1
|
Olech M. Conventional and State-of-the-Art Detection Methods of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087135. [PMID: 37108297 PMCID: PMC10139118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to a group of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). It is believed that the infectious agent responsible for prion diseases is abnormally folded prion protein (PrPSc), which derives from a normal cellular protein (PrPC), which is a cell surface glycoprotein predominantly expressed in neurons. There are three different types of BSE, the classical BSE (C-type) strain and two atypical strains (H-type and L-type). BSE is primarily a disease of cattle; however, sheep and goats also can be infected with BSE strains and develop a disease clinically and pathogenically indistinguishable from scrapie. Therefore, TSE cases in cattle and small ruminants require discriminatory testing to determine whether the TSE is BSE or scrapie and to discriminate classical BSE from the atypical H- or L-type strains. Many methods have been developed for the detection of BSE and have been reported in numerous studies. Detection of BSE is mainly based on the identification of characteristic lesions or detection of the PrPSc in the brain, often by use of their partial proteinase K resistance properties. The objective of this paper was to summarize the currently available methods, highlight their diagnostic performance, and emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of the application of individual tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ortega MÁ, Guzmán Merino A, Fraile-Martínez O, Recio-Ruiz J, Pekarek L, G. Guijarro L, García-Honduvilla N, Álvarez-Mon M, Buján J, García-Gallego S. Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090874. [PMID: 32937793 PMCID: PMC7560085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the main global public health risks, predominantly caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The control of infections is founded on three main pillars: prevention, treatment, and diagnosis. However, the appearance of microbial resistance has challenged traditional strategies and demands new approaches. Dendrimers are a type of polymeric nanoparticles whose nanometric size, multivalency, biocompatibility, and structural perfection offer boundless possibilities in multiple biomedical applications. This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Examples of dendrimers as antimicrobial agents per se, as nanocarriers of antimicrobial drugs, as well as their uses in gene transfection, in vaccines or as contrast agents in imaging assays are presented. Despite the need to address some challenges in order to be used in the clinic, dendritic materials appear as an innovative tool with a brilliant future ahead in the clinical management of infectious diseases and many other health issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Guzmán Merino
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Judith Recio-Ruiz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Luis G. Guijarro
- Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Networking Research Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology and Medicine Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Langeveld JPM, Pirisinu L, Jacobs JG, Mazza M, Lantier I, Simon S, Andréoletti O, Acin C, Esposito E, Fast C, Groschup M, Goldmann W, Spiropoulos J, Sklaviadis T, Lantier F, Ekateriniadou L, Papasavva-Stylianou P, van Keulen LJM, Acutis PL, Agrimi U, Bossers A, Nonno R. Four types of scrapie in goats differentiated from each other and bovine spongiform encephalopathy by biochemical methods. Vet Res 2019; 50:97. [PMID: 31767033 PMCID: PMC6878695 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrapie in goats has been known since 1942, the archetype of prion diseases in which only prion protein (PrP) in misfolded state (PrPSc) acts as infectious agent with fatal consequence. Emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) with its zoonotic behaviour and detection in goats enhanced fears that its source was located in small ruminants. However, in goats knowledge on prion strain typing is limited. A European-wide study is presented concerning the biochemical phenotypes of the protease resistant fraction of PrPSc (PrPres) in over thirty brain isolates from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affected goats collected in seven countries. Three different scrapie forms were found: classical scrapie (CS), Nor98/atypical scrapie and one case of CH1641 scrapie. In addition, CS was found in two variants-CS-1 and CS-2 (mainly Italy)-which differed in proteolytic resistance of the PrPres N-terminus. Suitable PrPres markers for discriminating CH1641 from BSE (C-type) appeared to be glycoprofile pattern, presence of two triplets instead of one, and structural (in)stability of its core amino acid region. None of the samples exhibited BSE like features. BSE and these four scrapie types, of which CS-2 is new, can be recognized in goats with combinations of a set of nine biochemical parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P M Langeveld
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), 299-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Jorg G Jacobs
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Mazza
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte (IZSTO), 10154, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Isabelle Lantier
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Acin
- Research Centre for TSE and Emerging Transmissible Diseases, University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), 299-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh (UEDIN), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frederic Lantier
- UMR 1282 ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Loukia Ekateriniadou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Lucien J M van Keulen
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Pier-Luigi Acutis
- Italian Reference Centre for TSEs, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte (IZSTO), 10154, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), 299-00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), 299-00161, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Gironés R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Skandamis P, Speybroeck N, Simmons M, Kuile BT, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Acutis PL, Andreoletti O, Goldmann W, Langeveld J, Windig JJ, Ortiz Pelaez A, Snary E. Genetic resistance to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in goats. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04962. [PMID: 32625625 PMCID: PMC7010077 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breeding programmes to promote resistance to classical scrapie, similar to those for sheep in existing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) regulations, have not been established in goats. The European Commission requested a scientific opinion from EFSA on the current knowledge of genetic resistance to TSE in goats. An evaluation tool, which considers both the weight of evidence and strength of resistance to classical scrapie of alleles in the goat PRNP gene, was developed and applied to nine selected alleles of interest. Using the tool, the quality and certainty of the field and experimental data are considered robust enough to conclude that the K222, D146 and S146 alleles both confer genetic resistance against classical scrapie strains known to occur naturally in the EU goat population, with which they have been challenged both experimentally and under field conditions. The weight of evidence for K222 is greater than that currently available for the D146 and S146 alleles and for the ARR allele in sheep in 2001. Breeding for resistance can be an effective tool for controlling classical scrapie in goats and it could be an option available to member states, both at herd and population levels. There is insufficient evidence to assess the impact of K222, D146 and S146 alleles on susceptibility to atypical scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or on health and production traits. These alleles are heterogeneously distributed across the EU Member States and goat breeds, but often at low frequencies (< 10%). Given these low frequencies, high selection pressure may have an adverse effect on genetic diversity so any breeding for resistance programmes should be developed at Member States, rather than EU level and their impact monitored, with particular attention to the potential for any negative impact in rare or small population breeds.
Collapse
|
5
|
West Greenlee MH, Lind M, Kokemuller R, Mammadova N, Kondru N, Manne S, Smith J, Kanthasamy A, Greenlee J. Temporal Resolution of Misfolded Prion Protein Transport, Accumulation, Glial Activation, and Neuronal Death in the Retinas of Mice Inoculated with Scrapie. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2302-9. [PMID: 27521336 PMCID: PMC5012505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of pathological landmarks to describe the progression of prion disease in vivo. Our goal was to use an experimental model to determine the temporal relationship between the transport of misfolded prion protein (PrP(Sc)) from the brain to the retina, the accumulation of PrP(Sc) in the retina, the response of the surrounding retinal tissue, and loss of neurons. Retinal samples from mice inoculated with RML scrapie were collected at 30, 60, 90, 105, and 120 days post inoculation (dpi) or at the onset of clinical signs of disease (153 dpi). Retinal homogenates were tested for prion seeding activity. Antibody staining was used to assess accumulation of PrP(Sc) and the resulting response of retinal tissue. Loss of photoreceptors was used as a measure of neuronal death. PrP(Sc) seeding activity was first detected in all samples at 60 dpi. Accumulation of PrP(Sc) and coincident activation of retinal glia were first detected at 90 dpi. Activation of microglia was first detected at 105 dpi, but neuronal death was not detectable until 120 dpi. Our results demonstrate that by using the retina we can resolve the temporal separation between several key events in the pathogenesis of prion disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heather West Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa; Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.
| | - Melissa Lind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robyn Kokemuller
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Naveen Kondru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sireesha Manne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jodi Smith
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Justin Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Disease Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Langeveld JPM, Jacobs JG, Erkens JHF, Baron T, Andréoletti O, Yokoyama T, van Keulen LJM, van Zijderveld FG, Davidse A, Hope J, Tang Y, Bossers A. Sheep prions with molecular properties intermediate between classical scrapie, BSE and CH1641-scrapie. Prion 2015; 8:296-305. [PMID: 25522672 PMCID: PMC4601226 DOI: 10.4161/19336896.2014.983396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to differentiate bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from scrapie in prion infected sheep have resulted in effective methods to decide about the absence of BSE. In rare instances uncertainties remain due to assumptions that BSE, classical scrapie and CH1641–a rare scrapie variant–could occur as mixtures. In field samples including those from fallen stock, triplex Western blotting analyses of variations in the molecular properties of the proteinase K resistant part of the disease‑associated form of prion protein (PrPres) represents a powerful tool for quick discrimination purposes. In this study we examined 7 deviant ovine field cases of scrapie for some typical molecular aspects of PrPres found in CH1641‑scrapie, classical scrapie and BSE. One case was most close to scrapie with respect to molecular mass of its non-glycosylated fraction and N-terminally located 12B2‑epitope content. Two cases were unlike classical scrapie but too weak to differentiate between BSE or CH1641. The other 4 cases appeared intermediate between scrapie and CH1641 with a reduced molecular mass and 12B2‑epitope content, together with the characteristic presence of a second PrPres population. The existence of these 2 PrPres populations was further confirmed through deglycosylation by PNGaseF. The findings indicate that discriminatory diagnosis between classical scrapie, CH1641 and BSE can remain inconclusive with current biochemical methods. Whether such intermediate cases represent mixtures of TSE strains should be further investigated e.g. in bioassays with rodent lines that are varying in their susceptibility or other techniques suitable for strain typing.
Collapse
Key Words
- AVG, average
- BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- CH1641
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- PK, proteinase K
- PrPC ,prion protein in cellular form
- PrPSc, prion protein in TSE associated form
- PrPres, proteinase K resistant fragment of PrPSc
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TE, tissue equivalents
- TSE, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- VC, variation coefficient.
- Western blot
- ic., intracerebrally
- ip., intraperitoneally
- prion
- sheep
- triplex-WB, triplex Western blotting method
- typing
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P M Langeveld
- a Department of Infection Biology ; Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR ; Lelystad , The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Does the Presence of Scrapie Affect the Ability of Current Statutory Discriminatory Tests To Detect the Presence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy? J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2593-604. [PMID: 26041899 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00508-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current European Commission (EC) surveillance regulations require discriminatory testing of all transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)-positive small ruminant (SR) samples in order to classify them as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or non-BSE. This requires a range of tests, including characterization by bioassay in mouse models. Since 2005, naturally occurring BSE has been identified in two goats. It has also been demonstrated that more than one distinct TSE strain can coinfect a single animal in natural field situations. This study assesses the ability of the statutory methods as listed in the regulation to identify BSE in a blinded series of brain samples, in which ovine BSE and distinct isolates of scrapie are mixed at various ratios ranging from 99% to 1%. Additionally, these current statutory tests were compared with a new in vitro discriminatory method, which uses serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting consistently detected 50% BSE within a mixture, but at higher dilutions it had variable success. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method consistently detected BSE only when it was present as 99% of the mixture, with variable success at higher dilutions. Bioassay and sPMCA reported BSE in all samples where it was present, down to 1%. sPMCA also consistently detected the presence of BSE in mixtures at 0.1%. While bioassay is the only validated method that allows comprehensive phenotypic characterization of an unknown TSE isolate, the sPMCA assay appears to offer a fast and cost-effective alternative for the screening of unknown isolates when the purpose of the investigation was solely to determine the presence or absence of BSE.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rasmussen J, Gilroyed BH, Reuter T, Dudas S, Neumann NF, Balachandran A, Kav NNV, Graham C, Czub S, McAllister TA. Can plants serve as a vector for prions causing chronic wasting disease? Prion 2015; 8:136-42. [PMID: 24509640 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions, the causative agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD) enter the environment through shedding of bodily fluids and carcass decay, posing a disease risk as a result of their environmental persistence. Plants have the ability to take up large organic particles, including whole proteins, and microbes. This study used wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to investigate the uptake of infectious CWD prions into roots and their transport into aerial tissues. The roots of intact wheat plants were exposed to infectious prions (PrP(TSE)) for 24 h in three replicate studies with PrP(TSE) in protein extracts being detected by western blot, IDEXX and Bio-Rad diagnostic tests. Recombinant prion protein (PrP(C)) bound to roots, but was not detected in the stem or leaves. Protease-digested CWD prions (PrP(TSE)) in elk brain homogenate interacted with root tissue, but were not detected in the stem. This suggests wheat was unable to transport sufficient PrP(TSE) from the roots to the stem to be detectable by the methods employed. Undigested PrP(TSE) did not associate with roots. The present study suggests that if prions are transported from the roots to the stems it is at levels that are below those that are detectable by western blot, IDEXX or Bio-Rad diagnostic kits.
Collapse
|
9
|
Elements modulating the prion species barrier and its passage consequences. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89722. [PMID: 24608126 PMCID: PMC3946430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific characteristics of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) strains may be altered during passage across a species barrier. In this study we investigated the biochemical and biological characteristics of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) after transmission in both natural host species (cattle, sheep, pigs and mice) and in transgenic mice overexpressing the corresponding cellular prion protein (PrPC) in comparison with other non-BSE related prions from the same species. After these passages, most features of the BSE agent remained unchanged. BSE-derived agents only showed slight modifications in the biochemical properties of the accumulated PrPSc, which were demonstrated to be reversible upon re-inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine-PrPC. Transmission experiments in transgenic mice expressing bovine, porcine or human-PrP revealed that all BSE-derived agents were transmitted with no or a weak transmission barrier. In contrast, a high species barrier was observed for the non-BSE related prions that harboured an identical PrP amino acid sequence, supporting the theory that the prion transmission barrier is modulated by strain properties (presumably conformation-dependent) rather than by PrP amino acid sequence differences between host and donor. As identical results were observed with prions propagated either in natural hosts or in transgenic mouse models, we postulate that the species barrier and its passage consequences are uniquely governed by the host PrPC sequence and not influenced by other host genetic factors. The results presented herein reinforce the idea that the BSE agent is highly promiscuous, infecting other species, maintaining its properties in the new species, and even increasing its capabilities to jump to other species including humans. These data are essential for the development of an accurate risk assessment for BSE.
Collapse
|
10
|
TSE diagnostics: recent advances in immunoassaying prions. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:360604. [PMID: 23970925 PMCID: PMC3732588 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a group of rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases, affecting humans and animals. They are believed to be the consequence of the conversion of the cellular prion protein to its aggregation-prone, β-sheet-rich isoform, named prion. Definite diagnosis of TSEs is determined post mortem. For this purpose, immunoassays for analyzing brain tissue have been developed. However, the ultimate goal of TSE diagnostics is an ante mortem test, which would be sensitive enough to detect prions in body fluids, that is, in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine. Such a test would be of paramount importance also for screening of asymptomatic carriers of the disease with the aim of increasing food, drugs, and blood-derived products safety. In the present paper, we have reviewed recent advances in the development of immunoassays for the detection of prions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Johnson
- Synatom Research, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- James M McCarthy
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
All major prion types recognised by a multiplex immunofluorometric assay for disease screening and confirmation in sheep. J Immunol Methods 2012; 380:30-9. [PMID: 22498749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants are presented in many forms: classical scrapie, Nor98/atypical scrapie, CH1641 scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). We previously described a multiplex immunofluorometric assay (mIFMA), based on a bead array flow cytometry technology, which provided, in a single assay, discrimination between BSE (in cattle and sheep) and classical scrapie (Tang et al., 2010). In this study, we extended the mlFMA to differentiate classical scrapie, atypical scrapie, BSE (experimentally infected sheep and naturally infected cattle) and CH1641 (both experimental and natural CH1641-like infections in sheep). Three capture antibodies were used, two distinct PrP N-terminus specific antibodies 12B2 and 9A2, and a PrP core specific antibody 94B4. All three antibodies were shown to bind classical scrapie PrP(res) strongly, whereas in Nor98/atypical scrapie PrP(res) only 12B2 and 9A2 binding was observed. PrP(res) binding of 12B2 was low for both BSE and CH1641, as expected. Furthermore, analysis of serially diluted samples indicated that the assay provided a similar level of sensitivity for atypical scrapie as that found using a well established commercial test. Unexpectedly, 9A2 binding to CH1641 PrP(res) was reduced by 2.1 fold both for experimental CH1641 and CH1641-like scrapie when compared with BSE, suggesting that major cleavage of the N-terminus occurs further towards the C-terminus in CH1641 than in BSE. The ratios of 12B2/94B4 and 9A2/94B4 were similar between experimental CH1641 and CH1641-like cases, although two CH1641-like subjects displayed slightly elevated ratios of both 12B2/94B4 and 9A2/94B4. To verify this finding for PrP(res), mass spectrometry based quantification was used to determine the absolute abundance of the peptides associated with all three antibody binding regions. There was a 2.2 fold reduction of peptides containing the 9A2 epitope for experimental CH1641 PrP(res) in comparison to BSE PrP(res). Observation of reduced PrP(res) may serve as a new marker for CH1641. This mIFMA may thus provide the basis for simplified TSE diagnosis with capability for simultaneous screening and differential diagnosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Webb PR, Denyer M, Gough J, Spiropoulos J, Simmons MM, Spencer YI. Paraffin-embedded tissue blot as a sensitive method for discrimination between classical scrapie and experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:492-8. [PMID: 21908277 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711403399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot was modified for use as a tool to differentiate between classical scrapie and experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep. Medulla (obex) from 21 cases of classical scrapie and 6 cases of experimental ovine BSE were used to develop the method such that it can be used as a tool to differentiate between BSE and scrapie in the same way that differential immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been used previously. The differential PET blot successfully differentiated between all of the scrapie and ovine BSE cases. Differentiation was permitted more easily with PET blot than by differential IHC, with accurate observations possible at the macroscopic level. At the microscopic level, sensitivity was such that discrimination by the differential PET blot could be made with more confidence than with differential IHC in cases where the immunohistochemical differences were subtle. The differential PET blot makes use of harsh epitope demasking conditions, and, because of the differences in the way prion protein is processed in different prion diseases, it can serve as a new, highly sensitive method to discriminate between classical scrapie and experimental BSE in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Webb
- Department of Pathology and Host Susceptability, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Migliore S, Esposito E, Pirisinu L, Marcon S, Di Bari M, D'Agostino C, Chiappini B, Conte M, Sezzi E, De Grossi L, Agrimi U, Vaccari G, Nonno R. Effect of PrP genotype and route of inoculation on the ability of discriminatory Western blot to distinguish scrapie from sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:450-455. [PMID: 21994325 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Procedures for discriminating scrapie from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep are relevant to ascertain whether BSE has entered the sheep population. This study was aimed at investigating whether the suitability of an official EU discriminative method is affected by the sheep PrP genotype and route of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Migliore
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcon
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiappini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Conte
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Erminia Sezzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Italy
| | - Luigi De Grossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vulin J, Biacabe AG, Cazeau G, Calavas D, Baron T. Molecular typing of protease-resistant prion protein in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of small ruminants, France, 2002-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:55-63. [PMID: 21192855 PMCID: PMC3204636 DOI: 10.3201/eid1701.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may be infecting small ruminants, which could have serious implications for human health. To distinguish BSE from scrapie and to examine the molecular characteristics of the protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres), we used a specifically designed Western blot method to test isolates from 648 sheep and 53 goats. During 2002–2009, classical non-Nor98 transmissible spongiform encephalopathy had been confirmed among ≈1.7 million small ruminants in France. Five sheep and 2 goats that showed a PrPres pattern consistent with BSE, or with the CH1641 experimental scrapie source, were identified. Later, bioassays confirmed infection by the BSE agent in 1 of the 2 goats. Western blot testing of the 6 other isolates showed an additional C-terminally cleaved PrPres product, with an unglycosylated band at ≈14 kDa, similar to that found in the CH1641 experimental scrapie isolate and different from the BSE isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Vulin
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wemheuer WM, Benestad SL, Wrede A, Wemheuer WE, Brenig B, Bratberg B, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. PrPSc spreading patterns in the brain of sheep linked to different prion types. Vet Res 2011; 42:32. [PMID: 21324114 PMCID: PMC3050706 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie in sheep and goats has been known for more than 250 years and belongs nowadays to the so-called prion diseases that also include e.g. bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. According to the prion hypothesis, the pathological isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) comprises the essential, if not exclusive, component of the transmissible agent. Currently, two types of scrapie disease are known - classical and atypical/Nor98 scrapie. In the present study we examine 24 cases of classical and 25 cases of atypical/Nor98 scrapie with the sensitive PET blot method and validate the results with conventional immunohistochemistry. The sequential detection of PrPSc aggregates in the CNS of classical scrapie sheep implies that after neuroinvasion a spread from spinal cord and obex to the cerebellum, diencephalon and frontal cortex via the rostral brainstem takes place. We categorize the spread of PrPSc into four stages: the CNS entry stage, the brainstem stage, the cruciate sulcus stage and finally the basal ganglia stage. Such a sequential development of PrPSc was not detectable upon analysis of the present atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases. PrPSc distribution in one case of atypical/Nor98 scrapie in a presumably early disease phase suggests that the spread of PrPSc aggregates starts in the di- or telencephalon. In addition to the spontaneous generation of PrPSc, an uptake of the infectious agent into the brain, that bypasses the brainstem and starts its accumulation in the thalamus, needs to be taken into consideration for atypical/Nor98 scrapie.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke M Wemheuer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str, 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seuberlich T, Heim D, Zurbriggen A. Atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in ruminants: a challenge for disease surveillance and control. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:823-42. [PMID: 21088166 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1987, when bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) emerged as a novel disease in cattle, enormous efforts were undertaken to monitor and control the disease in ruminants worldwide. The driving force was its high economic impact, which resulted from trade restrictions and the loss of consumer confidence in beef products, the latter because BSE turned out to be a fatal zoonosis, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in human beings. The ban on meat and bone meal in livestock feed and the removal of specified risk materials from the food chain were the main measures to successfully prevent infection in cattle and to protect human beings from BSE exposure. However, although BSE is now under control, previously unknown, so-called atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in cattle and small ruminants have been identified by enhanced disease surveillance. This report briefly reviews and summarizes the current level of knowledge on the spectrum of TSEs in cattle and small ruminants and addresses the question of the extent to which such atypical TSEs have an effect on disease surveillance and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Seuberlich
- NeuroCentre, National and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, DCR-VPH, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Joint Scientific Opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
20
|
Lezmi S, Seuberlich T, Oevermann A, Baron T, Bencsik A. Comparison of brain PrPd distribution in ovine BSE and scrapie. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1101-8. [PMID: 21245284 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810395784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are both prion diseases affecting ruminants, and these diseases do not share the same public health concerns. Surveillance of the BSE agent in small ruminants has been a great challenge, and the recent identification of diverse prion diseases in ruminants has led to the development of new methods for strain typing. In our study, using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we assessed the distribution of PrP(d) in the brains of 2 experimentally BSE-infected sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype. Distribution of PrP(d) in the brain, from the spinal cord to the frontal cortex, was remarkably similar in the 2 sheep despite different inoculation routes and incubation periods. Comparatively, overall PrP(d) brain distribution, evaluated by IHC, in 19 scrapie cases with the ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/VRQ, and VRQ/VRQ genotypes, in some cases showed similarities to the experimentally BSE-infected sheep. There was no exclusive neuroanatomical site with a characteristic and specific PrP(d) type of accumulation induced by the BSE agent. However, a detailed analysis of the topography, types, and intensity of PrP(d) deposits in the frontal cortex, striatum, piriform cortex, hippocampus, mesencephalon, and cerebellum allowed the BSE-affected sheep group to be distinguished from the 19 scrapie cases analyzed in our study. These results strengthen and emphasize the potential interest of PrP(d) brain mapping to help in identifying prion strains in small ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lezmi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang Y, Thorne J, Whatling K, Jacobs JG, Langeveld J, Sauer MJ. A single step multiplex immunofluorometric assay for differential diagnosis of BSE and scrapie. J Immunol Methods 2010; 356:29-38. [PMID: 20214905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there is no evidence that the European sheep population has been infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), distinguishing this from scrapie is paramount, given the association between BSE exposure and the human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The capability to differentially diagnose TSEs in sheep is thus essential in order to safeguard the food chain and human health. Biochemical methods for differentiating BSE and scrapie are largely reliant on assessment by Western blot (WB) analysis of the abnormal disease associated prion protein PrP(D) following partial proteolytic digestion. WB banding patterns obtained using a panel of antibodies enable different strain specific conformations of PrP(D) to be distinguished. This approach provides a robust confirmatory test but one which is not appropriate for high throughput screening. A simple, one step, bead array flow cytometry based multiplex immunofluorometric assay has been developed which is suitable for simultaneous screening and confirmation. Using a combination of antibodies directed towards three PrP epitopes enabled differential diagnosis of scrapie and BSE. Proof of principle studies indicated a high predictive value (100%) when applied to brain samples from control animals, BSE infected cattle and sheep naturally infected with scrapie or experimentally infected with BSE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tixador P, Herzog L, Reine F, Jaumain E, Chapuis J, Le Dur A, Laude H, Béringue V. The physical relationship between infectivity and prion protein aggregates is strain-dependent. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000859. [PMID: 20419156 PMCID: PMC2855332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are unconventional infectious agents thought to be primarily composed of PrP(Sc), a multimeric misfolded conformer of the ubiquitously expressed host-encoded prion protein (PrP(C)). They cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in both animals and humans. The disease phenotype is not uniform within species, and stable, self-propagating variations in PrP(Sc) conformation could encode this 'strain' diversity. However, much remains to be learned about the physical relationship between the infectious agent and PrP(Sc) aggregation state, and how this varies according to the strain. We applied a sedimentation velocity technique to a panel of natural, biologically cloned strains obtained by propagation of classical and atypical sheep scrapie and BSE infectious sources in transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP. Detergent-solubilized, infected brain homogenates were used as starting material. Solubilization conditions were optimized to separate PrP(Sc) aggregates from PrP(C). The distribution of PrP(Sc) and infectivity in the gradient was determined by immunoblotting and mouse bioassay, respectively. As a general feature, a major proteinase K-resistant PrP(Sc) peak was observed in the middle part of the gradient. This population approximately corresponds to multimers of 12-30 PrP molecules, if constituted of PrP only. For two strains, infectivity peaked in a markedly different region of the gradient. This most infectious component sedimented very slowly, suggesting small size oligomers and/or low density PrP(Sc) aggregates. Extending this study to hamster prions passaged in hamster PrP transgenic mice revealed that the highly infectious, slowly sedimenting particles could be a feature of strains able to induce a rapidly lethal disease. Our findings suggest that prion infectious particles are subjected to marked strain-dependent variations, which in turn could influence the strain biological phenotype, in particular the replication dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Tixador
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laëtitia Herzog
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Jaumain
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annick Le Dur
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nicot S, Baron TGM. Strain-specific proteolytic processing of the prion protein in prion diseases of ruminants transmitted in ovine transgenic mice. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:570-4. [PMID: 19828761 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral prion protein (PrP) isolated in the absence of proteinase K digestion, from ruminants prion sources transmitted to ovine transgenic mice, was studied by Western blot analysis. A C2 PrP fragment, showing strain-specific cleavages, similar to those observed after proteinase K or thermolysin digestion, accumulated in the brain. 'CH1641-like' scrapie was characterized by the unique accumulation of a more C-terminally cleaved PrP fragment (CTF14). A similar, protease-resistant, PrP product was observed after proteinase K or thermolysin digestion. Whereas classical BSE appeared highly resistant to thermolysin digestion, CH1641 and 'CH1641-like' natural isolates did not show any remarkable feature regarding resistance to thermolysin. Thus, the molecular strain-specific features in the brain of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infected mice essentially reflect the PrP proteolytic processing occurring in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicot
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments - Lyon, Unité ATNC, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Statement on a protocol for additional data collection based on the EFSA recommendations about resistance to scrapie in goats in Cyprus. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
25
|
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an infectious disease of cattle that is transmitted through the consumption of meat-and-bone meal from infected cattle. The etiologic agent is an aberrant isoform of the native cellular prion protein that is a normal component of neurologic tissue. There currently are no approved tests that can detect BSE in live cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Harman
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, USDA, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|