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Al Meslamani AZ, Abdel-Qader DH. The Abuse and Misuse of Over-the-Counter Medicines During COVID-19. Hosp Pharm 2023; 58:437-440. [PMID: 37711408 PMCID: PMC9988622 DOI: 10.1177/00185787231158777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The abuse and misuse of OTC medicines is a common problem in community pharmacies and is expected to escalate during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is limited research on the patterns, causes, and consequences of these incidents during the pandemic. This article aims to provide evidence-based insights into the potential impact of COVID-19 on the abuse and misuse of OTC medicines, and suggest strategies for reducing these occurrences for pharmacy practitioners and healthcare managers.
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Arikawa AY, Snyder J, Ross JM, Harris M, Perez D, Bednarzyk M. Dietary Supplement Intake is Associated with Healthier Lifestyle Behaviors in College Students Attending a Regional University in the Southeast: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Diet Suppl 2022; 20:870-884. [PMID: 36255153 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2134532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between intake of dietary supplements and biomarkers such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor has not been well explored. The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the associations between supplement intake and biological and lifestyle factors. We hypothesized that dietary supplement intake was associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors. College students attending a Southeast university were recruited between January 2018 and April 2019. Blood samples were collected to measure insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Statistical tests employed were linear regression and analysis of variance. Ninety-eight participants completed the study and 91% reported taking at least one supplement, while 5.1% reported taking 9+ supplements once per week. There were no differences in levels of insulin, IGF-1 and ALT by levels of dietary supplement intake. Although there were no differences in HEI-2015 score among the groups, those who consumed five or more supplements met a higher percentage of the recommended intake for fruits, performed aerobic exercise for longer duration, and had lower body fat percentage compared to participants who consumed two or less supplements at least once per week. These findings are consistent with previous studies and suggest that dietary supplement intake is highly prevalent in college students, and it may be related to healthy lifestyle behaviors. Future studies should employ mixed methodology to examine reasons by which college students consume dietary supplements and to assess perceived and direct health benefits associated with consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Arikawa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jill Snyder
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jenifer M Ross
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michel Harris
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Doreen Perez
- Student Health Services, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michele Bednarzyk
- School of Nursing, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Hange D, Fernlöf G, Björkelund C, Hedenrud T. Increased use of analgesics in midlife women but no association with mental stress: observations from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:34. [PMID: 35148726 PMCID: PMC8832771 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study is part of the ongoing Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden, initiated in 1968–1969 with the aim of characterising a total population of women who were representative of middle-aged females. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of actual analgesic use (prescribed and self-medication) and the possible association with perceived mental stress among women aged 38 and 50 years, respectively, in the Population Study of Women. Methods Two different cohorts of population-based samples of 38- and 50-year-old women examined in 2004–2005 and 2016–2017, respectively, were eligible participants. The women were representative for their age cohort at the time of the examinations. Use of medicines and especially analgesics, as well as perceived mental stress, was registered. Changes in medicine use among 38- and 50-year-old women between 2004 and 2005 and 38- and 50-year-old women in 2016–2017 were studied. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Use of analgesics and mental stress were analysed controlling for lifestyle factors, use of other medicines and pain. Results The overall sample size across the time periods was 1,073 individuals. The frequency of analgesic use in 38- and 50-year-old women was about 26% in 2004–2005 and 58% in 2016–2017. 28% of women who reported high mental stress in 2004–2005 used analgesics, compared to 60% in 2016–2017. There were no associations between self-perceived mental stress and the use of analgesics. Conclusion The higher use of analgesics among midlife women in 2016–2017 is in line with global findings and could be due to increased availability in Sweden of over the counter medicines. The impact of mental stress on analgesic use found previously by other researchers was not confirmed. However, medicine use as a potential coping strategy is an important public health issue that needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Hange
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Research, Education, Development & Innovation, Primary Health Care, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.
| | - Gunilla Fernlöf
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Björkelund
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 454, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Hedenrud
- Medicine Use & Pharmaceutical Policy, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Narayanan A, Gill M, Leem C, Li C, Mein Smith F, Shepherd B, Ting S, van Bart K, Green JA, Samaranayaka A, Ergler C, Macmillan A. Students' use of caffeine, alcohol, dietary supplements, and illegal substances for improving academic performance in a New Zealand university. Health Psychol Behav Med 2021; 9:917-932. [PMID: 34712515 PMCID: PMC8547821 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2021.1990763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe patterns of use and attitudes towards a broad variety of substances for improving academic performance at a New Zealand university. 685 students (from 1800 invited) completed an online questionnaire (38% response rate). They were asked about their lifetime and current substance use for improving academic performance, as well as their reasons for use, attitudes and perceptions of: caffeine, alcohol, dietary supplements, prescription stimulants, other prescription substances, and illicit substances. 80% (95% CI: 76.3, 82.5) reported ever using any substance to help improve academic performance, mainly to stay awake and improve concentration. Caffeine (70%, 95% CI: 66.3, 73.3) and dietary supplements (32%, 95% CI: 28.3, 35.5) were most commonly used. 4% (95% CI: 2.7, 5.9) reported use of prescription stimulants, mostly methylphenidate, and another 4% (95% CI: 2.7, 5.9) reported using illicit substances for improving academic performance. Users of prescription stimulants were more likely than non-users to believe that they were safe, morally acceptable, and that they should be available legally for enhancing academic performance. We close with discussions on broadening the focus of substances for improving academic performance in public health debates. Further qualitative research from small countries is also needed to move towards a place-based approach for clarifying ethical implications, inform policy in universities, and understand how injustices are created through the use of and ability to purchase different substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Narayanan
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm Gill
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chaey Leem
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cassandra Li
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ben Shepherd
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Selene Ting
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karin van Bart
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James A Green
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ari Samaranayaka
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christina Ergler
- Department of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Macmillan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Subashini N, Udayanga L. Demographic, socio-economic and other associated risk factors for self-medication behaviour among university students of Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:613. [PMID: 32366238 PMCID: PMC7197154 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-prescribing practices are considered as a significant issue in the health sector due to mal-practices. This has become a more worsen issue in developing countries with easy access to medication. Current study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of self-medication and to evaluate the driving factors behind this behavior, among university students of Sri Lanka. Method A total of 700 randomly selected undergraduates of three state universities in Sri Lanka, were recruited as the study population for the cross-sectional study. Information on socio-demographic, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices relevant to Self-Medication (SM) were gathered using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate the Odds Ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals of the OR for socio-demographic risk factors on SM. Results Around 78% of the studied population denoted a SM behaviour. Only, 37.7% of respondents were familiar with the classification of “Over the Counter” (OTC) drugs, while majority were well aware of the risks of SM (> 50%). Fever (61.3%) and cough (56.7%) were the major health issues for SM, while antipyretics and drugs for cough and runny nose (73.6%) were the mostly used medication. Previous experience (76%) and trivial nature of health issues (73%) were recognized as the major reasons for SM. Majority of respondents declared that community pharmacies (86.9%) and left over medication from previous prescriptions (51%) were the sources for SM. Based on the binary logistic regression, age, residence locality, field of study and academic year were recognized as significant risk factors (P < 0.05) for SM within the studied undergraduate population. Conclusion Based on the high prevalence rate of SM, the health authorities of Sri Lanka should pay more attention towards the wellbeing and responsible medication usage of undergraduates. Designing of effective tools and regulations to monitor the selling of medication and improving the health education are recommended to ensure responsible SM within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma Subashini
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture & Plantation Management, Makadura, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Lahiru Udayanga
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Plantation Management, Makadura, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Gonawila, Sri Lanka.
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Caldwell JA, McGraw SM, Thompson LA, Lieberman HR. A Survey Instrument to Assess Intake of Dietary Supplements, Related Products, and Caffeine in High-Use Populations. J Nutr 2018; 148:1445S-1451S. [PMID: 31505679 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial data on the use of dietary supplements by the general adult population are available, but many population subgroups have not been extensively studied. Because military service members and young people consume large amounts of dietary supplements, including for enhancement of physical performance, weight control, and bodybuilding, which can be dangerous, we developed a comprehensive questionnaire to characterize patterns of supplement use in these and other populations. The questionnaire has been used to study >7000 military service members and 1000 college students. This supplement article presents a detailed description of the questionnaire, which contains comprehensive questions on demographic characteristics, exercise habits, attitudes with regard to dietary supplements, and amount of money spent on supplements. Intakes of specific dietary supplements and caffeine, frequency of use, and reasons for use are assessed. The questionnaire was designed for studying dietary supplement and caffeine intake patterns with the use of paper-and-pencil administration to military populations and was modified for use with college students and for computer and Web administration. It is available online at https://go.usa.gov/xn9FP and in the Supplemental File for this publication. It can be used to study other populations if minor modifications are made. The online version of the questionnairewill be updated periodically as newversions become available. In conclusion, a validated, detailed, noncopyrighted questionnaire designed to assess the use of dietary supplements, energy drinks (and related products), and caffeine is available for use in diverse populations. The format of the questionnaire is adaptable to computer administration and scoring, and it can be customized for specific subpopulations, locations, and product categories including updates that reflect changes in the availability of supplements or availability of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M McGraw
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Lauren A Thompson
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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Al Kubaisi KA, SteCroix MD, Vinson D, Hassan MN, Baig MR, Sharif SL, Abduelkarem AR. What drives intentional overdose with non-prescription drugs? A cross-sectional study. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2018; 76:348-354. [PMID: 29706469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of overdosage of Non-Prescription Drugs (NPD) among university students is a serious public health issue. However, there are no extensive studies that measured the prevalence of taking more than the recommended dose of NPD and/or identified the risk associated with this behavior among university students. OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and associated risks of self-overdosage with NPDs in university students in United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted from January to April 2014, among 2875 students in three randomly selected universities. A structured and validated questionnaire was used to collect the responses of the students. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Out of 2875 students, only 2355 surveys were fully answered, returned back and included in the present study. Of 2355, more than half (1348; 57.2%) the participants reported using Oral NPD (ONPD) in the past 90 days before conducting the study and were asked to complete the survey. Only 290 (22%) of a total 1348 participants reported taking more than the recommended dose of ONPD in the previous three months before conducting the study. Analgesic/antipyretic (223, 16.5%) and anti-allergic (67, 4.9%) drugs were more than other classes of the ONPD, reported to be taken in a dose, more than the recommended dosage. The most common justifications for taking more than the recommended dose of ONPD among respondents were severe symptoms (6%), the belief that the recommended dose would not be sufficient to relieve the symptom (5%), the belief that a stronger dose would relieve the symptoms faster (11%), and previous experience (4%). Our results identified three risk factors for taking more than the recommended dose of NPD. High frequently drug-users of daily use (OR=3.494, 95% CI: 1.677-7.279) (P<0.001), and students from non-medical colleges had higher odds of taking more than the recommended dosage as compared to students from medical colleges (OR=1.486, 95% CI: 1.060-2.085, P-value<0.05). Furthermore\re, participants with a poly-pharmacy behavior had higher odds of taking overdosage of ONPD than single NPD users (OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.440-2.555) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION There are a sizable proportion of university students that use overdosage of NPD, but it is more serious issue when it comes to non-medical student. There is a need for educational programs designed to increase awareness among all university students and to motivate them not to use overdosage of NPD. Further studies are also required to investigate additional explanatory variables that could influence the practice of overdosage with NPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Al Kubaisi
- University of Gloucestershire, The Park, Cheltenham, GL50 2RH, United Kingdom.
| | - M D SteCroix
- University of Gloucestershire, The Park, Cheltenham, GL50 2RH, United Kingdom.
| | - D Vinson
- University of Worcester, Saint-John's Campus, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom.
| | - M N Hassan
- Bin Mohamed smart university, Dubai Academic City, P.O. Box 71400, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - M R Baig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - S L Sharif
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - A R Abduelkarem
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Valentine AA, Schumacher JR, Murphy J, Ma YJ. Dietary supplement use, perceptions, and associated lifestyle behaviors in undergraduate college students, student-athletes, and ROTC cadets. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:87-97. [PMID: 28915096 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2017.1377205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use, perceptions of DS efficacy, and lifestyle behaviors of DS users and non-users. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduate students, student-athletes, and ROTC cadets at a Midwestern University between September 2014 and January 2015. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was administered. Analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square, and independent sample t-tests. RESULTS At least 50% of respondents from each group reported DS use. Users generally reported favorable perceptions of efficacy. Undergraduate student DS users reported more exercise and more healthful dietary habits compared to non-users; however, nearly 72% of undergraduates who reported tobacco use also reported DS use. Less significant differences were observed in the student-athlete and cadet samples. CONCLUSIONS DS use is common on college campuses, and many DS users report favorable perceptions of efficacy. With the exception of tobacco use, collegiate DS users generally report lifestyles that are as healthy or healthier than non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Raeder Schumacher
- b Department of Family & Consumer Sciences , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois , USA
| | - Jan Murphy
- c Office of the Provost, Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois , USA
| | - Yoon Jin Ma
- b Department of Family & Consumer Sciences , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois , USA
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Mustafa OM, Rohra DK. Patterns and determinants of self-medication among university students in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dileep K. Rohra
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Medicine; Alfaisal University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Self-Medication in University Students from the City of Mansoura, Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:9145193. [PMID: 28479921 PMCID: PMC5396441 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9145193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. Self-medication is a common practice in developed and developing countries. Objectives. To explore the prevalence of self-medication practices among university students, probable reasons, symptoms requiring self-medication, and sources of advice. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Mansoura University, Egypt, and included 1st and last year students of both medical and nonmedical faculties. Results. Prevalence of self-medication was 62.9%. Younger age, female, medical, and ever-married students and those having home pharmacy tended to self-medicate more than their peers with significant difference between them. Being medical student, being from urban area, having good current health condition, being careless about health, and having drugs stored at home pharmacy were independently associated with the likelihood of self-medicating. Conclusion. Prevalence of self-medication among university students is high which constitutes a health problem that needs intervention.
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Bochenek T, Godman B, Lipowska K, Mikrut K, Zuziak S, Pedzisz M, Nowak A, Pilc A. Over-the-counter medicine and dietary supplement consumption among academic youth in Poland. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 16:199-205. [PMID: 26886826 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1154790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines and dietary supplements are increasingly popular in Poland, potentially improving but also potentially posing a threat to public health. The study goal is to characterize and assess behaviors related to use of OTC medicines and dietary supplements among Polish university students. A questionnaire-based survey was performed with students divided into groups (gender, subjects studied, period of studies). The majority of students declared using the products, significantly more females and younger students in their early years. Females tended to be more attentive to product information. Students with a background in biological or medical sciences were also more attentive and less influenced by advertising. The authors present that the differences between the defined groups of students should be utilized in tailored educational activities, aiming to rationalize high consumption of OTC medicines and dietary supplements. Targeting other, especially low-socioeconomic and less-educated, groups should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bochenek
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Brian Godman
- b Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Lipowska
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Karolina Mikrut
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Sandra Zuziak
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Magdalena Pedzisz
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Aneta Nowak
- a Department of Drug Management, Faculty of Health Sciences , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow , Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- c Department of Neurobiology , Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
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Kim J, Hwang H, Park J, Yun HY, Suh H, Lim K. Silk peptide treatment can improve the exercise performance of mice. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:35. [PMID: 25050085 PMCID: PMC4094671 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that silk peptide (SP) treatment led to increased resting fat oxidation in exercised mice. However, it was not known whether SP treatment could effectively increase exercise capacity. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine whether SP treatment affected energy metabolism during exercise in addition to exercise performance. METHODS We randomized 36 7-week-old male ICR mice into 2 groups: the control (n = 18) and SP (n = 18) groups. All mice were trained by treadmill running 5 times per week for 2 weeks. SP was dissolved in distilled water and daily 800-mg/kg body weight doses before the running exercise were oral administered intraperitoneally to the SP group for 2 weeks. [Formula: see text] was measured before and after the 2 weeks training period. We also assessed energy metabolism during exercise for 1 h after the 2 week training period. In addition to blood samples, liver glycogen and gastrocnemius-white and gastrocnemius-red muscle was obtained at the following 3 time points: at rest, immediately after exercise, and 1-hour post exercise. RESULTS The [Formula: see text] max after 2 weeks of training was significantly increased (8%) in the SP group compared to the baseline; a similar result was not observed in the CON group. The sum of fat oxidation during a 1-h period tended to be 13% higher in the SP group than in the CON group (P < 0.077). In particular, the sum of fat oxidation was significantly higher in the SP group during the initial 20-min phase than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). The glycogen concentration in the white gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between the groups either rest or after 1 h of exercise but was significantly higher in the SP group than in the CON group during the recovery period (1 h post-exercise completion). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SP treatment can improve the exercise performance. Therefore, SP is considered to confer beneficial effects upon athletes, in whom exercise abilities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Yeon Yun
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heajung Suh
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Eickenhorst P, Vitzthum K, Klapp BF, Groneberg D, Mache S. Neuroenhancement Among German University Students: Motives, Expectations, and Relationship with Psychoactive Lifestyle Drugs. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012; 44:418-27. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2012.736845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Eickenhorst
- a Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Karin Vitzthum
- b Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Burghard F. Klapp
- c Department of Medicine/Psychosomatics , Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University , Berlin , Germany
| | - David Groneberg
- b Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Stefanie Mache
- d Institute of Occupational Medicine and Department of Medicine/Psychosomatics , Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University , Berlin , Germany; Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Mache S, Eickenhorst P, Vitzthum K, Klapp BF, Groneberg DA. Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:262-71. [PMID: 22707077 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to give an overview whether German students regularly use stimulants for enhancing their academic performance. Reasons associated with the use of these substances were explored. Moreover, gender differences were analyzed. METHODS A cross-sectional survey study was performed analyzing a random sample of 1,053 students of different fields of study in Germany. Students were asked to complete an anonymous self-administered web-based survey containing questions on cognitive performance-enhancing substance use. We used statistical analyses, e.g. non-parametric tests to evaluate the data of our questionnaire. RESULTS Among 1,053 students, 61 % responded to our questionnaire. The average age was M = 24.58; 635 participants were female and 418 were male students. Total 1-13 % of the participating students have taken prescription stimulants (e.g. modafinil) or illicit drugs (e.g. cannabis) at least once in their lifetime. The most common reasons for taking stimulants were to support concentration, to relax and to increase alertness. We found significant gender differences with regard to frequency and reason for using performance-enhancing substances. CONCLUSIONS Our study results give an overview about the actual situation on frequency and reasons for taking performance-enhancing substances. Departments of Public Health should address this issue in national health debates and discussions. Based on our study findings health education programmes should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mache
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Thielallee 69-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Birkett M. Use of Anxiolytic Natural Products by College Students. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:527-8. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Birkett
- Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
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Corrêa da Silva MG, Soares MCF, Muccillo-Baisch AL. Self-medication in university students from the city of Rio Grande, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:339. [PMID: 22568959 PMCID: PMC3444910 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication is the use of medication without prescription, orientation, or supervision of a physician or dentist. Self-medication might become a serious health problem. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication among first and last-year students enrolled in healthcare and non-healthcare programs. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Of 830 students in the sample, 95% answered the questionnaire - 789 students enrolled in 10 undergraduate programs. Mean age was 22 ± 6.17 years. The students answered a questionnaire covering socio-economic and demographic variables, use of medication, and medication knowledge. Information was collected on the conditions treated with medication, the medications used, and attitude towards self-medication. RESULTS Of 789 students, 86.4% self-medicated (88.5% of 446 healthcare students). There were no significant differences in self-medication between healthcare and non-healthcare students, nor between first and last-year students. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between self-medication and having children (p = 0.01), having a home pharmacy (p < 0.001) and adequate medication knowledge (p = 0.01). The most frequently used active ingredients were acetaminophen (paracetamol), dipyrone, aspirin, phytotherapic compounds, and tea. Illicit drug use was significantly associated with self-medication in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The fact that being a healthcare student was associated with higher medication knowledge, but not with less self-medication, suggests that medication knowledge might contribute to increase self-medication. This should be taken into account when designing educational interventions relating to self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Garcez Corrêa da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Flores Soares
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Muccillo-Baisch
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rua General Osório, s/n Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96201-900 Centro, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Girard L, Vohra S. Ethics of Using Herbal Medicine as Primary or Adjunct Treatment and Issues of Drug–Herb Interaction. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lieberman HR, Stavinoha TB, McGraw SM, White A, Hadden LS, Marriott BP. Use of dietary supplements among active-duty US Army soldiers. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:985-95. [PMID: 20668050 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US Army soldiers engage in strenuous activities and must maintain fitness and body weight to retain their jobs. Anecdotal reports suggest that the use of dietary supplements (DSs) by soldiers may reflect their unique occupational requirements and the complexity of their job and family responsibilities. OBJECTIVE We assessed the use of DSs by soldiers. DESIGN We conducted a survey of 990 randomly selected soldiers at 11 army bases globally. Data were weighted by age, sex, rank, and Special Forces status to represent the active-duty army. RESULTS Overall, 53% of soldiers reported the use of DSs ≥1 time/wk; 23% of soldiers used sports beverages, 6% of soldiers used sports bars or gels, and 3% of soldiers reported the use of meal-replacement beverages. Most commonly used DSs were multivitamins or multiminerals (37.5%), protein and amino acids (18.7%), individual vitamins and minerals (17.9%), combination products (9.1%), and herbal supplements (8.3%). Many soldiers reported the use of performance-enhancement and weight-reduction products, and 22% of soldiers consumed ≥3 different DSs/wk. Logistic regression modeling indicated that older age, educational attainment, higher body mass index, and strength training were associated with DS use (P < 0.05). Reported reasons for DS use were to improve health (64%), provide more energy (31%), increase muscle strength (25%), and enhance performance (17%). Among DS users, mean monthly expenditures on DSs were $38, whereas 23% of soldiers spent >$50/mo. CONCLUSIONS Soldiers, like civilians, use large amounts of DSs, often in combination. Soldiers use more DSs purported to enhance performance than civilians use when matched for key demographic factors. These differences may reflect the unique occupational demands and stressors of military service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Koushede V, Ekholm O, Holstein BE, Andersen A, Hansen EH. Stress and use of over-the-counter analgesics: prevalence and association among Danish 25 to 44-year-olds from 1994 to 2005. Int J Public Health 2010; 56:81-7. [PMID: 20811765 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-010-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence of over-the-counter analgesic (OTCA) use and perceived stress among 25 to 44-year-old men and women from 1994 to 2005; to examine the association between stress and OTCA use over time, and to explore whether the association attenuates when controlled by stress-related symptoms. METHODS Cross-sectional studies were carried out in 1994, 2000 and 2005. The study population included men and women from ages 25 to 44 years (n (1994) = 1,781, n (2000) = 5,819, n (2005) = 4,831). The surveys were conducted by face-to-face interviews and the outcome measure was OTCA use. The independent variable was perceived stress and pain/discomfort symptoms were included as covariates. RESULTS There was a significant increase in OTCA use and often feeling stressed from 1994 to 2005. Although there was a significant association between stress and OTCA use for men in all three surveys, there was no association in 2000 when adjusted for symptoms. For women stress and OTCA use were not associated in 1994, while in 2000 and 2005 the association was significant, also after adjusting for symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that there may be an increasing overuse of OTCA in treating stress among 25 to 44-year-old men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Koushede
- Section for Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koushede V, Holstein BE, Andersen A, Ekholm O, Hansen EH. Use of over-the-counter analgesics and perceived stress among 25-44-year olds. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19:351-7. [PMID: 20014359 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between perceived stress and use of over-the-counter analgesics in a representative sample of 25-44-year old adults, and to examine the association across various socio-demographic strata. Furthermore, to examine whether an association between perceived stress and use of over-the-counter analgesics attenuates when controlled by potential stress-related pain and discomfort. METHODS National representative cross-sectional study in Denmark. The study population consisted of men and women aged 25-44 years, n = 4739. The survey was conducted by face-to-face interviews. The outcome measure was use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA). The independent variable was perceived stress. Demographic variables and pain and discomfort symptoms were included as covariates. RESULTS Analyses stratified by socio-demographic factors (gender, education, cohabiting status and whether or not the respondents had children) all showed a significant and graded association between stress and OTCA use. The odds for OTCA use mounted with increasing stress. In analyses adjusted for socio-demographic variables and pain or discomfort the association between stress and OTCA use attenuated somewhat, but remained significant and graded. The crude odds ratio (OR) for OTCA use was 1.36 (1.19-1.55) among participants who sometimes felt stress, and 1.91 (1.58-2.30) among participants who often felt stress, compared to participants without stress. CONCLUSION There was a significant and graded association between perceived stress and OTCA use. The association was robust across all the examined socio-demographic strata and could not be explained by potential stress-related pain and discomfort. The results indicate that OTCA are used inappropriately to treat feelings of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Koushede
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Section for Social Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koushede V, Holstein BE, Andersen A, Hansen EH. Stress and medicine use for headache: does sense of coherence modify the association? Eur J Public Health 2010; 21:656-61. [PMID: 20551044 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckq077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicine use as a strategy for coping with daily stressors is an under-studied issue. Studies show that stress is associated with use of over-the-counter medicine, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine whether sense of coherence (SOC) modifies the association between perceived stress and medicine use for headache. METHODS National cross-sectional study in Denmark. STUDY POPULATION men and women aged 25-44 years, n = 990. The survey was conducted by web-based questionnaires and telephone interviews. The outcome measure was medicine use for headache. The independent variable was perceived stress. SOC and gender were investigated as moderators. Social class, headache prevalence and severity, and response method were included as co-variates. RESULTS Our study showed that SOC modified the association between stress and medicine use for headache (only statistically significant among women). The odds for medicine use among women who felt stressed were 2.30 (1.39-3.79) compared to women who did not feel stressed; among men who felt stressed the equivalent odds were 1.46 (0.80-2.66). In analysis stratified by SOC, the odds for medicine use when stressed were 2.09 (0.71-6.21) among women with high SOC, 2.21 (1.10-4.41) among women with medium SOC and 3.69 (1.09-12.47) among women with low SOC. The equivalent odds for men were 1.29 (0.33-5.04), 1.33 (0.59-3.04) and 2.47 (0.57-10.64), respectively. CONCLUSION SOC modifies the association between stress and medicine use especially among women. Individuals with fewer coping resources may be more likely to use medicine beyond indication to treat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Koushede
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Section for Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark FKL.
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Koushede V, Holstein BE, Andersen A, Ekholm O, Hansen EH. Use of over-the-counter analgesics is associated with perceived stress among 25-44-year-olds: A national cross-sectional study. Scand J Public Health 2010; 38:474-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494810370233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aims: To examine the association between perceived stress and use of over-the-counter analgesics among 25—44-year-olds, and to examine the association across various sociodemographic strata. Furthermore, to examine whether the association attenuates when controlled by stress-related symptoms. Methods: National cross-sectional study in Denmark. The study population consisted of men and women aged 25—44 years, n = 3461. The survey was conducted by face-to-face interviews followed by a self-administered questionnaire. The outcome measure was use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTCA). The determinant was perceived stress measured by the perceived stress scale (PSS). Demographic variables and complaints were included as co-variables. Results: Analyses stratified by gender, education, cohabiting status, and whether or not the respondents had children all showed a significant association between stress and OTCA use. The odds for OTCA use mounted with increasing stress. The association attenuated somewhat in analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables and pain, but remained significant. The crude odds ratio (OR) for OTCA use was 1.51 (1.24—1.83) among participants with medium levels of perceived stress, and 2.26 (1.83—2.80) among participants with high levels of perceived stress, compared to participants with low levels of perceived stress. Conclusions: There was a significant association between perceived stress and OTCA use that could not be explained by potential stress-related pain across all the examined sociodemographic strata. OTCA may be used outside their indication to treat feelings of stress. Those in charge of dispensing medicines and policy makers should be aware of this potentially harmful use of products that are available without prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Koushede
- Section for Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, FKL Research Centre for Quality in Medicine Use, Denmark,
| | - Bjørn E. Holstein
- FKL Research Centre for Quality in Medicine Use, Denmark, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anette Andersen
- FKL Research Centre for Quality in Medicine Use, Denmark, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ola Ekholm
- FKL Research Centre for Quality in Medicine Use, Denmark, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ebba H. Hansen
- Section for Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, FKL Research Centre for Quality in Medicine Use, Denmark
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Stimulant medication use among Flemish students: results from an exploring secondary data analysis1965-2005. Arch Public Health 2010. [PMCID: PMC3436677 DOI: 10.1186/0778-7367-67-4-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Recent media coverage in the Flemish media in Belgium reinforced the general public opinion on medication use among students, suggesting an alarming magnitude and a rising trend, with the use of stimulants as a specific element for enhancing study performances. These assumptions needed scientific verification, which we intended to do with this study. Method Secondary data analysis was conducted on four Belgian studies on medication use among students from 1965, 1969, 1993 and 2005. The 2005 survey data are also used to give an insight in prevalence and frequency of use during exams and in other periods and to widen the scope to poly-substance use. Main Findings All studies show prevalence figures for stimulant medication use under 10%. Prevalence and frequency of use is highest during exam periods. No gender differences were found for stimulant medication use. Living status on the other hand is an influential factor: students living away from the parental home report higher prevalence rates than students still living in their parents' house. Prescription regulations seem to have a declining impact on the most popular products. Conclusions/Discussion Students' medication use, more particularly during exam periods, appears to be an all-time reality in Flanders. No indications for a rising trend were found. Although the extent of stimulant medication use is relatively limited, a small minority shows more risky consumption patterns: daily use of stimulant medication (incl. risky side effects) during exam periods and higher prevalence of poly-substance use. More research is needed, particularly on the most consumed products (e.g. methylphenidates) and on the supplying sources of this medication.
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Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46:124-32. [PMID: 20113918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize sleep patterns and predictors of poor sleep quality in a large population of college students. This study extends the 2006 National Sleep Foundation examination of sleep in early adolescence by examining sleep in older adolescents. METHOD One thousand one hundred twenty-five students aged 17 to 24 years from an urban Midwestern university completed a cross-sectional online survey about sleep habits that included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Scale, the Profile of Mood States, the Subjective Units of Distress Scale, and questions about academic performance, physical health, and psychoactive drug use. RESULTS Students reported disturbed sleep; over 60% were categorized as poor-quality sleepers by the PSQI, bedtimes and risetimes were delayed during weekends, and students reported frequently taking prescription, over the counter, and recreational psychoactive drugs to alter sleep/wakefulness. Students classified as poor-quality sleepers reported significantly more problems with physical and psychological health than did good-quality sleepers. Students overwhelmingly stated that emotional and academic stress negatively impacted sleep. Multiple regression analyses revealed that tension and stress accounted for 24% of the variance in the PSQI score, whereas exercise, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and consistency of sleep schedule were not significant predictors of sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that insufficient sleep and irregular sleep-wake patterns, which have been extensively documented in younger adolescents, are also present at alarming levels in the college student population. Given the close relationships between sleep quality and physical and mental health, intervention programs for sleep disturbance in this population should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Lund
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Hofmeister EH, Muilenburg JL, Kogan L, Elrod SM. Over-the-counter stimulant, depressant, and nootropic use by veterinary students. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2010; 37:403-16. [PMID: 21135409 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.37.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
US veterinary students are subject to significant stress throughout their veterinary education. In this article, the authors characterize the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and relate their use to stress in a veterinary student population. Of the students sampled, 35% were OTC medication users; 33% of these were regular OTC medication users. Forty-three percent of students were energy drink (ED) users; 45% of these were regular ED users. OTC medication users had significantly higher stress scores than non-OTC medication users, and ED users had significantly higher anxiety scores than non-ED users. The most common reasons for use given by OTC medication users were to help with studying and to fall asleep at night. Depression scores were significantly higher for juniors and sophomores than for freshmen. Depression, stress, and anxiety scores were all lower in the Colorado State University students when compared with the University of Georgia students. OTC medication and ED veterinary student users had distinct characteristics that differed from those of nonusers. Users suffered from more stress and anxiety and had more difficulties with sleep, which may have affected their overall health and academic performance. Educating veterinary students about the consequences of using OTC medication and ED and providing counseling support may be of benefit to veterinary students' psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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