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Krogstad DJ, Koita OA, Diallo M, Gerone JL, Poudiougou B, Diakité M, Touré YT. Molecular incidence and clearance of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Malar J 2015; 14:415. [PMID: 26492968 PMCID: PMC4618950 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the epidemiology of malaria has been based primarily on microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests, molecular methods are necessary to understand the complexity of natural infection in regions where transmission is intense and simultaneous infection with multiple parasite genotypes is common such as sub-Saharan Africa. Methods To compare microscopic and molecular estimates of the incidence and clearance of Plasmodium falciparum infection, we followed 80 children monthly for 1 year in the village of Bancoumana in Mali. Results and discussion Similar seasonal patterns were observed with both methods (rainy season peak, dry season nadir), although molecular methods detected more infections than microscopy (571 vs 331 in 906 specimens), more new infections (311 vs 104 during 829 person-months) and spontaneous clearance events (317 vs 116) and found higher incidence (0.38 vs 0.13 new genotypes/person/month, p < 0.001) and spontaneous clearance rates (0.38 vs 0.14 genotypes cleared/person/month, p < 0.001). These differences were greatest for persistently-infected subjects in whom neither new infections nor the clearance of old infections could be detected by microscopy (0.71 new infections and 0.73 cleared infections per month using molecular methods vs 0.000 by microscopy, p < 0.001). Conclusions Molecular methods provide information about genetic diversity, the intensity of transmission and spontaneous clearance in the absence of drug treatment that cannot be obtained by microscopy. They will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, drugs and other control strategies for diseases such as malaria in which simultaneous infection with more than one organism (genotype) is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Krogstad
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, #8317, J. Bennett Johnston Building, Room 510, 1324 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. .,Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Ousmane A Koita
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, #8317, J. Bennett Johnston Building, Room 510, 1324 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Mouctar Diallo
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - John L Gerone
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Belco Poudiougou
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Yéya T Touré
- Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, Mali-Tulane Tropical Medicine Research Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
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Human Gene Expression in Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:162639. [PMID: 26491700 PMCID: PMC4605373 DOI: 10.1155/2015/162639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine human gene expression during uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, we obtained three samples (acute illness, treatment, and recovery) from 10 subjects and utilized each subject's recovery sample as their baseline. At the time of acute illness (day 1), subjects had upregulation of innate immune response, cytokine, and inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ), which was more frequent with parasitemias >100,000 per μL and body temperatures ≥39°C. Apoptosis-related genes (Fas, BAX, and TP53) were upregulated acutely and for several days thereafter (days 1–3). In contrast, the expression of immune-modulatory (transcription factor 7, HLV-DOA, and CD6) and apoptosis inhibitory (c-myc, caspase 8, and Fas Ligand G) genes was downregulated initially and returned to normal with clinical recovery (days 7–10). These results indicate that the innate immune response, cytokine, and apoptosis pathways are upregulated acutely in uncomplicated malaria with concomitant downregulation of immune-modulatory and apoptosis inhibitory genes.
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Kartsova LA, Obedkova EV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of biologically active compounds for the diagnosis of various diseases. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Doumbia SO, Ndiaye D, Koita OA, Diakité M, Nwakanma D, Coulibaly M, Traoré SF, Keating J, Milner DA, Ndiaye JL, Sene PD, Ahouidi A, Dieye TN, Gaye O, Okebe J, Ceesay SJ, Ngwa A, Oriero EC, Konaté L, Sy N, Jawara M, Faye O, Kéita M, Cissé M, Sogoba N, Poudiougou B, Diawara S, Sangaré L, Coulibaly T, Seck I, Abubakar I, Gomis J, Mather FJ, Sissako A, Diarra A, Kandeh B, Whalen C, Moyer B, Nnedu O, Thiero O, Bei AK, Daniels R, Miura K, Long CA, Fairhurst RM, Duraisingh M, Muskavitch MA, D’Alessandro U, Conway DJ, Volkman SK, Valim C, Wirth DF, Krogstad DJ. Improving malaria control in West Africa: interruption of transmission as a paradigm shift. Acta Trop 2012; 121:175-83. [PMID: 22142790 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the paradigm shift from the reduction of morbidity and mortality to the interruption of transmission, the focus of malaria control broadens from symptomatic infections in children ≤5 years of age to include asymptomatic infections in older children and adults. In addition, as control efforts intensify and the number of interventions increases, there will be decreases in prevalence, incidence and transmission with additional decreases in morbidity and mortality. Expected secondary consequences of these changes include upward shifts in the peak ages for infection (parasitemia) and disease, increases in the ages for acquisition of antiparasite humoral and cellular immune responses and increases in false-negative blood smears and rapid diagnostic tests. Strategies to monitor these changes must include: (1) studies of the entire population (that are not restricted to children ≤5 or ≤10 years of age), (2) study sites in both cities and rural areas (because of increasing urbanization across sub-Saharan Africa) and (3) innovative strategies for surveillance as the prevalence of infection decreases and the frequency of false-negative smears and rapid diagnostic tests increases.
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Quantification of Plasmodium falciparum malaria from complex infections in the Peruvian Amazon using quantitative PCR of the merozoite surface protein 1, block 2 (PfMSP1-B2): in vitro dynamics reveal density-dependent interactions. Parasitology 2012; 139:701-8. [PMID: 22339946 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates are defined as complex infections because they contain multiple genetically distinct clones. Studying interactions between clones in complex infections in vivo and in vitro could elucidate important phenomena in malaria infection, transmission and treatment. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR) of the P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1, block 2 (PfMSP1-B2), we provide a sensitive and efficient genotyping method. This is important for epidemiological studies because it makes it possible to study genotype-specific growth dynamics. We compared 3 PfMSP1-B2 genotyping methods by analysing 79 field isolates from the Peruvian Amazon. In vivo observations from other studies using these techniques led to the hypothesis that clones within complex infections interact. By co-culturing clones with different PfMSP1-B2 genotypes, and measuring parasitaemia using qPCR, we found that suppression of clonal expansion was a factor of the collective density of all clones present in a culture. PfMSP1-B2 qPCR enabled us to find in vitro evidence for parasite-parasite interactions and could facilitate future investigations of growth trends in naturally occurring complex infections.
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Milner DA, Vareta J, Valim C, Montgomery J, Daniels RF, Volkman SK, Neafsey DE, Park DJ, Schaffner SF, Mahesh NC, Barnes KG, Rosen DM, Lukens AK, Van-Tyne D, Wiegand RC, Sabeti PC, Seydel KB, Glover SJ, Kamiza S, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Wirth DF. Human cerebral malaria and Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in Malawi. Malar J 2012; 11:35. [PMID: 22314206 PMCID: PMC3295736 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria, a severe form of Plasmodium falciparum infection, is an important cause of mortality in sub-Saharan African children. A Taqman 24 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) molecular barcode assay was developed for use in laboratory parasites which estimates genotype number and identifies the predominant genotype. METHODS The 24 SNP assay was used to determine predominant genotypes in blood and tissues from autopsy and clinical patients with cerebral malaria. RESULTS Single genotypes were shared between the peripheral blood, the brain, and other tissues of cerebral malaria patients, while malaria-infected patients who died of non-malarial causes had mixed genetic signatures in tissues examined. Children with retinopathy-positive cerebral malaria had significantly less complex infections than those without retinopathy (OR = 3.7, 95% CI [1.51-9.10]).The complexity of infections significantly decreased over the malaria season in retinopathy-positive patients compared to retinopathy-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral malaria patients harbour a single or small set of predominant parasites; patients with incidental parasitaemia sustain infections involving diverse genotypes. Limited diversity in the peripheral blood of cerebral malaria patients and correlation with tissues supports peripheral blood samples as appropriate for genome-wide association studies of parasite determinants of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny A Milner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Amory 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jimmy Vareta
- The Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Clarissa Valim
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqui Montgomery
- College of Medicine, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel F Daniels
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah K Volkman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nursing, School for Health Sciences, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nira C Mahesh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David M Rosen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daria Van-Tyne
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl B Seydel
- The Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Simon J Glover
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steve Kamiza
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Malcolm E Molyneux
- College of Medicine, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Terrie E Taylor
- The Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from the Artibonite Valley of Haiti. Acta Trop 2012; 121:6-12. [PMID: 21982798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Describing genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite provides important information about the local epidemiology of malaria. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates from the Artibonite Valley in Haiti using the allelic families of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes (msp-1 and msp-2). The majority of study subjects infected with P. falciparum had a single parasite genotype (56% for msp-1 and 69% for msp-2: n=79); 9 distinct msp-1 genotypes were identified by size differences on agarose gels. K1 was the most polymorphic allelic family with 5 genotypes (amplicons from 100 to 300 base pairs [bp]); RO33 was the least polymorphic, with a single genotype (120-bp). Although both msp-2 alleles (3D7/IC1, FC27) had similar number of genotypes (n=4), 3D7/IC1 was more frequent (85% vs. 26%). All samples were screened for the presence of the K76T mutation on the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene with 10 of 79 samples positive. Of the 2 (out of 10) samples from individuals follow-up for 21 days, P. falciparum parasites were present through day 7 after treatment with chloroquine. No parasites were found on day 21. Our results suggest that the level of genetic diversity is low in this area of Haiti, which is consistent with an area of low transmission.
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Londono BL, Eisele TP, Keating J, Bennett A, Chattopadhyay C, Heyliger G, Mack B, Rawson I, Vely JF, Désinor O, Krogstad DJ. Chloroquine-resistant haplotype Plasmodium falciparum parasites, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:735-40. [PMID: 19402959 PMCID: PMC2686998 DOI: 10.3201/eid1505.081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum parasites have been endemic to Haiti for >40 years without evidence of chloroquine (CQ) resistance. In 2006 and 2007, we obtained blood smears for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and filter paper blots of blood from 821 persons by passive and active case detection. P. falciparum infections diagnosed for 79 persons by blood smear or RDT were confirmed by PCR for the small subunit rRNA gene of P. falciparum. Amplification of the P. falciparum CQ resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene yielded 10 samples with amplicons resistant to cleavage by ApoI. A total of 5 of 9 samples had threonine at position 76 of pfcrt, which is consistent with CQ resistance (haplotypes at positions 72-76 were CVIET [n = 4] and CVMNT [n = 1]); 4 had only the wild-type haplotype associated with CQ susceptibility (CVMNK). These results indicate that CQ-resistant haplotype P. falciparum malaria parasites are present in Haiti.
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Liu S, Mu J, Jiang H, Su XZ. Effects of Plasmodium falciparum mixed infections on in vitro antimalarial drug tests and genotyping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:178-184. [PMID: 18689621 PMCID: PMC2680026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum requires accurate measurement of parasite response to a drug. Factors such as mixed infection of drug-resistant and -sensitive parasites can influence drug test outcome. Polymorphic DNA sequences are frequently used to detect mixed infections; infections with a single genotype or having a minor allele smaller than a subjectively selected cut-off value are often considered single infection. We studied the effects of mixed parasite populations containing various ratios of parasites resistant and sensitive to chloroquine on outcomes of drug tests and how ratios of parasite mixtures correlated with genotypes using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Our results show that a mixture with a resistant population as low as 10% could greatly impact a drug test outcome. None of the genotyping methods could reliably detect minor DNA alleles at < or = 10%. Mixed infection presents a serious problem for drug tests, and genotyping using microsatellite or other methods may not reliably reflect true ratios of alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfa Liu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8132, USA.
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Sniehotta M, Schiffer E, Zürbig P, Novak J, Mischak H. CE – a multifunctional application for clinical diagnosis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1407-17. [PMID: 17427258 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CE has been used widely as an analytical tool with high separation power taking advantage of size, charge-to-size ratio, or isoelectric point of various analytes. In combination with detection methods, such as UV absorption, electrochemical detection, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry (MS), it allows the separation and detection of inorganic and organic ions, as well as complex compounds, such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, including PCR amplicons from viruses or bacteria. Recent interest in identification of biomarkers of diseases using body fluids leads to development of CE-MS techniques. These applications allowed identification of new potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. In this report, we present a technical overview of various CE techniques and discuss their applications in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sniehotta
- Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany
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