide. Seasonal variation in IMD incidence has long been recognized, but mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain poorly understood. The authors sought to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on IMD risk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a major urban center. Associations between monthly weather patterns and IMD incidence were evaluated using multivariable Poisson regression models controlling for seasonal oscillation. Short-term weather effects were identified using a case-crossover approach. Both study designs control for seasonal factors that might otherwise confound the relation between environment and IMD. Incidence displayed significant wintertime seasonality (for oscillation, P < 0.001), and Poisson regression identified elevated monthly risk with increasing relative humidity (per 1% increase, incidence rate ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.004, 1.08). Case-crossover methods identified an inverse relation between ultraviolet B radiation index 1–4 days prior to onset and disease risk (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.34, 0.85). Extended periods of high humidity and acute changes in ambient ultraviolet B radiation predict IMD occurrence in Philadelphia. The latter effect may be due to decreased pathogen survival or virulence and may explain the wintertime seasonality of IMD in temperate regions of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kinlin
- Research Institute of the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liaqat I, Bachmann RT, Nasim Sabri A, Edyvean RGJ, Biggs CA. Investigating the effect of patulin, penicillic acid and EDTA on biofilm formation of isolates from dental unit water lines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:349-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liaqat I, Sabri AN. Analysis of cell wall constituents of biocide-resistant isolates from dental-unit water line biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2008. [PMID: 18661180 DOI: 10.1007/s00284‐008‐9200‐2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In past years, the significance of microbial resistance to biocides has increased. Twenty biocide-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from dental-unit water line biofilm. All strains resisted high biocide concentrations (up to 100 microg ml(-1)): sodium dodecyl sulphate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, phenol, Tween 20, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chlorohexidine gluconate, and povidine iodine. Among bacteria, biocide sensitivity is based on permeability of biocides through the cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria are more permeable and susceptible to biocides, whereas gram-negative bacteria have a more complex cell wall and are the least sensitive bacteria. The present study was designed to study the effect of biocides on the cell wall of biocide-resistant bacteria. Peptidoglycan (PG), diaminopimelic acid (DAP), and teichoic acid contents of the cell wall were determined in L-broth and L-broth supplemented with biocides at different temperatures (37 degrees C and 45 degrees C) and pH levels (7 and 9). In general and Gram staining-specific comparison, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the DAP content of biocide-resistant bacteria was observed at pH 7 and at both temperatures. In tubing-specific comparison, a significant increase in the amount of teichoic acid in air water tubing (37 degrees C at pH 9) and DAP in patient tubing (pH 7 at both temperatures) was observed. In main water pipe, a significant decrease (p > 0.05) in PG content was noticed at 45 degrees C and pH 9. Overall, a significant increase in DAP content may be an important constituent in the manifestation of isolate resistance against various biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Liaqat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Liaqat I, Sabri AN. Analysis of Cell Wall Constituents of Biocide-Resistant Isolates from Dental-Unit Water Line Biofilms. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:340-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Weidlich M, Klammt C, Bernhard F, Karas M, Stein T. Differential activity profiles of translation inhibitors in whole-cell and cell-free approaches. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:155-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santivarangkna C, Wenning M, Foerst P, Kulozik U. Damage of cell envelope of Lactobacillus helveticus during vacuum drying. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:748-56. [PMID: 17309624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to gain insight into the inactivation mechanisms of Lactobacillus helveticus during vacuum drying. METHODS AND RESULTS Early stationary phase cells of L. helveticus were dried in a vacuum drier. Viability, cell integrity and metabolic activity of cells were assessed over time by plate counts on de Man Rogosa and Sharpe broth agar medium and cytological methods employing fluorescent reagents and nucleic acid stains. The cell envelope damage was visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to indirectly observe changes in cell components during drying. Viability, metabolic activity and cell integrity decreased during vacuum drying, and different inactivation curves, characterized by the loss of ability to resume growth, and cell injuries were found. AFM images showed cracks on the surface of dried cells. Main changes in FT-IR spectra were attributed to the damage in cell envelope. CONCLUSION The cell envelope was the main site of damage in L. helveticus during vacuum drying. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Inactivation mechanisms of L. helveticus during vacuum drying were partly elucidated. This information is useful for the improvement of the viability of vacuum-dried starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Santivarangkna
- Central Institute for Food and Nutrition Research ZIEL, Section Food Process Engineering, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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McCann MS, McGovern AC, McDowell DA, Blair IS, Sheridan JJ. Surface decontamination of beef inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 or Escherichia coli O157:H7 using dry air in a novel heat treatment apparatus. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1177-87. [PMID: 17040242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the effectiveness of a novel dry air decontamination apparatus in the deactivation of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 or Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef surfaces. METHODS AND RESULTS A laboratory scale dry air decontamination apparatus, capable of producing repeatable and known heating time-temperature cycles on food surfaces was used in decontamination trials. Beef samples were surface inoculated with 7-8 log10CFU cm(-2) of S. Typhimurium DT104 or E. coli O157:H7 and heated at 60, 75, 90 and 100 degrees C using fast and slow heating rates and subsequently held at these temperatures for up to 600 s. A substantial reduction in pathogen numbers was achieved at higher temperatures (90 and 100 degrees C, 4.18-6.06 log10CFU cm(-2)) using both heating rates, but cell survival at these temperatures was also observed. At the lower temperatures, deactivation was small at 60 degrees C in particular it was less than one log unit after 3 min heating. No significant differences were observed when total reductions in pathogen counts were compared for all the temperature/heat up time combinations tested. During slow heating at 90 degrees C, and both heating rates at 100 degrees C, the pattern of deactivation of S. Typhimurium DT104 or E. coli O157:H7 was triphasic. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that heating meat surfaces with dry air can achieve substantial reductions in S. Typhimurium DT104 or E. coli O157:H7. As surface decontamination of beef surfaces with dry air had a negative effect on beef colour and appearance, such a decontamination apparatus would be unsuitable for producing meat for retail sale but it could be used to produce safer meat for use in the catering trade. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides researchers and food processors with data on the dynamic changes in S. Typhimurium DT104 and E. coli O157:H7 counts on intact beef surfaces during heating with dry air under realistic (time-varying) temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S McCann
- The Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.
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Rowbury RJ. Introduction. Responses to weak acids, alkalinisation, biocides, UV irradiation, and toxic metal ions. Sci Prog 2003; 86:235-44. [PMID: 15508891 PMCID: PMC10361179 DOI: 10.3184/003685003783238617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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