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Palmstedt E, Månsson M, Kollberg KS, Carlsson S, Hellström M, Wallström J, Hugosson J, Arnsrud Godtman R. How a population-based cohort of men estimate lifetime risk of prostate cancer in a survey before entering a prostate cancer screening trial in Sweden? BMJ Open 2024; 14:e083562. [PMID: 39153780 PMCID: PMC11331866 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigating men's perceived lifetime risk of prostate cancer. DESIGN Survey-based study to men invited for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in the GÖTEBORG-2 trial between September 2015 and June 2020. SETTING 38 775 men in the Gothenburg area, Sweden, were invited for PSA-testing and participated in a survey. PARTICIPANTS 17 980 men participated in PSA-testing, of whom 13 189 completed the survey. In addition, 1264 men answered the survey only. INTERVENTIONS Before having the PSA-test, men answered an electronic survey and estimated their lifetime risk of receiving a prostate cancer diagnosis on a visual analogue scale from 0% to 100%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the median lifetime risk estimation, which was compared with Wilcoxon test to an anticipated lifetime risk of 20% (based on GÖTEBORG-1 trial). The secondary outcome was to determine factors associated with risk estimation in a multivariable linear regression model: previous prostate examination, family history, physical exercise, healthy diet, comorbidity, alcohol consumption, smoking, education level, marital status, urinary symptoms and erectile dysfunction. RESULTS Among PSA-tested men, the median estimated lifetime risk of prostate cancer was 30% (IQR 19% to 50%), corresponding to a 10 percentage-points higher estimation compared with the anticipated risk (p<0.001). Family history of prostate cancer, moderate to severe urinary symptoms and mild to moderate erectile dysfunction were associated with >5 percentage-points higher risk estimation. Similar results were obtained for non-PSA-tested men. CONCLUSIONS Most men overestimated their prostate cancer risk which underscores the importance of providing them accurate information about prostate cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN94604465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeli Palmstedt
- Department of Urology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Marianne Månsson
- Department of Urology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Stinesen Kollberg
- Department of Urology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
- Social Work, University of Gothenburg Faculty of Social Science, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Carlsson
- Department of Surgery and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University Medical Faculty, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hellström
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wallström
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hugosson
- Department of Urology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Arnsrud Godtman
- Department of Urology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Clinical Sciences, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kim S. The Role of Discrete Emotions in Risk Perception and Policy Support during Public Health Crises: The Moderation Effect of SNS Dependency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11654. [PMID: 34770167 PMCID: PMC8582989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People often experience strong emotions during public health crises. This study examines how these emotions shape the perception of risk and support for policies to address the risk. In particular, this study explores the moderating effects of social network services (SNS) use in the process, considering that SNS have become a prominent communication platform during crises. Using a nationwide online survey conducted on the issue of fine dust air pollution in South Korea, this study found that feelings of anxiety, anger, and sadness about the risk issue were positively related to risk perception and policy support, while the relative effects of these emotions varied. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that reliance on SNS for learning (i.e., SNS learning dependency) moderated the influence of anxiety: the positive impact of anxiety was greater among those who used SNS for learning, while no such effects were found among those who used SNS for play or entertainment (i.e., SNS entertainment dependency). The implications of this study are discussed in terms of the distinct role emotions play in public responses to risks and the importance of considering the impact of SNS on public perceptions and judgments in this era of social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohee Kim
- College of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul 03744, Korea
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3
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Peng W, Carcioppolo N, Occa A, Ali K, Yang Q, Yang F. Feel Worried, Overloaded, or Fatalistic? The Determinants of Cancer Uncertainty Management Preferences. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 36:347-360. [PMID: 31760812 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1692489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty in the context of cancer involves a complex and conflicting decision-making process. Individual preferences of seeking or avoiding information in the decisions of maintaining, reducing, or increasing uncertainty often depend on key cancer-related beliefs. The present study investigates whether cancer worry (CW), information overload (CIO), or fatalism (CF) can predict four constructs of uncertainty management preferences - avoid to maintain hope, avoid insufficient information, seek to increase uncertainty, and seek to reduce uncertainty. A hybrid model with structural and measurement components was specified and tested. The model analysis shows that cancer-related beliefs influenced individuals' needs and preferences for uncertainty management through seeking or avoiding information. CW was positively related to all but avoiding insufficient information. CIO was positively associated with all four preferences. CF was only associated with avoiding to maintain uncertainty. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- School of Communication, University of Miami
| | | | - Aurora Occa
- Department of Communication, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Qinghua Yang
- Bob Schieffer College of Communication, Texas Christian University
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventura-León J, Noe-Grijalva M, Barboza-Palomino M, Arias Gallegos WL, Reyes-Bossio M, Rojas-Jara C. Evidencias psicométricas iniciales de una medida breve sobre preocupación por el cáncer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5209/psic.61438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objetivo: La preocupación por el cáncer está asociada con los comportamientos preventivos para la detección de esta enfermedad; sin embargo, no existe un instrumento con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir este constructo en países latinoamericanos, entre ellos el Perú. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la validez basada en la estructura interna y fiabilidad de la Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) en una muestra de personas sin diagnóstico oncológico con historia familiar de cáncer. Método: Se contó con la participación de 215 personas sanas con historia familiar de cáncer que acudían al servicio de consulta externa de dos instituciones públicas y privadas de salud de la ciudad de Chimbote con una edad promedio de 42,10 años (DT = 14,05). Para el recojo de información se utilizó una ficha sociodemográfica ad hoc y la Cancer Worry Scale. Resultados: El modelo unidimensional presentó un buen ajuste de los datos (SBχ2 (8) = 14,39; SB χ2 / df = 1,79; CFI = 0,991; SRMR = 0,025; RMSEA = 0,061 [IC90%: 0,000 -0,111]; AIC = 47,701) y una confiabilidad adecuada (ωcorregido = 0,90; IC95%: 0,88-0,92). Conclusión: Se concluye que la CWS presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, siendo una medida que brinda interpretaciones válidas y fiables de la preocupación por el cáncer en el contexto peruano.
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Sparf J. Disability and Vulnerability: Interpretations of Risk in Everyday Life. JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1468-5973.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Sparf
- Risk and Crisis Research Centre; SHV; Mid Sweden University; 831 25 Östersund Sweden
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Cancer Worry, Perceived Risk and Cancer Screening in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Familial Gastric Cancer. J Genet Couns 2015; 25:520-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jung M, Chan CKY, Viswanath K. Moderating effects of media exposure on associations between socioeconomic position and cancer worry. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5845-51. [PMID: 25081712 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing fear of cancer is significant in developing cancer screening interventions, but the levels of fear may vary depending on the degrees of media exposure as well as individuals' socioeconomic positions (SEP). However, few studies have examined how the SEP influences the fear of cancer under the moderating process of general and specific forms of media exposure. We investigated the moderating effect of media exposure on the relationship between SEP and the level of fear of cancer by assuming that cancer knowledge is a covariate between those two. In particular, this study examined how exposure to both general and specific media changes the series of processes from SEP to fear of cancer. We conducted path analyses with three types of media--television, radio and the Internet--using data from a health communication survey of 613 adults in Massachusetts in the United States. We found that SEP influences cancer knowledge directly and fear of cancer indirectly, as moderated by the level of media exposure. Health-specific exposure, however, had a more consistent effect than general media exposure in lowering the fear of cancer by increasing knowledge about cancer. A higher level of health-specific exposure and greater amount of cancer knowledge lessened the fear of cancer. In addition, the more people were exposed to health information on television and the Internet, the lower the level of fear of cancer as a result. These findings indicate a relationship between SEP and fear of cancer, as moderated by the level and type of media exposure. Furthermore, the findings suggest that for early detection or cancer prevention strategies, health communication approaches through mass media need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Jung
- Department of Health Science, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, South Korea E-mail :
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8
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Abstract
We review decision making along the cancer continuum in the contemporary context of informed and shared decision making in which patients are encouraged to take a more active role in their health care. We discuss challenges to achieving informed and shared decision making, including cognitive limitations and emotional factors, but argue that understanding the mechanisms of decision making offers hope for improving decision support. Theoretical approaches to decision making that explain cognition, emotion, and their interaction are described, including classical psychophysical approaches, dual-process approaches that focus on conflicts between emotion versus cognition (or reason), and modern integrative approaches such as fuzzy-trace theory. In contrast to the earlier emphasis on rote use of numerical detail, modern approaches emphasize understanding the bottom-line gist of options (which encompasses emotion and other influences on meaning) and retrieving relevant social and moral values to apply to those gist representations. Finally, research on interventions to support better decision making in clinical settings is reviewed, drawing out implications for future research on decision making and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy L Nelson
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute
| | - Paul K Han
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center
| | - Michael P Pignone
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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9
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Efuni E, DuHamel KN, Winkel G, Starr T, Jandorf L. Optimism and barriers to colonoscopy in low-income Latinos at average risk for colorectal cancer. Psychooncology 2014; 24:1138-44. [PMID: 25528993 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening continues to be underused, particularly by Latinos. CRC and colonoscopy fear, worry, and fatalism have been identified as screening barriers in Latinos. The study purpose was to examine the relationship of optimism, fatalism, worry, and fear in the context of Latinos referred for CRC screening. METHODS Our sample included 251 Latinos between the ages of 50 and 83 years who had no personal or immediate family history of CRC, no personal history of gastrointestinal disorder, no colonoscopy in the past 5 years, and received a referral for a colonoscopy. Face-to-face interviews were performed, and data were analyzed using regression models. RESULTS Greater optimism (β = -1.72, p < 0.000), lower fatalism (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and absence of family history of cancer (β = 1, p < 0.01) were associated with decreased worry about the colonoscopy. Being female (β = 0.85, p < 0.05) and born in the USA (β = 1.1, p < 0.01) were associated with greater worry about colonoscopy and the possibility of having CRC. Family history of cancer (β = 2.6, p < 0.01), female gender (β = 2.9, p < 0.000), not following the doctor's advice (β = 2.7, p < 0.01), and putting off medical problems (β = 1.9, p < 0.05) were associated with greater fear. In the multiple regression model, lower optimism (β = -0.09, p < 0.05), higher fatalism (β = 0.28, p < 0.01), and female gender (β = 0.9, p < 0.05) were associated with greater worry. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that address fatalism and promote optimistic beliefs may reduce worry among Latinos referred for colonoscopy. Interventions that alleviate colonoscopy fear because of family history of cancer particularly among Latino women may help improve distress about CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Efuni
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine N DuHamel
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Winkel
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatiana Starr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 641 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA
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McDowell ME, Occhipinti S, Gardiner RA, Chambers SK. Prevalence and predictors of cancer specific distress in men with a family history of prostate cancer. Psychooncology 2013; 22:2496-504. [PMID: 23712946 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prevalence and predictors of cancer-specific distress in undiagnosed men with and without a family history of prostate cancer, and to examine the contribution of perceptions of an affected relative's cancer experience on the distress of unaffected male relatives. METHODS Men with a first degree relative with prostate cancer (n = 207) and men without a family history (n = 239) from Australia completed a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview. Participants completed the Prostate Cancer Anxiety Subscale of the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer, measures of perceived risk, and socio-demographic information. Men with a family history provided details about their family history (number of relatives diagnosed with and dead from prostate cancer, relationship to affected relative, months since diagnosis) and reported their perceptions of their affected relative's prostate cancer experience including perceptions of threat related to the relative's diagnosis and perceived treatment phase and prognosis. RESULTS Cancer-specific distress was low for all men and there was no significant difference in the distress experienced by men with and without a family history. Regression analyses showed that for all men, cancer-specific distress increased with urinary symptoms and decreased in those with higher education and in older participants. For men with a family history, having a relative who died from prostate cancer and perceiving greater threat from a relative's diagnosis was associated with greater cancer-specific distress. CONCLUSIONS Interventions would benefit from examining appraisals of familial risk and examining prospective assessments of distress in the unaffected male relatives of men with prostate cancer over the course of the cancer trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McDowell
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Shiloh S, Wade CH, Roberts JS, Alford SH, Biesecker BB. Associations between risk perceptions and worry about common diseases: a between- and within-subjects examination. Psychol Health 2012; 28:434-49. [PMID: 23121110 PMCID: PMC3566271 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2012.737464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between worry and perceptions of likelihood and severity were evaluated across eight common diseases. Individual and disease variability in worry and perceptions were examined. 294 participants were recruited through the Multiplex Initiative, in which a genetic susceptibility test for eight common diseases was offered to healthy adults. Participants completed a baseline telephone survey and web-based surveys without a commitment to be tested, and then made a choice on testing. Between- and within-subjects analyses yielded the following main findings: (1) worry is more closely related to likelihood perceptions than to severity perceptions; (2) severity perceptions add significantly to explained worry variances above and beyond likelihood perceptions; (3) risk perceptions and worries form two clusters: cancer diseases and cardiovascular-metabolic diseases; and (4) variance in risk perception and worry is explained by a combination of between- and within-subjects variances. Risk perception research should attend to severity perceptions, within-subjects variability and inter-disease differences, and to strategies for grouping conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Shiloh
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Matthew AG, Paradiso C, Currie KL, Finelli A, Hartman ME, Trachtenberg L, Shuman C, Horsburgh S, Chitayat D, Trachtenberg J, Ritvo P. Examining risk perception among men with a family history of prostate cancer. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2011; 85:251-257. [PMID: 21310580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper explores factors that influence the formulation of risk perception among men with a family history of prostate cancer who are currently attending a prostate cancer screening clinic. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen participants. Interview transcripts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS The following themes were identified: Risk Information Pathways, Experience with Other Prostate Disease, Exposure to Prostate Cancer Screening, Exposure to Affected Relatives, Lifestyle Factors, Illness Beliefs, and Health-Based Risk Comparisons. CONCLUSION Understanding the contributors to risk perception and applying this knowledge during screening visits and genetic counselling may help to reduce risk distortion and result in increased adherence to screening programs and reduced psychological distress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Prostate cancer screening should incorporate counselling to address patient-specific risk concepts in order to increase the accuracy and maintain the stability of risk perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Matthew
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Wade CH, Shiloh S, Woolford SW, Roberts JS, Alford SH, Marteau TM, Biesecker BB. Modelling decisions to undergo genetic testing for susceptibility to common health conditions: an ancillary study of the Multiplex Initiative. Psychol Health 2011; 27:430-44. [PMID: 21660870 PMCID: PMC3175306 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2011.586699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
New genetic tests reveal risks for multiple conditions simultaneously, although little is understood about the psychological factors that affect testing uptake. We assessed a conceptual model called the multiplex genetic testing model (MGTM) using structural equation modelling. The MGTM delineates worry, perceived severity, perceived risk, response efficacy and attitudes towards testing as predictors of intentions and behaviour. Participants were 270 healthy insured adults aged 25-40 from the Multiplex Initiative conducted within a health care system in Detroit, MI, USA. Participants were offered a genetic test that assessed risk for eight common health conditions. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that worry, perceived risk and severity clustered into two disease domains: cancer or metabolic conditions. Only perceived severity of metabolic conditions was correlated with general response efficacy (β = 0.13, p<0.05), which predicted general attitudes towards testing (β = 0.24, p<0.01). Consistent with our hypothesised model, attitudes towards testing were the strongest predictors of intentions to undergo testing (β = 0.49, p<0.01), which in turn predicted testing uptake (OR 17.7, β = 0.97, p<0.01). The MGTM explained a striking 48% of the variance in intentions and 94% of the variation in uptake. These findings support use of the MGTM to explain psychological predictors of testing for multiple health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Wade
- Department of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA.
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Sweeny K, Cavanaugh AG. Waiting is the hardest part: a model of uncertainty navigation in the context of health news. Health Psychol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2010.520112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sweeny
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside , CA , 90064 , USA
| | - Arezou Ghane Cavanaugh
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside , CA , 90064 , USA
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McDowell ME, Occhipinti S, Gardiner RA, Baade PD, Steginga SK. A review of prostate-specific antigen screening prevalence and risk perceptions for first-degree relatives of men with prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2010; 18:545-55. [PMID: 19686273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
First-degree relatives of men with prostate cancer have a higher risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer than men without a family history. The present review examines the prevalence and predictors of testing in first-degree relatives, perceptions of risk, prostate cancer knowledge and psychological consequences of screening. Medline, PsycInfo and Cinahl databases were searched for articles examining risk perceptions or screening practices of first-degree relatives of men with prostate cancer for the period of 1990 to August 2007. Eighteen studies were eligible for inclusion. First-degree relatives participated in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing more and perceived their risk of prostate cancer to be higher than men without a family history. Family history factors (e.g. being an unaffected son rather than an unaffected brother) were consistent predictors of PSA testing. Studies were characterized by sampling biases and a lack of longitudinal assessments. Prospective, longitudinal assessments with well-validated and comprehensive measures are needed to identify factors that cue the uptake of screening and from this develop an evidence base for decision support. Men with a family history may benefit from targeted communication about the risks and benefits of prostate cancer testing that responds to the implications of their heightened risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McDowell
- School of Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Hoffman-Goetz L, Meissner HI, Thomson MD. Literacy and cancer anxiety as predictors of health status: an exploratory study. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2009; 24:218-224. [PMID: 19526411 DOI: 10.1080/08858190902910871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status is a strong correlate of health status. Low literacy is associated with barriers to health information and anxiety about disease. METHODS Using 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey data, the relationship between self-reported health status and proxy measures of literacy (Hispanic ethnicity, education, and media variables), cancer anxiety, and cancer information seeking were assessed. RESULTS Low literacy, measured by proxy variables, was associated with a greater likelihood of reporting fair-poor health status. Reporting excellent-good health status was less likely for people reporting frustration finding cancer information (odds ratio [OR] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-0.89), worry about cancer (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.89), and increased chance of getting cancer (OR 3.5, 95% CI 0.24-0.51). CONCLUSION Proxy variables for literacy suggest a possible contribution to health status disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hoffman-Goetz
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Consedine NS, Adjei BA, Ramirez PM, McKiernan JM. An object lesson: source determines the relations that trait anxiety, prostate cancer worry, and screening fear hold with prostate screening frequency. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1631-9. [PMID: 18628414 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fears regarding prostate cancer and the associated screening are widespread. However, the relations between anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear and screening behavior are complex, because anxieties stemming from different sources have different effects on behavior. In differentiating among anxieties from different sources (trait anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear), we expected that cancer worry would be associated with more frequent screening, whereas fear of screening would be associated with less frequent screening. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 533 men (ages 45-70 years) recruited using a stratified cluster-sampling plan. Men provided information on demographic and structural variables (age, education, income, marital status, physician discussion of risk and screening, access, and insurance) and completed a set of anxiety measures (trait anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear). As expected, two-step multiple regressions controlling for demographics, health insurance status, physician discussion, and health-care system barriers showed that prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination frequencies had unique associations with cancer worry and screening fear. Specifically, whereas cancer worry was associated with more frequent screening, fear of screening was associated with less frequent screening at least for digital rectal examination; trait anxiety was inconsistently related to screening. Data are discussed in terms of their implications for male screening and the understanding of how anxiety motivates health behaviors. It is suggested that understanding the source of anxiety and the manner in which health behaviors such as cancer screenings may enhance or reduce felt anxiety is a likely key to understanding the associations between anxiety and behavioral outcomes.
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