Prediction model for retention volumes of the three-phase solvent system in high-speed countercurrent chromatography

Owing to its ability to separate substances with a broad scope of polarities, exploring the three-phase solvent systems (TPSSs) with high-speed countercurrent chromatography is a topic of interest in separation science, and their retention volumes should be more concerned. This study primarily investigates the behavior of retention volumes while examining the isolation abilities of the TPSS in the technique above. We took standard compounds, including sophoricoside, Sudan red 7B, and rotenone, which have a broad range of polarity, for investigation in this study and separated them using different four-liquid TPSSs made up of water, acetonitrile, methyl acetate, and n-hexane (WAMH). Our findings show that the retention volumes gradually alter in response to changes in phase polarity within the proposed solvent systems. With TPSSs, we preliminarily studied compound isolation and the promising formula of their retention volumes. The proposed solvent systems WAMH in different ratios showed high correlations and adjusted correlation coefficients above 0.9978 and 0.9913 for the actual and calculated retention volumes. This study will be particularly beneficial for researchers focusing on countercurrent chromatography with TPSSs, as it offers valuable time-saving insights.

Recent trends in multidimensional countercurrent chromatography

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a potent separation approach known for its remarkable efficiency and capacity in preparation. It's applied as a substitute or combined with different chromatographic techniques, resulting in its rebranding as multidimensional CCC (MDCCC). Numerous essential mixtures from natural products contain hundreds or thousands of distinct components of importance. These mix types are too complicated to separate in any reasonable time using a single CCC dimension. However, if a multidimensional technique is utilized, where a complex mixture is separated by an initial dimension, smaller fractions of that separation are gathered. Each fraction is studied individually; complex mixes can be resolved relatively quickly. Thus, several MDCCC separation features have been studied to demonstrate their advantages, limitations, and prospective capacity to separate exceedingly complex mixtures. In this review, MDCCC aspects, including principles, multiple columns system, multilayer coil J-type, on-line monitoring system, and applications, have been thoroughly_explored.

Triterpenoid Saponins from Washnut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)-A Source of Natural Surfactants and Other Active Components

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., also called the washnut, is a tropical tree of the Sapindaceae family. The plant owes its name to its cleaning and washing properties used by the local population as a natural detergent. The most important ingredients of the plant are triterpenoid saponins contained in many parts of the plant, inducing fruits, galls, or roots. The tree also contains other valuable, biologically active compounds that are obtained by extraction methods. Raw or purified extract and isolated saponins are valuable plant products that can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. This review includes the most important biological and surfactant properties of extracts and isolated saponins obtained from various parts of the plant.

High-speed countercurrent chromatography for isolation and enrichment of betacyanins from fresh and dried leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. var. "Rubra"

Betacyanins and their decarboxylated derivatives from fresh and dried edible leaves of Atriplex hortensis L. var. "Rubra" were fractionated for the first time by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Pigments present in fresh leaf extract were separated in systems: ethanol - acetonitrile - n-propanol - ammonium sulphate - water (0.5:0.5:0.5:1.2:1.0, v/v/v/v/v) (tail-to-head mode) and tert-butyl methyl ether - n-butanol - acetonitrile - water with 0.7% heptafluorobutyric acid (2:2:1:5, v/v/v/v) (head-to-tail mode). The mobile phase flow rate was 2 mL/min and the retention of the stationary phase was 79.8 and 75.2%, respectively. Pigments from dried leaves were separated in a similar ion-pair system with heptafluorobutyric acid in different volume proportions 1:3:1:5 (head-to-tail mode) and the flow rate of the mobile phase 3 mL/min. The stationary phase retention was 64.0%. The application of the countercurrent chromatography for the fractionation of betacyanins from leaves of Atriplex hortensis enabled to isolate and pre-concentrate the pigments for further low- and high-resolution liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric detection. This study revealed the presence of 10 betacyanins in fresh and 16 in dried leaves of Atriplex hortensis. Two compounds were not previously identified in the whole Amaranthaceae family. Additionally, instead of (iso)amaranthin, celosianin and its epimer were dominant betacyanins in the Atriplex hortensis.