1
|
Tapia-Pastrana G, Rojas-Bautista M, Hernández-Pérez P, Santiago-Martínez O, Gómez-Rodríguez LC, Terrazas-Luna VM, Montes-Yedra J, Bautista-Avendaño AA, García-López ES, Leon-Sicairos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Canizalez-Roman A. Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profile, phylotyping and pathotyping of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children in Southwest Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300304. [PMID: 38470897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are one of the most important etiology factors causing diarrhea in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. DEC strains have characteristic virulence factors; however, other supplemental virulence genes (SVG) may contribute to the development of diarrhea in children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEC in children with diarrhea in southwestern Mexico and to associate childhood symptoms, SVG, and pathotypes with diarrhea-causing DEC strains. DEC strains were isolated from 230 children with diarrhea aged 0-60 months from the state of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico; clinical data were collected, and PCR was used to identify SVG and pathotypes. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed on DEC strains. 63% of samples were DEC positive, single or combined infections (two (21%) or three strains (1.3%)) of aEPEC (51%), EAEC (10.2%), tEPEC (5.4%), DAEC (4.8%), ETEC (4.1%), EIEC (1.4%), or EHEC (0.7%) were found. Children aged ≤ 12 and 49-60 months and symptoms (e.g., fever and blood) were associated with DEC strains. SVG related to colonization (nleB-EHEC), cytotoxicity (sat-DAEC and espC-tEPEC), and proteolysis (pic-aEPEC) were associated with DECs strains. E. coli phylogroup A was the most frequent, and some pathotypes (aEPEC-A, DAEC-B), and SVG (espC-B2, and sat-D) were associated with the phylogroups. Over 79% of the DEC strains were resistant to antibiotics, and 40% were MDR and XDR, respectively. In conclusion aEPEC was the most prevalent pathotype in children with diarrhea in this region. SVG related to colonization, cytotoxicity, and proteolysis were associated with diarrhea-producing DEC strains, which may play an essential role in the development of diarrhea in children in southwestern Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Metztli Rojas-Bautista
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pilar Hernández-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Olegario Santiago-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Lucía C Gómez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Terrazas-Luna
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Montes-Yedra
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Alfonso A Bautista-Avendaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mutuku C, Melegh S, Kovacs K, Urban P, Virág E, Heninger R, Herczeg R, Sonnevend Á, Gyenesei A, Fekete C, Gazdag Z. Characterization of β-Lactamases and Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Enterobacterales from Hospital Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plant. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060776. [PMID: 35740182 PMCID: PMC9219941 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials in wastewater promote the emergence of antibiotic resistance, facilitated by selective pressure and transfer of resistant genes. Enteric bacteria belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter species (n = 126) from hospital effluents and proximate wastewater treatment plant were assayed for susceptibility to four antimicrobial classes. The β-lactamase encoding genes harbored in plasmids were genotyped and the plasmids were sequenced. A multidrug resistance phenotype was found in 72% (n = 58) of E. coli isolates, 70% (n = 43) of Klebsiella species isolates, and 40% (n = 25) of Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. Moreover, 86% (n = 50) of E. coli, 77% (n = 33) of Klebsiella species, and 25% (n = 4) of Citrobacter species isolates phenotypically expressed extended spectrum β-lactamase. Regarding ESBL genes, blaCTX-M-27 and blaTEM-1 were found in E. coli, while Klebsiella species harbored blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-30, or blaSHV-12. Genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, adenylyltransferases (aadA1, aadA5), phosphotransferases (aph(6)-1d, aph(3″)-Ib), acetyltransferases (aac(3)-IIa), (aac(6)-Ib), sulfonamide/trimethoprim resistant dihydropteroate synthase (sul), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA), and quinolone resistance protein (qnrB1) were also identified. Monitoring wastewater from human sources for acquired resistance in clinically important bacteria may provide a cheaper alternative in regions facing challenges that limit clinical surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mutuku
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Peter Urban
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Eszter Virág
- Educomat Ltd., Iskola utca 12/A, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Reka Heninger
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Robert Herczeg
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Ágnes Sonnevend
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.K.); (Á.S.)
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (P.U.); (R.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
| | - Zoltan Gazdag
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; (R.H.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (Z.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tyagi N, Kumar A. Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111626. [PMID: 33243622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research provides a framework for the human health risk assessment due to exposure of AR (antibiotic resistance) E. coli from recreational water (swimming activity). Literature-based epidemiological studies were used for f-value formulation (i.e., AR E. coli/total number of E. coli isolates) and the theoretical calculation of AR and non-AR E. coli concentrations. Risk was estimated using calculated values by considering four different dose-response (D-R) scenarios with known characteristics due to current lack of availability of D-R for AR bacteria. f-values ranged between 0.14 and 0.59 and the order of calculated theoretical values of maximum AR E. coli are as follows: ampicillin or amoxicillin (38 CFU/dip) > co-trimoxazole (19 CFU/dip) ~ tetracycline (18 CFU/dip) > ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or ceftazidime (10 CFU/dip) ~ ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin (9 CFU/dip). The risk of infection was considerably high for theoretical calculated concentration values regardless of the chosen D-R model (annual risk of infection (95th percentile) = 1, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.06 to 0.94), under the conditions studied. Further, AR levels of human gastrointestinal-tract were determined using literature-reported data in stool samples and indicated that the resistance level was very high in healthy human (range: 3.7 × 107-8.4 × 107 CFU/g of wet lumen content). The maximum allowable concentration values for AR E. coli and non-ARB (0.0075 CFU/dip and 2.56 CFU/dip) were found to be smaller than the USEPA recreational water quality guidelines (≤126 CFU/100 mL), which can help the USEPA and other regulatory bodies in revisiting the current guidelines. So based on the noted results, we can conclude that the maintenance of inventory of actual measured concentration of ARB in the recreational water sites is needed to prevent unwanted complication related to the treatment of infectious sustained by resistant microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teh AYH, Cavacini L, Hu Y, Kumru OS, Xiong J, Bolick DT, Joshi SB, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Klempner M, Guerrant RL, Volkin DB, Wang Y, Ma JKC. Investigation of a monoclonal antibody against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, expressed as secretory IgA1 and IgA2 in plants. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-14. [PMID: 33439092 PMCID: PMC7833773 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1859813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with antibodies is a promising approach against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea, a prevalent disease in LMICs. The objective of this study was to investigate expression of a monoclonal anti-ETEC CfaE secretory IgA antibody in N. benthamiana plants, with a view to facilitating access to ETEC passive immunotherapy. SIgA1 and SIgA2 forms of mAb 68-81 were produced by co-expressing the light and engineered heavy chains with J chain and secretory component in N. benthamiana. Antibody expression and assembly were compared with CHO-derived antibodies by SDS-PAGE, western blotting, size-exclusion chromatography and LC-MS peptide mapping. N-linked glycosylation was assessed by rapid fluorescence/mass spectrometry and LC-ESI-MS. Susceptibility to gastric digestion was assessed in an in vitro model. Antibody function was compared for antigen binding, a Caco-2 cell-based ETEC adhesion assay, an ETEC hemagglutination inhibition assay and a murine in vivo challenge study. SIgA1 assembly appeared superior to SIgA2 in plants. Both sub-classes exhibited resistance to degradation by simulated gastric fluid, comparable to CHO-produced 68-61 SIgA1. The plant expressed SIgAs had more homogeneous N-glycosylation than CHO-derived SIgAs, but no alteration of in vitro functional activity was observed, including antibodies expressed in a plant line engineered for mammalian-like N glycosylation. The plant-derived SIgA2 mAb demonstrated protection against diarrhea in a murine infection model. Although antibody yield and purification need to be optimized, anti-ETEC SIgA antibodies produced in a low-cost plant platform are functionally equivalent to CHO antibodies, and provide promise for passive immunotherapy in LMICs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- Caco-2 Cells
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/therapy
- Gastric Acid/metabolism
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/genetics
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Y-H Teh
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ozan S. Kumru
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jian Xiong
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department for Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Universität Für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chigor V, Ibangha IA, Chigor C, Titilawo Y. Treated wastewater used in fresh produce irrigation in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria is a reservoir of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03780. [PMID: 32373727 PMCID: PMC7191586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occurrences of pathogens in environmental and irrigation waters, as well as the use of inadequately treated sewage for fresh produce constitute potential public health threats worldwide. Objective To investigate the treated wastewater used in fresh produce irrigation in Nsuskka, Southeastern Nigeria, as a reservoir enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Methods Treated wastewater (from the sewage treatment facility at Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria), soil and irrigated vegetable samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures. Escherichia coli isolated from the samples were screened for the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli strain encoding lt gene and profiled for antibiotic resistance using the conventional PCR and standardized agar disk diffusion assays respectively. Results Of the total presumptive 103 isolates, PCR detected uidA gene in 87 (84 %), of which 23 (26 %) harboured the lt encoding ETEC gene. Generally, imipenem, cefuroxime and norfloxacin proved to be most effective of all the antibiotics employed. Wastewater isolates were variously susceptible to ciprofloxacin (95 %), norfloxacin (95 %), cefuroxime (93 %), chloramphenicol (93 %), trimethoprim and tetracycline (88 %), soil isolates to streptomycin (75 %) and vegetable isolates to cefuroxime (90 %), norfloxacin (86 %), ciprofloxacin (81 %) and chloramphenicol. Contrariwise, high resistances observed to other antibiotics were in the order; ampicillin (95 %), penicillin (93 %), erythromycin (90 %) and clarithromycin (83 %) among wastewater isolates, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (75 %) in soil isolates; penicillin, vancomycin and erythromycin (98 %), rifampicin and clarithromycin (93 %), sulphamethoxazole (83 %), ampicillin (81 %), tetracycline and imipenem (76 %), trimethoprim (72 %) and amoxicillin (71 %) among vegetable isolates, with multidrug resistance patterns ranging from three to seventeen. Conclusions Our results reveal the treated wastewater as a reservoir of enterotoxigenic E. coli as well as multidrug resistance that may pose a health hazard for humans and animals when released to the natural environment. Hence, there is need to develop management strategies and ensure compliance in order to prevent water-borne diarrhoea caused by ETEC and reduce the menace of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ini-Abasi Ibangha
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinyere Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Yinka Titilawo
- Department of Biology/Microbiology/Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Characterization of Enterotoxigenic and Entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Paediatric Patients. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
7
|
Hu Y, Kumru OS, Xiong J, Antunez LR, Hickey J, Wang Y, Cavacini L, Klempner M, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Preformulation Characterization and Stability Assessments of Secretory IgA Monoclonal Antibodies as Potential Candidates for Passive Immunization by Oral Administration. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:407-421. [PMID: 31369743 PMCID: PMC6941217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrheal disease among children in developing countries, and there are no licensed vaccines to protect against ETEC. Passive immunization by oral delivery of ETEC-specific secretory IgAs (sIgAs) could potentially provide an alternative approach for protection in targeted populations. In this study, a series of physiochemical techniques and an in vitro gastric digestion model were used to characterize and compare key structural attributes and stability profiles of 3 anti-heat-labile enterotoxin mAbs (sIgA1, sIgA2, and IgG1 produced in CHO cells). The mAbs were evaluated in terms of primary structure, N-linked glycan profiles, size and aggregate content, relative apparent solubility, conformational stability, and in vitro antigen binding. Compared to IgG1 mAb, sIgA1 and sIgA2 mAbs showed increased sample heterogeneity, especially in terms of N-glycan composition and the presence of higher molecular weight species. The sIgA mAbs showed overall better physical stability and were more resistant to loss of antigen binding activity during incubation at low pH, 37°C with pepsin. These results are discussed in terms of future challenges to design stable, low-cost formulations of sIgA mAbs as an oral supplement for passive immunization to protect against enteric diseases in the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Lorena R Antunez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02126
| | - Lisa Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02126
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02126
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Itzia Azucena RC, José Roberto CL, Martin ZR, Rafael CZ, Leonardo HH, Gabriela TP, Araceli CR. Drug Susceptibility Testing and Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Curcumin with Antibiotics against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020043. [PMID: 31003468 PMCID: PMC6627278 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the susceptibility of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to curcumin, as well as its synergistic effect with 12 antimicrobial drugs. Methods and Results: Our study shows that curcumin did not affect bacterial growth. The antimicrobial susceptibility of curcumin and antibiotic synergy were identified using disc diffusion on Mueller-Hinton agar. The strain of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli used was resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Ciprofloxacin, and Cefazolin. There was synergy between curcumin and the majority of antibiotics tested. Maximum synergy was observed with combinations of 330 µg/mL curcumin and Ceftazidime, followed by Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin, Aztreonam, Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Tetracycline, and Imipenem. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that curcumin might be useful as a combinatorial strategy to combat the antibiotic resistance of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangel-Castañeda Itzia Azucena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Calle Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Cruz-Lozano José Roberto
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Zermeño-Ruiz Martin
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Calle Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Cortes-Zarate Rafael
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Calle Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Hernández-Hernández Leonardo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Calle Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Tapia-Pastrana Gabriela
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Calle Aldama S/N, 71256 San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oax, Mexico.
| | - Castillo-Romero Araceli
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Calle Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de la Rosa-Hernández MC, Cadena-Ramírez A, Téllez-Jurado A, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Chávez-Urbiola EA, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on Fresh Cheeses from Local Retail Markets in Mexico. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1748-1754. [PMID: 30272999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cheesemaking is one of the most important industries in Mexico. Among all the Mexican cheeses, fresh cheeses are the most popular and most consumed cheese in Mexico and Latin America. However, in Mexico fresh cheese is frequently made with unpasteurized milk and sold in public markets. This may increase the risk for contamination of dairy products with pathogenic bacteria. The presence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in food is an important public health concern. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEPs) are foodborne bacteria. This study investigated the presence of indicator bacteria and multidrug-resistant DEPs in fresh cheeses. A total of 120 fresh cheese samples were collected from public markets in the city of Pachuca, Mexico. The samples were analyzed for presence of fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli, and antibiotic resistant DEPs. FC and E. coli were analyzed using the most-probable-number technique. DEPs were identified using two multiplex PCR methods. Susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was tested for the isolated DEPs strains by the standard assay. The frequency of FC, E. coli, and DEPs in the cheese samples was 50, 40, and 19%, respectively. The identified DEPs included Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC; 8%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; 6%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 5%). All isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least five antibiotics. One, one, two, and three STEC strains were resistant to 14, 12, 11, and 10 antibiotics, respectively. One strain of EPEC was resistant to 11 antibiotics, three EPEC strains to 9, and one strain to 7. One, one, and two strains of ETEC were resistant to 10, 8, and 7 antibiotics, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that fresh cheeses made with unpasteurized milk could be a risk for consumers, both for native people and visitors to Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C de la Rosa-Hernández
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Arturo Cadena-Ramírez
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alejandro Téllez-Jurado
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Edgar Arturo Chávez-Urbiola
- 3 Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México.,4 Catedrático CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Colonia Crédito Constructor, Delegación Benito Júarez C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Identification and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunoprophylaxis against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00355-18. [PMID: 29866909 PMCID: PMC6056861 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00355-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrheal illness in infants in the developing world and travelers to countries where the disease is endemic, including military personnel. ETEC infection of the host involves colonization of the small intestinal epithelium and toxin secretion, leading to watery diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrheal illness in infants in the developing world and travelers to countries where the disease is endemic, including military personnel. ETEC infection of the host involves colonization of the small intestinal epithelium and toxin secretion, leading to watery diarrhea. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent ETEC infection. CFA/I is one of the most common colonization factor antigens (CFAs). The CFA/I adhesin subunit, CfaE, is required for ETEC adhesion to host intestinal cells. Human antibodies against CfaE have the potential to block colonization of ETEC and serve as an immunoprophylactic against ETEC-related diarrhea. Mice transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with CfaE to generate a panel of human monoclonal IgG1 antibodies (HuMAbs). The most potent IgG1 antibodies identified in the in vitro functional assays were selected and isotype switched to secretory IgA (sIgA) and tested in animal colonization assays via oral administration. Over 300 unique anti-CfaE IgG1 HuMAbs were identified. The lead IgG1 anti-CfaE HuMAbs completely inhibited hemagglutination and blocked adhesion of ETEC to Caco-2 cells. Epitope mapping studies revealed that HuMAbs recognized epitopes in the N-terminal domain of CfaE near the putative receptor binding site. Oral administration of anti-CfaE antibodies in either IgG or sIgA isotypes inhibited intestinal colonization in mice challenged with ETEC. A 2- to 4-log decrease in CFU was observed in comparison to mice challenged with irrelevant isotype controls. We identified fully human monoclonal antibodies against the CfaE adhesion domain that can be potentially employed as an immunoprophylactic to prevent ETEC-related diarrhea.
Collapse
|
11
|
Spano LC, da Cunha KF, Monfardini MV, de Cássia Bergamaschi Fonseca R, Scaletsky ICA. High prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli carrying toxin-encoding genes isolated from children and adults in southeastern Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:773. [PMID: 29254489 PMCID: PMC5735577 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are important bacterial causes of childhood diarrhea in Brazil, but its impact in adults is unknown. This study aimed at investigating DEC among children and adults living in endemic areas. Methods A total of 327 stools specimens were collected from children (n = 141) and adults (n = 186) with diarrhea attending health centers. Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) were identified by their virulence genes (multiplex polymerase chain reaction) and HEp-2 cell adherence patterns. Results DEC were detected in 56 (40%) children and 74 (39%) adults; enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (23%) was the most prevalent pathotype, followed by diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (13%), and occurred at similar frequencies in both diarrheal groups. Atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) strains were recovered more frequently from children (6%) than from adults (1%). Twenty-six percent of the EAEC were classified as typical EAEC possessing aggR gene, and carried the aap gene. EAEC strains carrying aggR-aap-aatA genes were significantly more frequent among children than adults (p < 0.05). DAEC strains possessing Afa/Dr. genes were detected from children (10%) and adults (6%). EAEC and DAEC strains harboring genes for the EAST1 (astA), Pet, Pic, and Sat toxins were common in both diarrheal groups. The astA and the porcine AE/associated adhesin (paa) genes were found in most of aEPEC strains. High levels of resistance to antimicrobial drugs were found among DAEC and aEPEC isolates. Conclusion The results show a high proportion of EAEC and DAEC carrying toxin-encoding genes among adults with diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Cruz Spano
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Virologia e Gastrenterite Infecciosa, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, 29043-900, Maruípe, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Keyla Fonseca da Cunha
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina Social, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Vedovatti Monfardini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karami P, Bazmamoun H, Sedighi I, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Aslani MM, Alikhani MY. Antibacterial resistance patterns of extended spectrum β-lactamase -producing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from children. Arab J Gastroenterol 2017; 18:206-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Rabbani MAG, Howlader MZH, Kabir Y. Detection of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in untreated waste water disposals of hospitals in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:120-125. [PMID: 28729208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of MDR bacteria is a global problem and a major burden for treatment of various infectious diseases. This study was performed to detect antibiotic resistant bacteria in untreated hospital waste. METHOD Waste water samples were collected from sewerage disposal points of two renowned hospital of Dhaka city and a total of 59 Escherichia coli and 29 Klebsiella pneumonia isolates were isolated. Antibiotic susceptibility were measured by disc diffusion method. RESULTS Resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae to 10 frequently used antibiotic tested were respectively as follows: cefotaxime (CTX) 48 and 45%; ceftazidime (CAZ) 40 and 38%; ampicillin (AMP) 71 and 100%; streptomycin (S) 50 and 34%; sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT) 58 and 28%; ciprofloxacin (CIP) 71 and 48%; kanamycin (K) 38 and 10%; chloramphenicol (C) 28 and 10%; gentamycin (CN) 19 and 16% and imipenem (IPM) 12 and 7%. Results also demonstrate that the sites that were at the disposal point of hospital waste have higher degree of resistance. High degree of resistance was observed when 23 high-resistant E. coli isolates were further tested with 15 additional antibiotics. CONCLUSION This study revealed a significant rise of MDR bacteria in the hospital waste and underscore necessity of hospital waste treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A G Rabbani
- Nutrition and Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Currently with the Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Md Zakir Hossain Howlader
- Nutrition and Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Nutrition and Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
N. E, F.N. NY, T.T.H. M, New C, Chang W, A. U, Kuan C, Loo Y, Thung T, R. S. Occurrence of Escherichia coli harbouring stx genes in popiah, a Malaysian street food. FOOD RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.1.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
15
|
Shah MS, Eppinger M, Ahmed S, Shah AA, Hameed A, Hasan F. Flooding adds pathogenic Escherichia coli strains to the water sources in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:483-488. [PMID: 27934827 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seasonal rains in Pakistan result in heavy floods across the country, whereby faecal contaminants will be added to the water bodies and cause numerous food-borne outbreaks. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains in the water sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred water samples collected during (2011-2012) were processed for the isolation of E. coli (EC) strains. EC strains were further analysed for antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and pathogroups-specific virulence factors stx1, stx2, stx2c, eae, tir, hlyA, bfpA, estA and eltA were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Thirty-three percent of the water samples were contaminated with EC pathotypes. Fifty percent (33/66) of the DEC pathotypes were identified as enterotoxigenic EC (ETEC). Seventy-two percent (13/18) of the enteropathogenic EC (EPEC) strains were identified as typical EPEC and 28% (5/18) as atypical EPEC. Eleven percent (7/66) of the Shiga toxin EC (STEC) isolates carried a combination of stx1 and stx2 genes. Summer was found as a peak season with 47% (31/66) for EC pathogroups' activities. Eighty-nine percent of the strains showed resistance against tetracycline. CONCLUSION ETEC and EPEC are the primary causes of water contamination in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Firm adherence to the prescribed drugs can decrease trends in antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - M Eppinger
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - S Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A A Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - F Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Canizalez-Roman A, Flores-Villaseñor HM, Gonzalez-Nuñez E, Velazquez-Roman J, Vidal JE, Muro-Amador S, Alapizco-Castro G, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, León-Sicairos N. Surveillance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Diarrhea Cases from Children, Adults and Elderly at Northwest of Mexico. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1924. [PMID: 27965648 PMCID: PMC5127799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are a main cause of gastrointestinal disease in developing countries. In this study we report the epidemiologic surveillance in a 4-year period (January 2011 to December 2014) of DEC strains causing acute diarrhea throughout the Sinaloa State, Mexico. DEC strains were isolated from outpatients of all ages with acute diarrhea (N = 1,037). Specific DEC pathotypes were identified by PCR-amplification of genes encoding virulence factors. The adhesion phenotype and antibiotic resistance were also investigated. DEC strains were detected in 23.3% (242/1037) of cases. The most frequently DEC strain isolated was EAEC [(12.2%), 126/242] followed by EPEC [(5.1%), 53/242], ETEC [(4.3%), 43/242] DAEC [(1.4%), 15/242], STEC [(0.3%), 3/242], and EIEC [(0.2%), 2/242]. EHEC strains were not detected. Overall DEC strains were more prevalent in children ≤2 years of age with EPEC strains the most common of DEC pathotypes. While ∼65% of EAEC strains were classified as typical variant based on the aggregative adherence to in vitro cultures of HEp-2 cells, a high proportion of EPEC strains was classified as atypical strains. EAEC, EPEC, ETEC, and DAEC strains were distributed in the north, central and south regions of Sinaloa state. Among all DEC strains, >90% were resistant to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic. Strains were commonly resistant to first-line antibiotics such as tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Furthermore, more than 80% of DEC isolates were multi-drug resistant and EPEC and DAEC were the categories with major proportion of this feature. In conclusion, in nearly one out of four cases of acute diarrhea in Northwestern Mexico a multi-drug resistant DEC strain was isolated, in these cases EAEC was the most prevalent (52%) pathotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of HealthCuliacan, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Flores-Villaseñor
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of HealthCuliacan, Mexico
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Nuñez
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health Culiacan, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge E Vidal
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA
| | | | - Gerardo Alapizco-Castro
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; Coordinación de Enseñanza e InvestigaciónCuliacan, Mexico
| | - J Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia EpidemiológicosMexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; Pediatric Hospital of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang SX, Yang CL, Gu WP, Ai L, Serrano E, Yang P, Zhou X, Li SZ, Lv S, Dang ZS, Chen JH, Hu W, Tian LG, Chen JX, Zhou XN. Case-control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest China. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:58. [PMID: 27891182 PMCID: PMC5112671 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute diarrhea is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Most of studies on acute diarrhea have been made on infants aged below 5 years and few efforts have been made to identify the etiological agents of acute diarrhea in people over five, especially in China. Methods 271 diarrhea cases and 149 healthy controls over 5 years were recruited from four participating hospitals between June 2014 and July 2015. Each stool specimen was collected to detect a series of enteric pathogens, involving five viruses (Rotavirus group A, RVA; Norovirus, NoV; Sapovirus, SaV; Astrovirus, As; and Adenovirus, Ad), seven bacteria (diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, DEC; non-typhoidal Salmonella, NTS; Shigella spp.; Vibrio cholera; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Aeromonas spp.; and Plesiomonas spp.) and three protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, G. lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis, B. hominis). Standard microbiological and molecular methods were applied to detect these pathogens. Data was analyzed using Chi square, Fisher-exact tests and logistic regressions. Results The prevalence of at least one enteric pathogen was detected in 29.2% (79/271) acute diarrhea cases and in 12.1% (18/149) in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Enteric viral infections (14.4%) were the most common in patients suffering from acute diarrhea, followed by bacteria (13.7%) and intestinal protozoa (4.8%). DEC (12.5%) was the most common causative agent in diarrhea cases, followed by NoV GII (10.0%), RVA (7.4%) and B. hominis (4.8%). The prevalence of co-infection was statistically higher (p = 0.0059) in the case group (7.7%) than in the healthy control (1.3%). RVA–NoV GII (3.0%) was the most common co-infection in symptomatic cases. Conclusions DEC was the most predominant pathogen in diarrhea cases, but it was largely overlooked because the lack of laboratory capacities. Because of the high prevalence of co-infections, it is recommended the urgent development of alternative laboratory methods to assess polymicrobial infections. Such methodological improvements will result in a better prevention and treatment strategies to control diarrhea illness in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0141-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Xian Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Peng Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650022 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biología, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Servei d´Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of parasitology, College of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Dang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Guang Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, MOH of China, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 20025 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guzman-Hernandez R, Contreras-Rodriguez A, Hernandez-Velez R, Perez-Martinez I, Lopez-Merino A, Zaidi MB, Estrada-Garcia T. Mexican unpasteurised fresh cheeses are contaminated with Salmonella spp., non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli and potential uropathogenic E. coli strains: A public health risk. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
19
|
Gómez-Aldapa CA, Segovia-Cruz JA, Cerna-Cortes JF, Rangel-Vargas E, Salas-Rangel LP, Gutiérrez-Alcántara EJ, Castro-Rosas J. Prevalence and behavior of multidrug-resistant shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli on coriander. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Shin J, Yoon KB, Jeon DY, Oh SS, Oh KH, Chung GT, Kim SW, Cho SH. Consecutive Outbreaks of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6 in Schools in South Korea Caused by Contamination of Fermented Vegetable Kimchi. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:535-543. [PMID: 27557346 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurred in South Korea, affecting a middle school in the Jeollanam-do province in 2013 (Outbreak 1) and 10 schools in the Incheon province in 2014 (Outbreak 2). We investigated the outbreaks to identify the pathogen and mode of transmission. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Outbreak 1; and case-control studies were performed for the Outbreak 2. Samples from students, environments, and preserved food items were collected and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was conducted to identify strains of pathogen. RESULTS We identified 167 and 1022 students who met the case definition (≥3 loose stools in any 24-h period) in the Outbreaks 1 and 2, respectively. The consumption of cabbage kimchi and young radish kimchi were significantly associated with the illness. Adjusted odds ratios of kimchi were 2.62-11.74. In the Outbreak 1, cabbage kimchi was made and consumed in the school restaurant and in the Outbreak 2, young radish kimchi was supplied by food company X and distributed to all the 10 schools in the Incheon province. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) O6 was isolated from fecal samples in 375 cases (33.9%) and from kimchi samples. PFGE patterns of the outbreak strains isolated from cases and food were indistinguishable in each outbreak. CONCLUSION The suspected food vehicle in these two consecutive outbreaks was kimchi contaminated with ETEC O6. We recommend continued monitoring and stricter sanitation requirements for the food supply process in Korea, especially in relation to kimchi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseung Shin
- 1 Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bok Yoon
- 2 Division of Microbiology, Jeollanam-do Institute of Public Health and Environment , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Young Jeon
- 2 Division of Microbiology, Jeollanam-do Institute of Public Health and Environment , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Suk Oh
- 3 Division of Microbiology, Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Oh
- 4 Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- 4 Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Kim
- 1 Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- 4 Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health , Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Molecular Detection of Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli Strains Associated with Diarrhea in Shiraz, Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.37629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Gómez-Aldapa CA, Cerna-Cortes JF, Rangel-Vargas E, Torres-Vitela MR, Villarruel-López A, Gutiérrez-Alcántara EJ, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coli, EnteropathogenicE. coliand EnterotoxigenicE. coli, on Raw Nopalitos (Opuntia ficus-indicaL.) and in Nopalitos Salads from Local Retail Markets in Mexico. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:269-74. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Jorge F. Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Mdel Refugio Torres-Vitela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara-Guadalajara, México
| | - Angelica Villarruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara-Guadalajara, México
| | - Eduardo J. Gutiérrez-Alcántara
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Área Académica de Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dias RCB, dos Santos BC, dos Santos LF, Vieira MA, Yamatogi RS, Mondelli AL, Sadatsune T, Sforcin JM, Gomes TAT, Hernandes RT. DiarrheagenicEscherichia colipathotypes investigation revealed atypical enteropathogenicE. colias putative emerging diarrheal agents in children living in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. APMIS 2016; 124:299-308. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regiane C. B. Dias
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Bruna C. dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Luis F. dos Santos
- Centro de Bacteriologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Melissa A. Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Yamatogi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Alessandro L. Mondelli
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Terue Sadatsune
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - José M. Sforcin
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Tânia A. T. Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia da; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP); São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T. Hernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP); Botucatu SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Malvi S, Appannanavar S, Mohan B, Kaur H, Gautam N, Bharti B, Kumar Y, Taneja N. Comparative analysis of virulence determinants, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and serogrouping of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli versus typical enteropathogenic E. coli in India. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Malvi
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Suma Appannanavar
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Neha Gautam
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bhavneet Bharti
- Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli 173204, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Enteric Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of selection pressure and genetic association on the relationship between antibiotic resistance and virulence in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6733-40. [PMID: 26282415 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01094-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic selection pressure and genetic associations may lead to the cooccurrence of resistance and virulence in individual pathogens. However, there is a lack of rigorous epidemiological evidence that demonstrates the cooccurrence of resistance and virulence at the population level. Using samples from a population-based case-control study in 25 villages in rural Ecuador, we characterized resistance to 12 antibiotics among pathogenic (n = 86) and commensal (n = 761) Escherichia coli isolates, classified by the presence or absence of known diarrheagenic virulence factor genes. The prevalences of resistance to single and multiple antibiotics were significantly higher for pathogenic isolates than for commensal isolates. Using a generalized estimating equation, antibiotic resistance was independently associated with virulence factor carriage, case status, and antibiotic use (for these respective factors: odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, with a 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.7 to 5.1; OR = 2.0, with a 95% CI of 1.3 to 3.0; and OR = 1.5, with a 95% CI of 0.9 to 2.5). Virulence factor carriage was more strongly related to antibiotic resistance than antibiotic use for all antibiotics examined, with the exception of fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. This study provides epidemiological evidence that antibiotic resistance and virulence factor carriage are linked in E. coli populations in a community setting. Further, these data suggest that while the cooccurrence of resistance and virulence in E. coli is partially due to antibiotic selection pressure, it is also genetically determined. These findings should be considered in developing strategies for treating infections and controlling for antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
26
|
Medina AM, Rivera FP, Pons MJ, Riveros M, Gomes C, Bernal M, Meza R, Maves RC, Huicho L, Chea-Woo E, Lanata CF, Gil AI, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:493-502. [PMID: 26175267 PMCID: PMC4592336 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide, being of special concern in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance in 205 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates from two cohort studies in children <24 months in Lima, Peru. METHODS ETEC were identified by an in-house multiplex real-time PCR. Susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents was tested by disk diffusion; mechanisms of resistance were evaluated by PCR. RESULTS ETEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin (64%), cotrimoxazole (52%), tetracycline (37%); 39% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Heat-stable toxin producing (ETEC-st) (48%) and heat-labile toxin producing ETEC (ETEC-lt) (40%) had higher rates of multidrug resistance than isolates producing both toxins (ETEC-lt-st) (21%), p<0.05. Only 10% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and none to ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime. Ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole resistance were most often associated with blaTEM (69%) and sul2 genes (68%), respectively. Tetracycline resistance was associated with tet(A) (49%) and tet(B) (39%) genes. Azithromycin inhibitory diameters were ≤15 mm in 36% of isolates, with 5% of those presenting the mph(A) gene. CONCLUSIONS ETEC from Peruvian children are often resistant to older, inexpensive antibiotics, while remaining susceptible to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins and furazolidone. Fluoroquinolones and azithromycin remain the drugs of choice for ETEC infections in Peru. However, further development of resistance should be closely monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anicia M Medina
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Fulton P Rivera
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria J Pons
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Lima, Peru
| | - Maribel Riveros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Bernal
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Rina Meza
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Department of Bacteriology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Luis Huicho
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Ana I Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Distribution of Virulence Genes, Enterotoxin and Biofilm Formation Among Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli (EAEC) Strains Isolated From Stools of Children With Diarrhea in South East Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.29745v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
28
|
Patzi-Vargas S, Zaidi MB, Perez-Martinez I, León–Cen M, Michel-Ayala A, Chaussabel D, Estrada-Garcia T. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli carrying supplementary virulence genes are an important cause of moderate to severe diarrhoeal disease in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003510. [PMID: 25738580 PMCID: PMC4349884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) cause acute and persistent diarrhoea worldwide, but little is known about their epidemiology in Mexico. We determined the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens in 831 children with acute diarrhoea over a four-year period in Yucatan, Mexico. Six DEC supplementary virulence genes (SVG), mainly associated with enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), were sought in 3100 E. coli isolates. DEC was the most common bacterial enteropathogen (28%), surpassing Salmonella (12%) and Shigella (9%). Predominant DEC groups were diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) (35%), EAEC (24%), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (19%). Among children with DEC infections, 14% had severe illness mainly caused by EPEC (26%) and DAEC (18%); 30% had moderate diarrhoea mainly caused by DAEC (36%), mixed DEC infections (33%) and EAEC (32%). DAEC was most prevalent during spring, while ETEC, EAEC and EPEC predominated in summer. EAEC was more frequent in children 6–24 months old than in those younger than 6 months of age (P = 0.008, OR = 4.2, 95% CI, 1.3–13.9). The presence of SVG dispersin, (aatA), dispersin-translocator (aatA), enteroaggregative heat-stable toxin 1 (astA), plasmid encoded toxin (pet), cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) was higher in DEC than non-DEC strains, (36% vs 26%, P <0.0001, OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.3–1.8). 98% of EAEC-infected children harboured strains with SVG; 85% carried the aap-aatA gene combination, and 33% of these also carried astA. 28% of both EPEC and ETEC, and 6% of DAEC patients had strains with SVG. 54% of EPEC patients carried pet-positive strains alone or in combination with astA; only this DEC group harboured cdt-positive isolates. All ETEC patients carried astA- or astA-aap-positive strains. astA and aap were the most common SVG in DAEC (3% and 2%) and non-DEC strains (21% and 13%). DEC carrying SVG are an important cause of moderate to severe bacterial diarrhoea in Mexican children. Diarrhoea is an important cause of illness and death among young children in low- and middle-income countries. Nonetheless, very few epidemiological studies of diarrhoea have been conducted in Mexico during the last two decades. In recent years, a group of bacteria known as diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) have been recognized as a major cause of diarrheal illness worldwide. This group cannot be identified by the conventional biochemical methods used for other diarrhoeal pathogens such as Salmonella or Shigella, which limits its identification. We conducted a study in Yucatan, Mexico, to identify the bacterial causes of acute diarrhoea in children less than five years of age who required hospitalization. All DEC strains were further characterized for the presence of six E. coli supplementary virulence genes (SVG). Of the 831 children with acute diarrhoea, a bacterial pathogen was found in 56%. DEC was the most prevalent (28%) pathogen, surpassing Salmonella and Shigella. Among children with DEC diarrhoea, 44% were moderately or severely ill. Thirty-six percent of the DEC strains had one or more SVG, which were more common in older children. Our results strongly suggest that DEC carrying SVG are an important cause of moderate to severe bacterial diarrhoeal disease in Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mussaret Bano Zaidi
- Microbiology Research Laboratory and Paediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General O’Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Península de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Magda León–Cen
- Microbiology Research Laboratory and Paediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General O’Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Alba Michel-Ayala
- Microbiology Research Laboratory and Paediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General O’Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rangel-Vargas E, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Torres-Vitela MDR, Villarruel-López A, Gordillo-Martínez AJ, Castro-Rosas J. Presence and correlation of some enteric indicator bacteria, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes, and Salmonella serotypes in alfalfa sprouts from local retail markets in Pachuca, Mexico. J Food Prot 2015; 78:609-14. [PMID: 25719889 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Data on the presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEPs) in alfalfa sprouts and correlations between the presence of coliform bacteria (CB), fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli, DEPs, and Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts are not available. The presence of and correlations between CB, FC, E. coli, DEPs, and Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts were determined. One hundred sprout samples were collected from retail markets in Pachuca, Hidalgo State, Mexico. The presence of indicator bacteria and Salmonella was determined using conventional culture procedures. DEPs were identified using two multiplex PCR procedures. One hundred percent of samples were positive for CB, 90% for FC, 84% for E. coli, 10% for DEPs, and 4% for Salmonella. The populations of CB ranged from 6.2 up to 8.6 log CFU/g. The FC and E. coli concentrations were between , 3 and 1,100 most probable number (MPN)/g. The DEPs identified included enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 2%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; 3%), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC; 5%). No E. coli O157:H7 strains were detected in any STEC-positive samples. In samples positive for DEPs, the concentrations ranged from 210 to 240 MPN/g for ETEC, 28 to 1,100 MPN/g for EPEC, and 3.6 to 460 MPN/g for STEC. The Salmonella isolates identified included Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in three samples and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in one. STEC and Salmonella Typhimurium were identified together in one sample. Positive correlations were observed between FC and E. coli, between FC and DEPs, and between E. coli and DEPs. Negative correlations occurred between CB and DEPs and between CB and Salmonella. Neither FC nor E. coli correlated with Salmonella in the sprout samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ETEC, EPEC, and STEC isolated from alfalfa sprouts and the first report of correlations between different indicator groups versus DEPs and Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilometer 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilometer 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - M Del Refugio Torres-Vitela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alberto J Gordillo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilometer 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilometer 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hu J, Torres AG. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: foe or innocent bystander? Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:729-34. [PMID: 25726041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) remain one the most important pathogens infecting children and they are one of the main causes of persistent diarrhoea worldwide. Historically, typical EPEC (tEPEC), defined as those isolates with the attaching and effacement (A/E) genotype (eae(+)), which possess bfpA(+) and lack the stx(-) genes are found strongly associated with diarrhoeal cases. However, occurrence of atypical EPEC (aEPEC; eae(+)bfpA(-)stx(-)) in diarrhoeal and asymptomatic hosts has made investigators question the role of these pathogens in human disease. Current epidemiological data are helping to answer the question of whether EPEC is mainly a foe or an innocent bystander during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - A G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pitondo-Silva A, Nakazato G, Falcão JP, Irino K, Martinez R, Darini ALC, Hernandes RT. Phenotypic and genetic features of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from diarrheal children in the Ribeirão Preto metropolitan area, São Paulo State, Brazil. APMIS 2014; 123:128-35. [PMID: 25257819 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize a collection of 60 enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolates from diarrheic feces of patients in the Ribeirão Preto metropolitan area regarding different phenotypic and molecular features. We examined antibiotic resistance profiles, occurrence of virulence factors-encoding genes, intimin subtypes and the correlation of serotypes among typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC) EPEC isolates. The results demonstrated that atypical EPEC was more heterogeneous than typical EPEC concerning the characteristics investigated and 45.2% do not belong to classical EPEC serogroups. Intimin subtype β was the most frequent among the EPEC isolates (46.7%), being detected in both tEPEC and aEPEC. The majority of aEPEC isolates presented localized adherence-like (LAL) pattern to HEp-2 cells, although aEPEC isolates displaying diffuse adherence (DA) or non-adherent were also detected. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was found for ampicillin, cephalothin, sulfonamide and tetracycline. In general, tEPEC isolates were more resistant to the antimicrobials tested than aEPEC isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Pitondo-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shahcheraghi F, Rahmati Ghezelgeh F, Nobari S, Torabi E, Mousavi SF, Aslani MM, Shahcheraghi F. Identification and characterization of class 1 integrons among atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under 5 years of age. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:156-62. [PMID: 25870748 PMCID: PMC4393491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The therapeutic options for diseases caused by Escherichia coli are limited. In this study we investigated the presence of virulence factors among Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains and their antibiotic resistance patterns. The isolates were also checked for the presence of class1 integrons and gene cassettes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 70 EPEC strains isolated from children. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined using diffusion methods. The broth microdilution methods was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. PCR was used to detect eaeA, bfpA genes. The 5' and 3' conserved sequences (CSs) of class 1 integrons and intI gene were amplified to investigate the presence of integrons and gene cassettes. RESULTS Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 4 (5.7%), 3 (4.2%), and 2 (2.8 %) isolates were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ceftazidime, respectively. Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and aztreonam were 1.4%. Thirteen (18.5%) isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, and 4 (5.7%) were kanamycin resistant. Class I integron detected in 22 (31.4%) isolates. All the gene cassettes found in class I integrons corresponded to different variants of dfr and aadA genes. CONCLUSION Prevalence of class I integrons in EPEC strains was high. Presence of aadA and dfr gene cassettes in integrons represents high distribution of resistance determinants in EPEC strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saman Nobari
- Department of Bacteriology & Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Torabi
- Department of Bacteriology & Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi
- Department of Bacteriology & Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Aslani
- Department of Bacteriology & Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Shahcheraghi
- Department of Bacteriology & Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Fereshteh Shahcheraghi, Address: Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Telfax: +98-21-66405535,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Oh KH, Kim DW, Jung SM, Cho SH. Molecular characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheal patients in Korea during 2003-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96896. [PMID: 24841334 PMCID: PMC4026316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major causes of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. In order to characterize the molecular features of human ETEC isolates from Korea, we investigated the profiles of enterotoxin and colonization factor (CF) genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with a total of 291 ETEC strains. The specimens comprised 258 domestic strains isolated from patients who had diarrhea and were from widely separated geographic regions in Korea and 33 inflow strains isolated from travelers visiting other Asian countries. Heat-stable toxin (STh)-possessing ETEC strains were more frequent than heat-labile toxin (LT)-possessing ETEC strains in the domestic isolates, while the detection rates of both enterotoxin genes were similar in the inflow isolates. The profile of CF genes of domestic isolates was similar to that of inflow isolates and the major CF types of the strains were CS3-CS21-CS1/PCF071 and CS2-CS3-CS21. Most of these 2 CF types were detected in ETEC strains that possess both lt and sth genes. The major MLSTST types of domestic isolates were ST171 and ST955. Moreover, the 2 major CF types were usually found concomitantly with the 2 major MLST STs, ST171 and ST955. In conclusion, our genotyping results may provide useful information for guiding the development of geographically specific vaccines against human ETEC isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Oh
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Jung
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong-eup, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Heidary M, Momtaz H, Madani M. Characterization of Diarrheagenic Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Pediatric Patients in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e12329. [PMID: 24910786 PMCID: PMC4028759 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Acute infectious diarrhea is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic children in Tehran, IR Iran. Patients and Methods: In total, 550 stool samples from diarrheic pediatric patients, aged less than 60 months, were collected and immediately transferred to the laboratory. Isolation and identification of E. coli strains was done using bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion technique. Multiplex PCR was used to detect aadA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA1, qnr, aac (3)-IV, sul1, blaSHV, CITM, cat1, and cmlA antibiotic resistance genes. Results: From the total of 550 fecal samples examined, 154 samples (28%) were positive for diarraheagenic E. coli. High rates of antibiotic resistance were seen against penicillin ﴾100%), ampicillin ﴾89.6%﴿ and tetracycline ﴾83.1%﴿. Resistance against ciprofloxacin was low ﴾28.6%﴿. The prevalence of different resistance genes in the studied strains varied from 96.10% for aadA1 gene to 40.25% for sul1 gene. The frequencies of aadA1, tetA, tetB, dfrA1, qnr, aac(3)-IV, sul1, blaSHV, CITM, cat1, and cmlA genes were 96.10%, 85.06%, 84.41%, 51.94%, 72.07%, 54.54%, 40.25%, 57.79%, 90.25%, 59.74% and 60.38%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results indicated that antibiotic resistance is increasing in diarraheagenic E. coli strains in Iran. It is imperative to develop strategies for prevention and control of resistant organisms. Changes in patterns of resistance against commonly used antibiotics in Iran indicate that an applied surveillance system and introduction of guidelines for appropriate antibiotic prescription are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hassan Momtaz, Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-3361064, E-mail:
| | - Mahboobeh Madani
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Detection of Class 1 and 2 Integrons Among Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Estrada-Garcia T, Perez-Martinez I, Bernal-Reynaga R, Zaidi MB. Enteroaggregative coli: A Pathogen Bridging the North and South. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 1:88-96. [PMID: 24892007 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a heterogeneous emerging enteric pathogen. Identified during the 1980's when EAEC strains where isolated from cases of acute and persistent diarrhea among infants from developing countries and of traveler's diarrhea. Subsequently, EAEC strains were linked with foodborne outbreaks and diarrhea illness in adults and children from industrialized countries, HIV-infected subjects and stunting of malnourished poor children. Nowadays, EAEC is increasingly recognized as a major cause of acute diarrhea in children recurring hospitalization and of traveler's diarrhea worldwide. EAEC strains defining phenotype is the aggregative adherence (AA) pattern on epithelial cells. AggR a transcriptional regulator of several EAEC virulence genes has been a key factor in both understanding EAEC pathogenesis and defining typical EAEC (tEAEC) strains. EAEC virulence genes distribution among these strains is highly variable. Present challenges are the identification of key virulence genes and how they coordinately function in the setting of enteric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mussaret B Zaidi
- Microbiology Research Laboratory and Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General O'Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, México ; Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Península de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Gordillo-Martínez AJ, Castro-Rosas J. Behavior of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains on whole and sliced jalapeño and serrano peppers. Food Microbiol 2014; 40:75-80. [PMID: 24549200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and non-O157 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (non-O157-STEC) on whole and slices of jalapeño and serrano peppers as well as in blended sauce at 25 ± 2 °C and 3 ± 2 °C was investigated. Chili peppers were collected from markets of Pachuca city, Hidalgo, Mexico. On whole serrano and jalapeño stored at 25 ± 2 °C or 3 ± 2 °C, no growth was observed for EPEC, ETEC, EIEC and non-O157-STEC rifampicin resistant strains. After twelve days at 25 ± 2 °C, on serrano peppers all diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (DEP) strains had decreased by a total of approximately 3.7 log, whereas on jalapeño peppers the strains had decreased by approximately 2.8 log, and at 3 ± 2 °C they decreased to approximately 2.5 and 2.2 log respectively, on serrano and jalapeño. All E. coli pathotypes grew onto sliced chili peppers and in blended sauce: after 24 h at 25 ± 2 °C, all pathotypes had grown to approximately 3 and 4 log CFU on pepper slices and sauce, respectively. At 3 ± 2 °C the bacterial growth was inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hgo. C.P. 42183, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hgo. C.P. 42183, Mexico
| | - Alberto J Gordillo-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hgo. C.P. 42183, Mexico
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hgo. C.P. 42183, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gómez-Aldapa CA, Torres-Vitela MDR, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Rangel-Vargas E, Villarruel-López A, Castro-Rosas A. Presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Enteropathogenic E. coli, and Enterotoxigenic E. coli on tomatoes from public markets in Mexico. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1621-5. [PMID: 23992508 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEP) are important foodborne pathogens in various countries, including Mexico. However, no data exist on the presence of DEP on fresh tomatoes (Solanum lycopericum) from Mexico. The frequency of fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli, and DEP were determined for two tomato varieties. One hundred samples of a saladette tomato variety and 100 samples of a red round tomato variety were collected from public markets in Pachuca, Mexico. Each tomato sample consisted of four whole tomatoes. For the 100 saladette samples, coliform bacterial, FC, E. coli, and DEP were identified in 100, 70, 60, and 10% of samples, respectively. For the 100 red round samples, coliform bacterial, FC, E. coli, and DEP were identified in 100, 75, 65, and 11% of samples, respectively. Identified DEP included Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). STEC were isolated from 6% of saladette samples and 5% of red round samples. ETEC were isolated from 3% of saladette samples and 4% of red round samples. EPEC were isolated from 2% of saladette samples and 3% of red round samples, and EIEC were isolated from 1% of saladette samples. Both STEC and ETEC were identified in two saladette samples and 1 red round sample. E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in any STEC-positive samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro Universitario, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Behavior of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, non-O157-shiga toxin-producing E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains on mung bean seeds and sprout. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:364-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Gómez-Aldapa C, Torres-Vitela MDR, Acevedo-Sandoval O, Rangel-Vargas E, Villarruel-López A, Castro-Rosas J. Behaviour of four diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
pathotypes on carrots and in unpasteurized carrot juice. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:540-6. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Gómez-Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - M. del R. Torres-Vitela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara, Jalisco México
| | - O.A. Acevedo-Sandoval
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Rancho Universitario; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Tulancingo, Hidalgo México
| | - E. Rangel-Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - A. Villarruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara, Jalisco México
| | - J. Castro-Rosas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Torres-Vitela MDR, Villarruel-López A, Castro-Rosas J. Behavior of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains on alfalfa sprouts. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1429-33. [PMID: 23905800 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Data about the behavior of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (non-O157 STEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) on seeds and alfalfa sprouts are not available. The behavior of STEC, EIEC, ETEC, and EPEC was determined during germination and sprouting of alfalfa seeds at 20 ± 2°C and 30 ± 2°C and on alfalfa sprouts at 3 ± 2°C. When alfalfa seeds were inoculated with STEC, EIEC, ETEC, or EPEC strains, all these diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (DEPs) grew during germination and sprouting of seeds, reaching counts of approximately 5 and 6 log CFU/g after 1 day at 20 ± 2°C and 30 ± 2°C, respectively. However, when the sprouts were inoculated after 1 day of seed germination and stored at 20 ± 2°C or 30 ± 2°C, no growth was observed for any DEP during sprouting at 20 ± 2°C or 30 ± 2°C for 9 days. Refrigeration reduced significantly (P < 0.0.5) the number of viable DEPs on sprouts after 20 days in storage; nevertheless, these decreases have no practical significance for the safety of the sprouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro Universitario, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42183, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ramírez Castillo FY, Avelar González FJ, Garneau P, Márquez Díaz F, Guerrero Barrera AL, Harel J. Presence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in the San Pedro River located in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:147. [PMID: 23785356 PMCID: PMC3683621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters in developing countries is a great concern. Treated and untreated wastewaters have been discharged into rivers and streams, leading to possible waterborne infection outbreaks and may represent a significant dissemination mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, the water quality of San Pedro River, the main river and pluvial collector of the Aguascalientes State, Mexico was assessed. Thirty sample locations were tested throughout the River. The main physicochemical parameters of water were evaluated. Results showed high levels of fecal pollution as well as inorganic and organic matter abundant enough to support the heterotrophic growth of microorganisms. These results indicate poor water quality in samples from different locations. One hundred and fifty Escherichia coli were collected and screened by PCR for several virulence genes. Isolates were classified as either pathogenic (n = 91) or commensal (n = 59). The disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antibiotics. Fifty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 30.6% were multi-resistant. Eighteen E. coli strains were quinolone resistant of which 16 were multi-resistant. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in 12 isolates. Mutations at the Ser-83→Leu and/or Asp-87→Asn in the gyrA gene were detected as well as mutations at the Ser-80→Ile in parC. An E. coli microarray (Maxivirulence V 3.1) was used to characterize the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla TEM, sulI, sulII, dhfrIX, aph3 (strA), and tet (B) as well as integrons were found in fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance E. coli strains. The presence of potential pathogenic E. coli and antibiotic resistance in San Pedro River such as FQ resistant E. coli could pose a potential threat to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor Y Ramírez Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cerna-Cortes JF, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Ramírez-Cruz E, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of indicator bacteria, Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes on mung bean sprouts from public markets in Pachuca, Mexico. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
44
|
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from food items in northwestern Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 164:36-45. [PMID: 23587712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheogenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are an important cause of intestinal syndromes in the developing world mainly affecting children. DEC strains often infect tourists from developed countries traveling to Mexico, causing so-called "traveler diarrhea". DEC strains are typically transmitted by contaminated food and water; however, the prevalence of these strains in food items that are produced, consumed and sometimes exported in northwestern Mexico has not been evaluated. In this study, we conducted a large microbiological survey of DEC strains in 5162 food items and beverages consumed throughout Sinaloa state during 2008 and 2009. We developed a panel of eight sequential PCR reactions that detected the presence of all DEC categories, including typical or atypical variants. Thermotolerant coliforms (also known as fecal coliforms) and E. coli were detected by conventional bacteriology in 13.4% (692/5162) and 7.92% (409/5162) of food items, respectively. Among 409 E. coli isolates, 13.6% (56/409) belonged to DEC strains. Dairy products (2.8%) were the most contaminated with DEC, while DEC strains were not detected in beverages and ice samples. The pathogenic type that was most commonly isolated was EPEC (78.5%), followed by EAEC (10.7%), STEC (8.9%) and ETEC (1.7%). EHEC, DAEC and EIEC strains were not detected. Approximately 80% of EPEC and EAEC strains were classified as atypical variants; they did not adhere to a culture of HEp-2 cell. Of the isolated DEC strains, 66% showed resistance to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic. In conclusion, the presence of DEC strains in food items and beverages available in northwestern Mexico is low and may not represent a threat for the general population or those traveling to tourist areas.
Collapse
|
45
|
Bernal-Reynaga R, Thompson-Bonilla R, Lopez-Saucedo C, Pech-Armenta M, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-Garcia T. C57-CD40 ligand deficient mice: a potential model for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (H10407) colonization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:50-6. [PMID: 23098671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans, calves and pigs. In humans, these infections mainly occur in developing countries leading to a high diarrheal morbidity and infant mortality and to travellers' diarrhea. ETEC strains constitute a phenotypically and genetically diverse pathotype with as common characteristics the production of heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable enterotoxins (ST) as well as of one or more fimbrial colonization factors. Despite the global importance of these pathogens, a broadly ETEC protective vaccine is not yet available, partially due to the lack of a suitable animal model for human ETEC. Such model would allow to test more ETEC molecules as potential vaccine candidates. The C57-CD40 ligand deficient (C57-cd40l(-/-)) mouse has been successfully used to develop infection models of intestinal pathogens, but little is known about its humoral immune response. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the humoral immune response of C57 and C57-cd40l(-/-) mice and to determine the persistence of ETEC H10407 and two of its variants after oral inoculation. The serum IgM, IgG and IgA and faecal IgG and IgA concentrations, of twelve mice per mouse strain (C57 and C57-cd40l(-/-)), were determined by ELISA. All serum immunoglobulins and the faecal IgG concentration were significantly lower in C57-cd40l(-/-) than in C57 mice. In contrast the faecal IgA concentration was significantly higher in the C57-cd40l(-/-) mice. This high intestinal IgA concentration might be a compensatory T cell-independent production of IgA production. Both mouse strains were orally inoculated with 5×10(8) ETEC H10407 (LT(+), ST-colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I)(+)) and ETEC in animal faeces was established by culture followed by st and lt loci identification by PCR until day 14 post infection. Most C57 mice eliminated the strain within 3 days whereas infection remained in C57-cd40l(-/-) mice until day 14. Subsequently both mouse strains were inoculated with ETEC H10407 variants and followed up until day 113. Likewise C57 mice eliminated both ETEC variants within 4 days. All C57-cd40l(-/-) mice had eliminated the LT(-) variant at day 31, whereas the ST-CFA/I(-) variant remained in mice stools until day 113. These observations suggest that C57-cd40l(-/-) mice are permissive for ETEC H10407 colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Bernal-Reynaga
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico DF, CP 07360, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Torres-Vitela M, Gómez Aldapa C, Cerna-Cortes J, Villarruel-López A, Rangel-Vargas E, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of indicator bacteria, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli
pathotypes and Salmonella
in fresh carrot juice from Mexican restaurants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M.D.R. Torres-Vitela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara México
| | - C.A. Gómez Aldapa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma México
| | - J.F. Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN; Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N; México D.F México
| | - A. Villarruel-López
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria; Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara México
| | - E. Rangel-Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma México
| | - J. Castro-Rosas
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas; Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Mineral de la Reforma México
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cerna-Cortes JF, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Torres-Vitela MDR, Villarruel-López A, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of some indicator bacteria and diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes on jalapeño and serrano peppers from popular markets in Pachuca City, Mexico. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:444-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Nakhjavani FA, Emaneini M, Hosseini H, Iman-Eini H, Aligholi M, Jabalameli F, Haghi-Ashtiani MT, Taherikalani M, Mirsalehian A. Molecular analysis of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from children with diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:191-195. [PMID: 23065543 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.046516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. To investigate the incidence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic relationships of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in children with diarrhoea, a total of 612 stool specimens were collected in Tehran, Iran, and cultured to isolate strains of EPEC. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The presence of eae, stx and bfp-A genes was determined by PCR. The genetic relationships between EPEC isolates were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of the 412 strains of E. coli obtained from 612 diarrhoeal stool specimens, 23 (5.6 %) were identified as EPEC, of which seven (30.4 %) were classified as typical strains of EPEC and 16 (69.6 %) were classified as atypical. Out of the 23 EPEC isolates, 69.5 % were resistant to ampicillin, 39.1 % were resistant to tetracycline and cotrimoxazole, 30.4 % were resistant to cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and aztreonam, and 26.1 % were resistant to imipenem. The isolates were classified into 21 pulsotypes by PFGE profiles. The present study shows that typical and atypical EPEC isolates displayed considerable heterogeneity in PFGE profiles and EPEC infections were only sporadic in Tehran. Overall 69 % of isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrokh Akbari Nakhjavani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Hossein Iman-Eini
- School of ECE, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, PO Box 11365-4563, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Marzieh Aligholi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Haghi-Ashtiani
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 69315, Iran
| | - Akbar Mirsalehian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14174, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Estrada-Garcia T, Navarro-Garcia F. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathotype: a genetically heterogeneous emerging foodborne enteropathogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:281-98. [PMID: 22775224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Until now, a common feature that defines the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains is the ability to produce a 'stacked-brick' appearance on epithelial cells, but it does not distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Numerous adhesins, toxins, and proteins associated with virulence have been described, as well as multiple factors contributing to EAEC-induced inflammation. None of these factors are found in all EAEC isolates, and no single factor has ever been implicated in EAEC virulence. The European outbreak of Shiga-toxin-producing EAEC raises its pathogenic potential and interest on finding the true pathogenic factors that may define this pathotype. EAEC were first associated with persistent diarrhea in infants from developing countries, since then they have increasingly been linked as a cause of acute and persistent diarrhea in young infants and children in developing and industrialized countries, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, as a cause of acute diarrhea in travelers from industrialized regions, and with foodborne outbreaks. A major effect of EAEC infection is on the malnourished children in developing countries. Here, we will discuss the EAEC public health relevance and their complexity because of the strain heterogeneity regarding their pathogenesis, identification, diagnosis, lineage, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Estrada-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México DF, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Moura MDRSDALD, Mello MJGD, Calábria WB, Germano EM, Maggi RRS, Correia JDB. Frequência de Escherichia coli e sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos em menores de cinco anos hospitalizados por diarreia aguda. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-38292012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: determinar a frequência de Escherichia coli diarreiogênica e sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos em menores de cinco anos hospitalizados por diarreia aguda. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo tipo corte transversal realizado no Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, entre janeiro de 2010 e fevereiro de 2011. Foram excluídas as crianças com diagnóstico de imunodeficiência ou usando antimicrobianos. Para cada paciente foi feito uma única coleta de swab retal nas primeiras 24 horas de internação. Os patógenos foram identificados na coprocultura e sorotipagem. Os antibiogramas foram obtidos por disco-difusão. RESULTADOS: 140 crianças foram arroladas, em sua maioria provinham de famílias de baixa renda da Região Metropolitana do Recife. Foram isolados 99 microorganismos: 9 (6,4%) E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) e 4 (2,9%) E. coli enteroinvasora (EIEC) e 80 (57,1%) outras E.coli não EPEC, não EIEC, 3 (2,1%) Shigella spp e 3 (2,1%) Salmonella spp. O perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos demonstrou níveis elevados de resistência à ampicilina e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima. CONCLUSÕES: a baixa frequência de EPEC observada pode estar associada às condições de saneamento básico favoráveis apresentadas pelos pacientes do estudo. A análise local do perfil da sensibilidade da E. coli aos antimicrobianos reforça a recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde para o uso racional dessas drogas visando prevenção da resistência bacteriana.
Collapse
|