1
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Makhubela IM, Zawaira A, Brady D, Pienaar DP. Multifactorial optimization enables the identification of a greener method to produce (+)-nootkatone. J Biotechnol 2024; 393:41-48. [PMID: 39004406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The natural aroma compound (+)-nootkatone was obtained in selective conversions of up to 74 mol% from inexpensive (+)-valencene substrate by using a comparatively greener biocatalytic process developed based on modifications of the previously published Firmenich method. Buffer identity and concentration, pH, temperature and downstream work-up procedures were optimized to produce a crude product in which >90 % of (+)-valencene had been converted, with high chemoselectivity observed for (+)-nootkatone production. Interestingly, the biotransformation was carried out efficiently at temperatures as low as 21 ºC. Surprisingly, the best results were obtained when an acidic pH in the range of 3-6 was applied, as compared to the previously published procedure in which it appeared to be necessary to buffer the pH optimally and fixed throughout at 8.5. Furthermore, there was no need to maintain a pure oxygen atmosphere to achieve good (+)-nootkatone yields. Instead, air bubbled continuously at a low rate through the reaction mixture via a submerged glass capillary was sufficient to enable the desired lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation reactions to occur efficiently. No valencene epoxide side-products were detected in the organic product extract by a standard GCMS protocol. Only traces of the anticipated corresponding α- and β-nootkatol intermediates were routinely observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Makhubela
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue,Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa, PO Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Alexander Zawaira
- Applied Protein Biotechnologies (Pty) Ltd, 530 Jessie Collins Street, Garsfontein, Pretoria 0081, South Africa
| | - Dean Brady
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue,Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa, PO Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Daniel P Pienaar
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue,Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa, PO Wits 2050, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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2
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Varela K, Yoshimoto FK. Syntheses of deuterium-labeled dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) isotopologues and mechanistic studies focused on elucidating the conversion of DHAA to artemisinin. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39158554 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA), a sesquiterpenoid natural product from Artemisia annua, converts to artemisinin, an anti-malarial natural product that contains an endoperoxide bridge. The endoperoxide moiety is responsible for the biological activity of artemisinin. Therefore, understanding the biosynthesis of this functional group could lead to the optimization of the process to produce this medicine. DHAA converts to artemisinin through the incorporation of two molecules of oxygen in a four-step process. The reaction is a spontaneous cascade process that involves (i) the initial incorporation of a molecule of oxygen through the reaction of an allylic C-H bond of DHAA, (ii) followed by the cleavage of a C-C bond, (iii) the incorporation of a second molecule of oxygen, and (iv) polycyclization to yield artemisinin. This manuscript is focused on describing the chemical syntheses of regioselectively polydeuterated DHAA isotopologues at C3 and C15, in addition to research efforts related to clarifying how the endoperoxide-forming process of artemisinin occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Varela
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, USA.
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, USA.
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3
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Che W, Wojitas L, Shan C, Lopchuk JM. Divergent synthesis of complex withanolides enabled by a scalable route and late-stage functionalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp9375. [PMID: 38941454 PMCID: PMC11212736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp9375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Withanolides are a group of naturally occurring C28 steroids based on an ergostane skeleton. They have a high degree of polyoxygenation, and the abundance of O-functional groups has enabled various natural alterations to both the carbocyclic skeleton and the side chain. Consequently, these molecules have intricate structural features that lead to their highly varied display of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating properties. Despite being intriguing leads for further discovery research, synthetic access to the withanolides remains highly challenging-compounds for current biological research are mainly isolated from plants, often inefficiently. Here, we report the divergent synthesis of 11 withanolides in 12 to 20 steps, enabled by a gram-scale route and a series of late-stage functionalizations, most notably a bioinspired photooxygenation-allylic hydroperoxide rearrangement sequence. This approach enables further biological research disconnected from a reliance on minute quantities of the parent natural products or their simple derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Che
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojitas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Chuan Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Justin M. Lopchuk
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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4
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Cen K, Bao J, Wang X, Tian H, Wang Y, Gui J. Bioinspired Divergent Synthesis of Aspersteroids A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6481-6486. [PMID: 38421318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Aspersteroids A and B are novel ergostane-type 18,22-cyclosterols with immunosuppressive and antimicrobial activities. Herein, we report the first synthesis of these two natural products, which was accomplished in 15 and 14 steps, respectively, from commercially available ergosterol by means of a bioinspired divergent approach. Key features of this synthesis include an unprecedented radical relay cyclization that was initiated by iron(II)-mediated decomposition of an alkyl hydroperoxide to construct the E ring cyclopentane motif; a titanium(III)-mediated diastereoselective radical reduction of an epoxide to install the challenging C22 stereocenter; and highly regioselective, divergent late-stage oxidations to access the highly oxidized core framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiajing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Chen JY, Kuruparan A, Zamani-Babgohari M, Gonzales-Vigil E. Dynamic changes to the plant cuticle include the production of volatile cuticular wax-derived compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307012120. [PMID: 38019866 PMCID: PMC10710056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is a hydrophobic structure that seals plant aerial surfaces from the surrounding environment. To better understand how cuticular wax composition changes over development, we conducted an untargeted screen of leaf surface lipids from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). We observed major shifts to the lipid profile across development, from a phenolic and terpene-dominated profile in young leaves to an aliphatic wax-dominated profile in mature leaves. Contrary to the general pattern, levels of aliphatic cis-9-alkenes decreased in older leaves following their accumulation. A thorough examination revealed that the decrease in cis-9-alkenes was accompanied by a concomitant increase in aldehydes, one of them being the volatile compound nonanal. By applying exogenous alkenes to P. trichocarpa leaves, we show that unsaturated waxes in the cuticle undergo spontaneous oxidative cleavage to generate aldehydes and that this process occurs similarly in other alkene-accumulating systems such as balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) leaves and corn (Zea mays) silk. Moreover, we show that the production of cuticular wax-derived compounds can be extended to other wax components. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), 9-hydroxy-14,16-hentriacontanedione likely decomposes to generate 2-heptadecanone and 7-octyloxepan-2-one (a caprolactone). These findings highlight an unusual route to the production of plant volatiles that are structurally encoded within cuticular wax precursors. These processes could play a role in modulating ecological interactions and open the possibility for engineering bioactive volatile compounds into plant waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Aswini Kuruparan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Mahbobeh Zamani-Babgohari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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6
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Talajić G, Topić E, Meštrović J, Cindro N. Total Synthesis of Penicyclone A Using a Double Grignard Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16054-16062. [PMID: 36383733 PMCID: PMC9724088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the first total synthesis of penicyclone A, a novel deep-sea fungus-derived polyketide, and a reevaluation of its antimicrobial activity. The synthesis of this unique spirolactone was achieved in 10 steps starting from a known d-ribose derivative. The key steps include a double Grignard reaction for the diastereoselective construction of the chiral tertiary alcohol intermediate, tandem oxidation/cyclization, and photooxygenation, followed by an oxidative rearrangement to introduce the enone functionality.
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7
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Yang BW, Lu BY, Zhao YJ, Luo JY, Hong X. Formation of phytosterol photooxidation products: A chemical reaction mechanism for light-induced oxidation. Food Chem 2020; 333:127430. [PMID: 32679413 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) are a group of sterols distributed in foods and plants, where it is prone to oxidation. In this work, we studied the reaction mechanism of phytosterols, using density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental methods to study the photooxidation of phytosterols. Under LED light illumination, experimental photooxidation of these phytosterols gives rise to the prior three kind oxides of phytosterol: 6α-OH, 7α-OH, and 7β-OH. The mechanistic investigations by DFT suggest that singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated photooxidation (Type II mechanism) generated radical adds to the C5 and C6 on the B Ring of steroid nucleus and reaction in C7 initiated from C5 products through rearrangement pathway. Furthermore, the stereoselectivity at C5, C6 and C7 provides a mechanistic guide for phytosterols photooxidation. These efforts are expected to serve as an essential exploratory study for the oxidation mechanism of phytosterols in the complex food matrix and antioxidation technology for phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Bai-Yi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Ya-Jing Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jin-Yang Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Ye F, Liu Q, Cui R, Xu D, Gao Y, Chen H. Diverse Functionalization of Tetrahydro-β-carbolines or Tetrahydro-γ-carbolines via Oxidative Coupling Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2020; 86:794-812. [PMID: 33232143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report herein diverse functionalization of tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) or tetrahydro-γ-carbolines (THγCs) via oxidative coupling rearrangement. The treatment of THβCs or THγCs with t-BuOOH (TBHP) afforded 3-peroxyindolenines, followed by HCl catalyzed indolation to form unexpected 2-indolyl-3-peroxyindolenines. Further rearrangement of these peroxides allows for rapid access to a skeletally diverse chemical library in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Ye
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ranran Cui
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Dekang Xu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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9
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Jabeen S, Farag M, Malek B, Choudhury R, Greer A. A Singlet Oxygen Priming Mechanism: Disentangling of Photooxidative and Downstream Dark Effects. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12505-12513. [PMID: 32885660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne singlet oxygen obtained from photosensitization of triplet dioxygen is shown to react with an alkene surfactant (8-methylnon-7-ene-1 sulfonate) leading to "ene" hydroperoxides that in the dark inactivate planktonic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The "ene" hydroperoxide photoproducts are not toxic on their own, but they become toxic after the bacteria are pretreated with singlet oxygen. The total quenching rate constant (kT) of singlet oxygen of the alkene surfactant was measured to be 1.1 × 106 M-1 s-1 at the air/liquid interface. Through a new mechanism called singlet oxygen priming (SOP), the singlet oxygen leads to hydroperoxides then to peroxyl radicals, tetraoxides, and decomposition products, which also promote disinfection, and therefore offer a "one-two" punch. This offers a strong secondary toxic effect in an otherwise indiscernible dark reaction. The results provide an insight into assisted killing by an exogenous alkene with dark toxicity effects following exposure to singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeela Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Maria Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas 72801, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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10
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Burchill L, George JH. Total Synthesis of Rhodonoids A, B, E, and F, Enabled by Singlet Oxygen Ene Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2260-2265. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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11
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DeHaven BA, Liberatore HK, Greer A, Richardson SD, Shimizu LS. Probing the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species by a Porous Self-Assembled Benzophenone Bis-Urea Host. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8290-8298. [PMID: 31459915 PMCID: PMC6648088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we examine the photochemical formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a porous benzophenone-containing bis-urea host (1) to investigate the mechanism of photooxidations that occur within the confines of its nanochannels. UV irradiation of the self-assembled host in the presence of molecular oxygen generates both singlet oxygen and superoxide when suspended in solution. The efficiency of ROS generation by the host is lower than that of benzophenone (BP), which could be beneficial for reactions carried out catalytically, as ROS species react quickly and often unselectively. Superoxide formation was detected through reaction with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide in the presence of methanol. However, it is not detected in CHCl3, as it reacts rapidly with the solvent to generate methaneperoxy and chloride anions, similar to BP. The lifetime of airborne singlet oxygen (τΔairborne) was examined at the air-solid outer surface of the host and host·quencher complexes and suggests that quenching is a surface phenomenon. The efficiency of the host and BP as catalysts was compared for the photooxidation of 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene in solution. Both the host and BP mediate the photooxidation in CHCl3, benzene, and benzene-d 6, producing primarily epoxide-derived products with low selectivity likely by both type I and type II photooxidation processes. Interestingly, in CHCl3, two chlorohydrins were also formed, reflecting the formation of chloride in this solvent. In contrast, UV irradiation of the host·guest crystals in an oxygen atmosphere produced no epoxide and appeared to favor mainly the type II processes. Photolysis afforded high conversion to only three products: an enone, a tertiary allylic alcohol, and a diol, which demonstrates the accessibility of the encapsulated reactants to oxygen and the influence of confinement on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baillie A. DeHaven
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center
of City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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12
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Yang F, Zhao J, Tang X, Wu Y, Yu Z, Meng Q. Visible Light‐Induced Salan‐Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aerobic α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Keto Esters. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
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13
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Hoseini SJ, Fath RH, Fard MA, Behnia A, Puddephatt RJ. A Bridging Peroxide Complex of Platinum(IV). Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8951-8955. [PMID: 30022661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photolysis of the allylplatinum(IV) complex [PtBr(C3H5)(4-MeC6H4)2(bipy)], 1, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, in air yielded [{PtBr(4-MeC6H4)2(bipy)}2(μ-O2)], 2, the first diplatinum(IV) complex containing a single bridging peroxide ligand. The PtO-OPt bond distance in 2 is 1.481(3) Å. Complex 2 is thought to be formed by homolysis of the allyl-platinum bond of 1, followed by reaction of the platinum(III) intermediate [PtBr(4-MeC6H4)2(bipy)] with oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jafar Hoseini
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz 7194684795 , Iran
| | - Roghayeh Hashemi Fath
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Yasouj University , Yasouj 7591874831 , Iran
| | - Mahmood A Fard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Ava Behnia
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Richard J Puddephatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London N6A 5B7 , Canada
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14
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One-Pot Synthesis of (+)-Nootkatone via Dark Singlet Oxygenation of Valencene: The Triple Role of the Amphiphilic Molybdate Catalyst. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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15
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Yaremenko IA, Vil’ VA, Demchuk DV, Terent’ev AO. Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1647-748. [PMID: 27559418 PMCID: PMC4979652 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is the first to collate and summarize main data on named and unnamed rearrangement reactions of peroxides. It should be noted, that in the chemistry of peroxides two types of processes are considered under the term rearrangements. These are conventional rearrangements occurring with the retention of the molecular weight and transformations of one of the peroxide moieties after O-O-bond cleavage. Detailed information about the Baeyer-Villiger, Criegee, Hock, Kornblum-DeLaMare, Dakin, Elbs, Schenck, Smith, Wieland, and Story reactions is given. Unnamed rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes are also analyzed. The rearrangements and related processes of important natural and synthetic peroxides are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Demchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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17
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Malek B, Ghogare AA, Choudhury R, Greer A. Air-Water Interface Effects on the Regioselectivity of Singlet Oxygenations of a Trisubstituted Alkene. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:4505-4508. [PMID: 27092011 PMCID: PMC4832427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of allylic hydroperoxide sulfonates by singlet oxygenation at the air-water interface has been found to depend on the concentration of the alkene sulfonate and added calcium salt. The regioselectivity is proposed to originate from an orthogonal alkene relative to the water surface for preferential methyl hydrogen abstraction by airborne singlet oxygen in an ene reaction. The findings hint that the air-water interface is a locale for synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, City University of New York–Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
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18
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Yaremenko IA, Terent'ev AO, Vil' VA, Novikov RA, Chernyshev VV, Tafeenko VA, Levitsky DO, Fleury F, Nikishin GI. Approach for the Preparation of Various Classes of Peroxides Based on the Reaction of Triketones with H2O2: First Examples of Ozonide Rearrangements. Chemistry 2014; 20:10160-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Litwinienko G, Beckwith ALJ, Ingold KU. The frequently overlooked importance of solvent in free radical syntheses. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2157-63. [PMID: 21344074 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review is designed to dispel the myth, still believed by many synthetic organic chemists, that radical-based syntheses are free from significant solvent effects. However, many synthetically valuable radical reactions do exhibit large kinetic solvent effects. It is therefore important to select the solvent for any proposed radical synthesis with considerable care if good product yields are to be achieved.
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20
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Hill S, Hirano K, Shmanai VV, Marbois BN, Vidovic D, Bekish AV, Kay B, Tse V, Fine J, Clarke CF, Shchepinov MS. Isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect yeast cells from oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:130-8. [PMID: 20955788 PMCID: PMC3014413 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The facile abstraction of bis-allylic hydrogens from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is the hallmark chemistry responsible for initiation and propagation of autoxidation reactions. The products of these autoxidation reactions can form cross-links to other membrane components and damage proteins and nucleic acids. We report that PUFAs deuterated at bis-allylic sites are much more resistant to autoxidation reactions, because of the isotope effect. This is shown using coenzyme Q-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (Q). Q functions in respiratory energy metabolism and also functions as a lipid-soluble antioxidant. Yeast coq mutants incubated in the presence of the PUFA α-linolenic or linoleic acid exhibit 99% loss of colony formation after 4h, demonstrating a profound loss of viability. In contrast, coq mutants treated with monounsaturated oleic acid or with one of the deuterated PUFAs, 11,11-D(2)-linoleic or 11,11,14,14-D(4)-α-linolenic acid, retain viability similar to wild-type yeast. Deuterated PUFAs also confer protection to wild-type yeast subjected to heat stress. These results indicate that isotope-reinforced PUFAs are stabilized compared to standard PUFAs, and they protect coq mutants and wild-type yeast cells against the toxic effects of lipid autoxidation products. These findings suggest new approaches to controlling ROS-inflicted cellular damage and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kathleen Hirano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vadim V. Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 13 Surganova Street, 220072 Belarus
| | - Beth N. Marbois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andrei V. Bekish
- Department of Chemistry, Belarussian State University, Minsk 220030 Belarus
| | - Bradley Kay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Vincent Tse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Catherine F. Clarke, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles CA 90095 Tel (310) 825-0771; Fax (310) 206-5213; ; and Mikhail S. Shchepinov, Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA (650)-917-9256; Fax (650)-917-9255;
| | - Mikhail S. Shchepinov
- Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Catherine F. Clarke, UCLA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles CA 90095 Tel (310) 825-0771; Fax (310) 206-5213; ; and Mikhail S. Shchepinov, Retrotope, Inc. 12133 Foothill Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022, USA (650)-917-9256; Fax (650)-917-9255;
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21
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Hu D, Pratt DA. Secondary orbital interactions in the propagation steps of lipid peroxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3711-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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