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Interference with SAMHD1 Restores Late Gene Expression of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Human Dendritic Cells and Abrogates Type I Interferon Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01097-19. [PMID: 31462561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01097-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated poxviruses like modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are promising vectors for vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. However, host innate immune responses interfere with the viral life cycle and also influence the immunogenicity of vaccine vectors. Sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a phosphohydrolase and reduces cellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) concentrations, which impairs poxviral DNA replication in human dendritic cells (DCs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encode an accessory protein called viral protein X (Vpx) that promotes proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1, leading to a rapid increase in cellular dNTP concentrations. To study the function of SAMHD1 during MVA infection of human DCs, the SIV vpx gene was introduced into the MVA genome (resulting in recombinant MVA-vpx). Infection of human DCs with MVA-vpx led to SAMHD1 protein degradation and enabled MVA-vpx to replicate its DNA genome and to express genes controlled by late promoters. Late gene expression by MVA-vpx might improve its vaccine vector properties; however, type I interferon expression was unexpectedly blocked by Vpx-expressing MVA. MVA-vpx can be used as a tool to study poxvirus-host interactions and vector safety.IMPORTANCE SAMHD1 is a phosphohydrolase and reduces cellular dNTP concentrations, which impairs poxviral DNA replication. The simian SIV accessory protein Vpx promotes degradation of SAMHD1, leading to increased cellular dNTP concentrations. Vpx addition enables poxviral DNA replication in human dendritic cells (DCs), as well as the expression of viral late proteins, which is normally blocked. SAMHD1 function during modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) infection of human DCs was studied with recombinant MVA-vpx expressing Vpx. Infection of human DCs with MVA-vpx decreased SAMHD1 protein amounts, enabling MVA DNA replication and expression of late viral genes. Unexpectedly, type I interferon expression was blocked after MVA-vpx infection. MVA-vpx might be a good tool to study SAMHD1 depletion during poxviral infections and to provide insights into poxvirus-host interactions.
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Madiyar FR, Haller SL, Farooq O, Rothenburg S, Culbertson C, Li J. AC dielectrophoretic manipulation and electroporation of vaccinia virus using carbon nanoelectrode arrays. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1515-1525. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foram Ranjeet Madiyar
- Department of Physical Sciences; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Daytona Beach FL USA
- Department of Chemistry; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
| | - Sherry L. Haller
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston TX USA
| | - Omer Farooq
- Department of Physical Sciences; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Daytona Beach FL USA
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; the University of California at Davis; Davis CA USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hubei Normal University; Huangshi P. R. China
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[On-site detection of bioterrorism-relevant agents : Rapid detection methods for viruses, bacteria and toxins - capabilities and limitations]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1577-1586. [PMID: 27778086 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, besides the threat of terrorist attacks involving conventional methods such as explosive devices and automatic weapons, there is also a potential threat of terrorist groups using non-conventional material like biological agents in the scope of future attacks. Consequently, rapid and reliable detection systems for biological agents are being developed and tested continuously to inform crisis management. For environmental detection, a broad spectrum of different laboratory-based techniques has been developed for relevant biological agents. However for environmental samples, fast and reliable on-site detection methods are desired by first responders for rapid assessment.Based on different functional principles, generic, immunological and nucleic-acid-based on-site detection methods can be distinguished. Those should be facile, fast, sensitive, and specific. However, commercially available kits usually have limited sensitivity and often have not been validated independently. Furthermore in this context, the multitude of relevant biological agents that potentially have to be considered present in complex environmental matrices poses a serious challenge for reliable detection. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the specific scope of applications and the limitations of different analytical systems is necessary to evaluate the results obtained purposefully.The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the analytical principles, benefits and limitations of prevailing on-site environmental detection systems for bioterrorism-relevant viruses, bacteria and toxins. Despite promising developments the informative value of currently available on-site tests is still limited. Thus, expert laboratories have to conduct confirmatory testing.
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Li Y, Fraser A, Chen X, Cates S, Wohlgenant K, Jaykus LA. Microbiological analysis of environmental samples collected from child care facilities in North and South Carolina. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:1049-55. [PMID: 25278392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children cared for outside the home are at an increased risk of enteric disease. Microbiological analyses were performed on environmental samples collected from child care facilities in North and South Carolina. METHODS There were 326 samples collected from 40 facilities corresponding to common surfaces (77% of samples) and the hands of care providers (23% of samples). Samples were analyzed for total aerobic plate counts (APCs), total coliforms, biotype I Escherichia coli, and pathogens Shigella spp, Salmonella enterica, E coli O157, Campylobacter jejuni, and human norovirus. RESULTS Median APCs and coliform counts for hands were 4.6 and 1.0 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) per hand, respectively. Median APCs for surfaces were 2.0 and 2.6 log10 CFU for flat and irregular surfaces, respectively. Coliforms were detected in 16% of samples, with counts ranging from 1.0 log10 to > 4.3 log10 CFU, with higher counts most often observed for hand rinse samples. Biotype I E coli counts were below assay detection limits (< 1 log10 CFU) for all but 1 sample. No samples were positive for any of the 4 bacterial pathogens, whereas 4 samples showed evidence of human norovirus RNA. CONCLUSION The relative absence of pathogens and biotype I E coli in environmental samples suggests the child care facilities sampled in this study managed fecal contamination well.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Angela Fraser
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
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Labib M, Zamay AS, Berezovski MV. Multifunctional electrochemical aptasensor for aptamer clones screening, virus quantitation in blood and viability assessment. Analyst 2013; 138:1865-75. [PMID: 23381386 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel attempt was made to develop a disposable multifunctional sensor for analysis of vaccinia virus (VACV), a promising oncolytic agent that can replicate in and kill tumor cells. Briefly, we developed aptamers specific to VACV that were negatively selected against human serum as well as human and mouse blood to be further utilized for viral analysis directly in serum and blood. In addition, the aptamers were negatively selected against heat-inactivated VACV to enable them to distinguish between viable and nonviable virus particles. The selected aptamers were integrated onto an electrochemical aptasensor to perform multiple functions, including quantification of VACV, viability assessment of the virus, and estimation of the binding affinity between the virus and the developed aptamers. The aptasensor was fabricated by self-assembling a hybrid of a thiolated ssDNA primer and a VACV-specific aptamer onto a gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed carbon electrode (GNPs-SPCE). Square wave voltammetry was employed to quantify VACV in serum and blood within the range of 150-900 PFU, with a detection limit of 60 PFU in 30 μL. According to the electrochemical affinity measurements, three virus specific aptamer clones, V-2, V-5, and V-9 exhibited the highest affinity to VACV. Furthermore, flow cytometry was employed to estimate the dissociation constants of the clones which were found to be 26.3, 40.9, and 24.7 nM, respectively. Finally, the developed aptasensor was able to distinguish between the intact virus and the heat-inactivated virus thanks to the tailored selectivity of the aptamers that was achieved via negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Kramski M, Drozd A, Lichtfuss GF, Dabrowski PW, Ellerbrok H. Rapid detection of anti-Vaccinia virus neutralizing antibodies. Virol J 2011; 8:139. [PMID: 21439060 PMCID: PMC3073888 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing infections with Monkeypox and Cowpox viruses pose a continuous and growing threat to human health. The standard method for detecting poxvirus neutralizing antibodies is the plaque-reduction neutralization test that is specific but also time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, a rapid and reliable method was developed to determine neutralizing antibody titers within twelve hours. The new assay measures viral mRNA transcription as a marker for actively replicating virus after incomplete neutralization using real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Kramski
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Safety, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Pauli G, Blümel J, Burger R, Drosten C, Gröner A, Gürtler L, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Montag-Lessing T, Offergeld R, Seitz R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Strobel J, Willkommen H, von König CHW. Orthopox Viruses: Infections in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 37:351-364. [PMID: 21483466 DOI: 10.1159/000322101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pauli
- Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger»
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Levy O, Oron C, Paran N, Keysary A, Israeli O, Yitzhaki S, Olshevsky U. Establishment of cell-based reporter system for diagnosis of poxvirus infection. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Orthopoxvirus detection in environmental specimens during suspected bioterror attacks: inhibitory influences of common household products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:32-7. [PMID: 17965204 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01501-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After terrorists attacked the United States in 2001, the appearance of letters and other objects containing powdery substances with unknown potentials for biological threat focused attention on the speed, sensitivity, and reliability of diagnostic methods. This study summarizes the abilities and limitations of real-time PCR, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation when used to detect potential bioweapons. In particular, we investigated the inhibitory influences of different common household products present in environmental specimens on PCR yield, EM detection, and virus isolation. We used vaccinia virus as a model for orthopoxviruses by spiking it into specimens. In the second part of the study, we describe modifications of diagnostic methods to overcome inhibitory effects. A variety of PCR amplification enhancers, DNA extraction protocols, and applications of internal controls were evaluated to improve diagnostic simplicity, speed, and reliability. As a result, we strongly recommend using at least two different frontline techniques in parallel, e.g., EM and PCR. A positive result obtained by any one of these techniques should be followed by a biological method to confirm the putative diagnosis. Confirmatory methods include virus isolation followed by an agent-specific immunofluorescence assay to confirm the presence of replication-competent particles.
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Kurth A, Nitsche A. Fast and reliable diagnostic methods for the detection of human poxvirus infections. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the most prominent poxvirus, Variola virus, was successfully eradicated in the last century, several other poxviruses cause zoonotic infections that, in the early stages, resemble Variola virus infections with varying pathogenicity in humans. Over recent decades, numerous diagnostic methods for the detection of poxviruses have been established. As a result of technical progress and the advancement in molecular techniques, only a small selection of these methods meet the demands of being rapid and reliable. This review briefly introduces human poxviruses, summarizes the methods available, discusses their pros and cons and provides recommendations for a ‘fast and reliable diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Safety 1, German Consultant Laboratory for Poxviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Nitsche A, Kurth A, Dunkhorst A, Pänke O, Sielaff H, Junge W, Muth D, Scheller F, Stöcklein W, Dahmen C, Pauli G, Kage A. One-step selection of Vaccinia virus-binding DNA aptamers by MonoLEX. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:48. [PMID: 17697378 PMCID: PMC1994675 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a new class of therapeutic and diagnostic reagents, more than fifteen years ago RNA and DNA aptamers were identified as binding molecules to numerous small compounds, proteins and rarely even to complete pathogen particles. Most aptamers were isolated from complex libraries of synthetic nucleic acids by a process termed SELEX based on several selection and amplification steps. Here we report the application of a new one-step selection method (MonoLEX) to acquire high-affinity DNA aptamers binding Vaccinia virus used as a model organism for complex target structures. Results The selection against complete Vaccinia virus particles resulted in a 64-base DNA aptamer specifically binding to orthopoxviruses as validated by dot blot analysis, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and real-time PCR, following an aptamer blotting assay. The same oligonucleotide showed the ability to inhibit in vitro infection of Vaccinia virus and other orthopoxviruses in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion The MonoLEX method is a straightforward procedure as demonstrated here for the identification of a high-affinity DNA aptamer binding Vaccinia virus. MonoLEX comprises a single affinity chromatography step, followed by subsequent physical segmentation of the affinity resin and a single final PCR amplification step of bound aptamers. Therefore, this procedure improves the selection of high affinity aptamers by reducing the competition between aptamers of different affinities during the PCR step, indicating an advantage for the single-round MonoLEX method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Dunkhorst
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pänke
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Biosystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Bahnhofstr. 1, 15747 Wildau, Germany
| | - Hendrik Sielaff
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Junge
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Doreen Muth
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Walter Stöcklein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Claudia Dahmen
- AptaRes AG, Im Biotechnologiepark TGZ I, 14943 Luckenwalde, Germany
| | - Georg Pauli
- Centre for Biological Safety 1, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kage
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Westend Haus 31, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany
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