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Balmoș OM, Ionică AM, Horvath C, Supeanu A, Moțiu M, Ancuceanu BC, Tamba P, Bărbuceanu F, Cotuțiu V, Coroian M, Dhollander S, Mihalca AD. African swine fever virus DNA is present in non-biting flies collected from outbreak farms in Romania. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:278. [PMID: 38943218 PMCID: PMC11212390 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe haemorrhagic disease of Suidae, with mortalities that approach 100 percent. Several studies suggested the potential implication of non-biting dipterans in the spread of ASFV in pig farms due to the identification of the ASFV DNA. However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated the viral DNA load in non-biting dipterans collected in outbreak farms and no risk factors have been analysed. In this context, our study aimed to analyse the risk factors associated with the presence of non-biting dipterans collected from ASF outbreaks in relation to the presence and load of viral DNA. METHODS Backyard farms (BF), type A farms (TAF), and commercial farms (CF), were targeted for sampling in 2020. In 2021, no BF were sampled. Each farm was sampled only once. The identification of the collected flies to family, genus, or species level was performed based on morphological characteristics using specific keys and descriptions. Pools were made prior to DNA extraction. All extracted DNA was tested for the presence of the ASFV using a real-time PCR protocol. For this study, we considered every sample with a CT value of 40 as positive. The statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info 7 software (CDC, USA). RESULTS All collected non-biting flies belonged to five families: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Fanniidae, Drosophilidae, and Muscidae. Of the 361 pools, 201 were positive for the presence of ASFV DNA. The obtained CT values of the positive samples ranged from 21.54 to 39.63, with a median value of 33.59 and a mean value of 33.56. Significantly lower CT values (corresponding to higher viral DNA load) were obtained in Sarcophagidae, with a mean value of 32.56; a significantly higher number of positive pools were noticed in August, mean value = 33.12. CONCLUSIONS Our study brings compelling evidence of the presence of the most common synanthropic flies near domestic pig farms carrying ASFV DNA, highlighting the importance of strengthening the biosecurity measures and protocols for prevention of the insect life cycle and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Maria Balmoș
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, Strada Iuliu Moldovan 23, 400348, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cintia Horvath
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Supeanu
- National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, Piața Presei Libere 1, Corp D1, Sector 1, 013701, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Moțiu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Strada Dr. Staicovici 63, Sector 5, 050557, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Beatris Corina Ancuceanu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Strada Dr. Staicovici 63, Sector 5, 050557, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paula Tamba
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Strada Dr. Staicovici 63, Sector 5, 050557, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Splaiul Independentei 105, Bucharest, 050097, Romania
| | - Florica Bărbuceanu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Strada Dr. Staicovici 63, Sector 5, 050557, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Splaiul Independentei 105, Bucharest, 050097, Romania
| | - Vlad Cotuțiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea Coroian
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sofie Dhollander
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
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Dupré J, Le Dimna M, Hutet E, Dujardin P, Fablet A, Leroy A, Fleurot I, Karadjian G, Roesch F, Caballero I, Bourry O, Vitour D, Le Potier MF, Caignard G. Exploring type I interferon pathway: virulent vs. attenuated strain of African swine fever virus revealing a novel function carried by MGF505-4R. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358219. [PMID: 38529285 PMCID: PMC10961335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus represents a significant reemerging threat to livestock populations, as its incidence and geographic distribution have surged over the past decade in Europe, Asia, and Caribbean, resulting in substantial socio-economic burdens and adverse effects on animal health and welfare. In a previous report, we described the protective properties of our newly thermo-attenuated strain (ASFV-989) in pigs against an experimental infection of its parental Georgia 2007/1 virulent strain. In this new study, our objective was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of ASFV-989. We first compared the activation of type I interferon pathway in response to ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 infections, employing both in vivo and in vitro models. Expression of IFN-α was significantly increased in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with ASFV-989 while pigs infected with Georgia 2007/1 showed higher IFN-α than those infected by ASFV-989. We also used a medium-throughput transcriptomic approach to study the expression of viral genes by both strains, and identified several patterns of gene expression. Subsequently, we investigated whether proteins encoded by the eight genes deleted in ASFV-989 contribute to the modulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway. Using different strategies, we showed that MGF505-4R interfered with the induction of IFN-α/β pathway, likely through interaction with TRAF3. Altogether, our data reveal key differences between ASFV-989 and Georgia 2007/1 in their ability to control IFN-α/β signaling and provide molecular mechanisms underlying the role of MGF505-4R as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Dupré
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Mireille Le Dimna
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Evelyne Hutet
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Pascal Dujardin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélien Leroy
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Fleurot
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- UMR Biologie moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires (BIPAR), ENVA-INRAE-ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ferdinand Roesch
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ignacio Caballero
- UMR 1282 Infectiologie et santé publique (ISP), INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) VIROLOGIE, Institut National Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rogoll L, Güttner AK, Schulz K, Bergmann H, Staubach C, Conraths FJ, Sauter-Louis C. Seasonal Occurrence of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar and Domestic Pigs in EU Member States. Viruses 2023; 15:1955. [PMID: 37766361 PMCID: PMC10536336 DOI: 10.3390/v15091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has spread widely within Europe and beyond. Most affected countries recorded outbreaks in domestic pigs and cases in wild boar. Outbreak data from 2014 to 2021 were used to investigate the seasonal pattern of ASF in domestic pigs and wild boar across affected member states of the European Union, since knowledge of seasonal patterns may provide the potential to adapt prevention, surveillance and control during times of increased risk. In domestic pigs, a yearly peak was observed in many European countries in summer (predominantly in July and August). In wild boar, the patterns showed more variability. In many countries, there was a seasonal peak of ASF occurrence in winter (predominantly in January and December), with an additional summer peak in the Baltic States (predominantly in July) and a further spring peak in Poland (predominantly in March). The observed seasonal effects may be related to the abundance and population dynamics of wild boar and to seasonality in pig farming. Moreover, ASF occurrence may also be influenced by human activities in both domestic pigs and wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rogoll
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.-K.G.); (K.S.); (H.B.); (C.S.); (F.J.C.); (C.S.-L.)
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Ruiz-Saenz J, Diaz A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Aguilar PV. African swine fever virus: A re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1011891. [PMID: 36274746 PMCID: PMC9581234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia,*Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz ;
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC—Pig Improvement Company, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States,Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Craig AF, Schade-Weskott ML, Rametse T, Heath L, Kriel GJP, de Klerk-Lorist LM, van Schalkwyk L, Trujillo JD, Crafford JE, Richt JA, Swanepoel R. Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Ornithodoros Tick Species Associated with Indigenous and Extralimital Warthog Populations in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:1617. [PMID: 35893686 PMCID: PMC9331695 DOI: 10.3390/v14081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that sylvatic circulation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in warthogs and Ornithodoros ticks had extended beyond the historically affected northern part of South Africa that was declared a controlled area in 1935 to prevent the spread of infection to the rest of the country. We recently reported finding antibody to the virus in extralimital warthogs in the south of the country, and now describe the detection of infected ticks outside the controlled area. A total of 5078 ticks was collected at 45 locations in 7/9 provinces during 2019-2021 and assayed as 711 pools for virus content by qPCR, while 221 pools were also analysed for tick phylogenetics. Viral nucleic acid was detected in 50 tick pools representing all four members of the Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata complex known to occur in South Africa: O. (O.) waterbergensis and O. (O.) phacochoerus species yielded ASFV genotypes XX, XXI, XXII at 4 locations and O. (O.) moubata yielded ASFV genotype I at two locations inside the controlled area. Outside the controlled area, O. (O.) moubata and O. (O.) compactus ticks yielded ASFV genotype I at 7 locations, while genotype III ASFV was identified in O. (O.) compactus ticks at a single location. Two of the three species of the O. (O.) savignyi complex ticks known to be present in the country, O. (O.) kalahariensis and O. (O.) noorsveldensis, were collected at single locations and found negative for virus. The only member of the Pavlovskyella subgenus of Ornithodoros ticks known to occur in South Africa, O. (P.) zumpti, was collected from warthog burrows for the first time, in Addo National Park in the Eastern Cape Province where ASFV had never been recorded, and it tested negative for the viral nucleic acid. While it is confirmed that there is sylvatic circulation of ASFV outside the controlled area in South Africa, there is a need for more extensive surveillance and for vector competence studies with various species of Ornithodoros ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. Craig
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Mathilde L. Schade-Weskott
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Thapelo Rametse
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Transboundary Animal Diseases Laboratory, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (T.R.); (L.H.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Transboundary Animal Diseases Laboratory, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (T.R.); (L.H.)
| | - Gideon J. P. Kriel
- Provincial Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Kruger National Park, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;
| | - Louis van Schalkwyk
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Kruger National Park, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Jan E. Crafford
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (A.F.C.); (M.L.S.-W.); (L.v.S.); (J.E.C.); (R.S.)
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McCleary S, McCarthy RR, Strong R, Edwards J, Crooke H. Inactivation of African Swine Fever Virus by reagents commonly used in containment laboratories. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114203. [PMID: 34097940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and effective virus inactivation is an essential step for safe diagnostic testing and for research and vaccine development using infectious viruses. We characterised the reduction of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) infectivity using Virkon™ S (Lanxess) 1% w/v disinfectant, FACS™ Lysing buffer (BD), and AVL™ buffer (Qiagen), using porcine cell culture. No virus was detected following a 30 s 20:1 v/v mixing ratio of Virkon™ S 1% with high titre ASFV, supporting its effective use as a laboratory surface disinfectant. FACS™ Lysing and AVL™ buffers also inactivated ASFV, permitting safe removal of treated infected samples from high containment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McCleary
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Ronan R McCarthy
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane Edwards
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Pereira De Oliveira R, Hutet E, Lancelot R, Paboeuf F, Duhayon M, Boinas F, Pérez de León AA, Filatov S, Le Potier MF, Vial L. Differential vector competence of Ornithodoros soft ticks for African swine fever virus: What if it involves more than just crossing organic barriers in ticks? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:618. [PMID: 33298119 PMCID: PMC7725119 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of soft ticks in genus Ornithodoros are known vectors and reservoirs of African swine fever virus (ASFV). However, the underlying mechanisms of vector competence for ASFV across Ornithodoros species remain to be fully understood. To that end, this study compared ASFV replication and dissemination as well as virus vertical transmission to descendants between Ornithodorosmoubata, O. erraticus, and O. verrucosus in relation to what is known about the ability of these soft tick species to transmit ASFV to pigs. To mimic the natural situation, a more realistic model was used where soft ticks were exposed to ASFV by allowing them to engorge on viremic pigs. Methods Ornithodoros moubata ticks were infected with the ASFV strains Liv13/33 (genotype I) or Georgia2007/1 (genotype II), O. erraticus with OurT88/1 (genotype I) or Georgia2007/1 (genotype II), and O. verrucosus with Ukr12/Zapo (genotype II), resulting in five different tick–virus pairs. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the VP72 ASFV gene was carried out over several months on crushed ticks to study viral replication kinetics. Viral titration assays were also carried out on crushed ticks 2 months post infection to confirm virus survival in soft ticks. Ticks were dissected. and DNA was individually extracted from the following organs to study ASFV dissemination: intestine, salivary glands, and reproductive organs. DNA extracts from each organ were tested by qPCR. Lastly, larval or first nymph-stage progeny emerging from hatching eggs were tested by qPCR to assess ASFV vertical transmission. Results Comparative analyses revealed higher rates of ASFV replication and dissemination in O. moubata infected with Liv13/33, while the opposite was observed for O. erraticus infected with Georgia2007/1 and for O. verrucosus with Ukr12/Zapo. Intermediate profiles were found for O. moubata infected with Georgia2007/1 and for O. erraticus with OurT88/1. Vertical transmission occurred efficiently in O. moubata infected with Liv13/33, and at very low rates in O. erraticus infected with OurT88/1. Conclusions This study provides molecular data indicating that viral replication and dissemination in Ornithodoros ticks are major mechanisms underlying ASFV horizontal and vertical transmission. However, our results indicate that other determinants beyond viral replication also influence ASFV vector competence. Further research is required to fully understand this process in soft ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Pereira De Oliveira
- UMR Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Evelyne Hutet
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- UMR Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- UMR Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Boinas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Serhii Filatov
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine (NSC IECVM), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Laurence Vial
- UMR Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France. .,UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Putative Role of Arthropod Vectors in African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in Relation to Their Bio-Ecological Properties. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070778. [PMID: 32698448 PMCID: PMC7412232 DOI: 10.3390/v12070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important diseases in Suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the European pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. In fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, ASF can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. In September 2018, ASF was unexpectedly identified in wild boars from southern Belgium in the province of Luxembourg, not far from the Franco-Belgian border. The French authorities rapidly commissioned an expert opinion on the risk of ASF introduction and dissemination into metropolitan France. In Europe, the main transmission routes of the virus comprise direct contact between infected and susceptible animals and indirect transmission through contaminated material or feed. However, the seasonality of the disease in some pig farms in Baltic countries, including outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels, have led to questions on the possible involvement of arthropods in the transmission of the virus. This review explores the current body of knowledge on the most common arthropod families present in metropolitan France. We examine their potential role in spreading ASF-by active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestion-in relation to their bio-ecological properties. It also highlights the existence of significant gaps in our knowledge on vector ecology in domestic and wild boar environments and in vector competence for ASFV transmission. Filling these gaps is essential to further understanding ASF transmission in order to thus implement appropriate management measures.
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9
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Gaudreault NN, Madden DW, Wilson WC, Trujillo JD, Richt JA. African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:215. [PMID: 32478103 PMCID: PMC7237725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae, and the only known DNA arbovirus. Since its identification in Kenya in 1921, ASFV has remained endemic in Africa, maintained in a sylvatic cycle between Ornithodoros soft ticks and warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) which do not develop clinical disease with ASFV infection. However, ASFV causes a devastating and economically significant disease of domestic (Sus scrofa domesticus) and feral (Sus scrofa ferus) swine. There is no ASFV vaccine available, and current control measures consist of strict animal quarantine and culling procedures. The virus is highly stable and easily spreads by infected swine, contaminated pork products and fomites, or via transmission by the Ornithodoros vector. Competent Ornithodoros argasid soft tick vectors are known to exist not only in Africa, but also in parts of Europe and the Americas. Once ASFV is established in the argasid soft tick vector, eradication can be difficult due to the long lifespan of Ornithodoros ticks and their proclivity to inhabit the burrows of warthogs or pens and shelters of domestic pigs. Establishment of endemic ASFV infections in wild boar populations further complicates the control of ASF. Between the late 1950s and early 1980s, ASFV emerged in Europe, Russia and South America, but was mostly eradicated by the mid-1990s. In 2007, a highly virulent genotype II ASFV strain emerged in the Caucasus region and subsequently spread into the Russian Federation and Europe, where it has continued to circulate and spread. Most recently, ASFV emerged in China and has now spread to several neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. The high morbidity and mortality associated with ASFV, the lack of an efficacious vaccine, and the complex makeup of the ASFV virion and genome as well as its lifecycle, make this pathogen a serious threat to the global swine industry and national economies. Topics covered by this review include factors important for ASFV infection, replication, maintenance, and transmission, with attention to the role of the argasid tick vector and the sylvatic transmission cycle, current and future control strategies for ASF, and knowledge gaps regarding the virus itself, its vector and host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Daniel W. Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C. Wilson
- Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Olesen AS, Belsham GJ, Bruun Rasmussen T, Lohse L, Bødker R, Halasa T, Boklund A, Bøtner A. Potential routes for indirect transmission of African swine fever virus into domestic pig herds. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1472-1484. [PMID: 32150785 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following its introduction into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has become widespread on the European continent and in Asia. In many cases, the exact route of introduction into domestic pig herds cannot be determined, but most introductions are attributed to indirect virus transmission. In this review, we describe knowledge gained about different matrices that may allow introduction of the virus into pig herds. These matrices include uncooked pig meat, processed pig-derived products, feed, matrices contaminated with the virus and blood-feeding invertebrates. Knowledge gaps still exist, and both field studies and laboratory research are needed to enhance understanding of the risks for ASFV introductions, especially via virus-contaminated materials, including bedding and feed, and via blood-feeding, flying insects. Knowledge obtained from such studies can be applied to epidemiological risk assessments for the different transmission routes. Such assessments can be utilized to help predict the most effective biosecurity and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Bødker
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- Section of Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Pereira de Oliveira R, Hutet E, Paboeuf F, Duhayon M, Boinas F, Perez de Leon A, Filatov S, Vial L, Le Potier MF. Comparative vector competence of the Afrotropical soft tick Ornithodoros moubata and Palearctic species, O. erraticus and O. verrucosus, for African swine fever virus strains circulating in Eurasia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225657. [PMID: 31774871 PMCID: PMC6881060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which threatens the swine industry globally. In its native African enzootic foci, ASFV is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, especially in the O. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (Phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. While the ability of some Afrotropical soft ticks to transmit and maintain ASFV is well established, the vector status of Palearctic soft tick species for ASFV strains currently circulating in Eurasia remains largely unknown. For example, the Iberian soft tick O. erraticus is a known vector and reservoir of ASFV, but its ability to transmit different ASFV strains has not been assessed since ASF re-emerged in Europe in 2007. Little is known about vector competence for ASFV in other species, such as O. verrucosus, which occurs in southern parts of Eastern Europe, including Ukraine and parts of Russia, and in the Caucasus. Therefore, we conducted transmission trials with two Palearctic soft tick species, O. erraticus and O. verrucosus, and the Afrotropical species O. moubata. We tested the ability of ticks to transmit virulent ASFV strains, including one of direct African origin (Liv13/33), and three from Eurasia that had been involved in previous (OurT88/1), and the current epizooties (Georgia2007/1 and Ukr12/Zapo). Our experimental results showed that O. moubata was able to transmit the African and Eurasian ASFV strains, whereas O. erraticus and O. verrucosus failed to transmit the Eurasian ASFV strains. However, naïve pigs showed clinical signs of ASF when inoculated with homogenates of crushed O. erraticus and O. verrucosus ticks that fed on viraemic pigs, which proved the infectiousness of ASFV contained in the ticks. These results documented that O. erraticus and O. verrucosus are unlikely to be capable vectors of ASFV strains currently circulating in Eurasia. Additionally, the persistence of infection in soft ticks for several months reaffirms that the infectious status of a given tick species is only part of the data required to assess its vector competence for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Pereira de Oliveira
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
- UMR ASTRE Animal Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Hutet
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- UMR ASTRE Animal Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Boinas
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adalberto Perez de Leon
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Serhii Filatov
- National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, NSC IECVM), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Laurence Vial
- UMR ASTRE Animal Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- Swine Virology and Immunology Unit, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Frączyk M, Woźniakowski G, Kowalczyk A, Bocian Ł, Kozak E, Niemczuk K, Pejsak Z. Evolution of African swine fever virus genes related to evasion of host immune response. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:133-44. [PMID: 27599940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable and one of the most complex and devastating infectious disease of pigs, wild boars and other representatives of Suidae family. African swine fever virus (ASFV) developed various molecular mechanisms to evade host immune response including alteration of interferon production by multigene family protein (MGF505-2R), inhibition of NF-κB and nuclear activating factor in T-cells by the A238L protein, or modulation of host defense by CD2v lectin-like protein encoded by EP402R and EP153R genes. The current situation concerning ASF in Poland seems to be stable in comparison to other eastern European countries but up-to-date in total 106 ASF cases in wild boar and 5 outbreaks in pigs were identified. The presented study aimed to reveal and summarize the genetic variability of genes related to inhibition or modulation of infected host response among 67 field ASF isolates collected from wild boar and pigs. The nucleotide sequences derived from the analysed A238L and EP153R regions showed 100% identity. However, minor but remarkable genetic diversity was found within EP402R and MGF505-2R genes suggesting slow molecular evolution of circulating ASFV isolates and the important role of this gene in modulation of interferon I production and hemadsorption phenomenon. The obtained nucleotide sequences of Polish ASFV isolates were closely related to Georgia 2007/1 and Odintsovo 02/14 isolates suggesting their common Caucasian origin. In the case of EP402R and partially in MGF505-2R gene the identified genetic variability was related to spatio-temporal occurrence of particular cases and outbreaks what may facilitate evolution tracing of ASFV isolates. This is the first report indicating identification of genetic variability within the genes related to evasion of host immune system which may be used to trace the direction of ASFV isolates molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Frączyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kozak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Chief executive, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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13
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Sensitivity of African swine fever virus to type I interferon is linked to genes within multigene families 360 and 505. Virology 2016; 493:154-61. [PMID: 27043071 PMCID: PMC4863678 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal haemorrhagic disease of pigs. There are conflicting reports on the role of interferon in ASFV infection. We therefore analysed the interaction of ASFV with porcine interferon, in vivo and in vitro. Virulent ASFV induced biologically active IFN in the circulation of pigs from day 3-post infection, whereas low virulent OUR T88/3, which lacks genes from multigene family (MGF) 360 and MGF505, did not. Infection of porcine leucocytes enriched for dendritic cells, with ASFV, in vitro, induced high levels of interferon, suggesting a potential source of interferon in animals undergoing acute ASF. Replication of OUR T88/3, but not virulent viruses, was reduced in interferon pretreated macrophages and a recombinant virus lacking similar genes to those absent in OUR T88/3 was also inhibited. These findings suggest that as well as inhibiting the induction of interferon, MGF360 and MGF505 genes also enable ASFV to overcome the antiviral state. Virulent strains of African swine fever virus induces interferon during infection. Virulent, but not attenuated strains of ASFV are resistant to the antiviral effects of interferon in porcine macrophages. Sensitivity to interferon is linked to genes within multigene family 360 and multigene family 530. Dendritic cells are a potential source of the interferon detected in vivo.
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14
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Guinat C, Gogin A, Blome S, Keil G, Pollin R, Pfeiffer DU, Dixon L. Transmission routes of African swine fever virus to domestic pigs: current knowledge and future research directions. Vet Rec 2016; 178:262-7. [PMID: 26966305 PMCID: PMC4819659 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a major threat to the pig industry in Europe. Since 2007, ASF outbreaks have been ongoing in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and the Baltic countries, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. In addition, the number of ASF cases in wild boar populations has dramatically increased over the past few years. Evidence supports direct contact with infectious domestic pigs and wild boars, and consumption of contaminated feed, as the main transmission routes of ASF virus (ASFV) to domestic pigs. However, significant knowledge gaps highlight the urgent need for research to investigate the dynamics of indirect transmission via the environment, the minimal infective doses for contaminated feed ingestion, the probability of effective contacts between infectious wild boars and domestic pigs, the potential for recovered animals to become carriers and a reservoir for transmission, the potential virus persistence within wild boar populations and the influence of human behaviour for the spread of ASFV. This will provide an improved scientific basis to optimise current interventions and develop new tools and strategies to reduce the risk of ASFV transmission to domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guinat
- Royal Veterinary College, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Andrey Gogin
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Sudufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Guenther Keil
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Sudufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiko Pollin
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Sudufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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15
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Wu X, Xiao L, Peng B, Wang Y, Yang Z, Yao X, Hu L, Lin X. Prokaryotic expression, purification and antigenicity analysis of African swine fever virus pK205R protein. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:41-8. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
African swine fever is an acute, febrile and highly virulent porcine disease causing serious economic losses worldwide. The pK205R protein of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is largely expressed in the early stages of infection, which has given the K205R gene extensive attention. In this study, the ASFV K205R was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Expression of histidine-tagged pK205R with a molecular mass of 44 kDa was determined by 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Optimisation of culture conditions allowed induction of the recombinant protein with 0.4 mM Isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at 37°C for 2 h. The protein existed in cellular supernatant and was purified using a Ni-NTA resin column. The purified protein was used to immunize rabbits four times to enable the production of polyclonal antibodies, and the antiserum titre was detected by ELISA. The results showed that the purified pK205R can react with ASFV positive serum specifically by Western blotting. The pK205R had high antigenicity, which indicated that pK205R could be used as an antigen for detection of ASFV-specific antibodies in ELISA testing, and the recombinant protein could contribute to further research of the action and structure of pK205R.
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16
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Woźniakowski G, Kozak E, Kowalczyk A, Łyjak M, Pomorska-Mól M, Niemczuk K, Pejsak Z. Current status of African swine fever virus in a population of wild boar in eastern Poland (2014-2015). Arch Virol 2015; 161:189-95. [PMID: 26497350 PMCID: PMC4698278 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) was detected in wild boar in eastern Poland in early 2014. So far, 65 cases of ASFV infection in wild boar have been recognised. The methods used for ASFV detection included highly specific real-time PCR with a universal probe library (UPL), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and an immunoperoxidase test (IPT) for identification of anti-ASFV antibodies. The positive ASF cases were located near the border with Belarus in Sokółka and Białystok counties. Some of the countermeasures for disease prevention include early ASF diagnosis by ASFV DNA identification as well as detection of specific antibodies by systematic screening. The aim of this study was to assess the current ASF status in a Polish population of wild boar during the last two years (2014-2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kozak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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17
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Ribeiro R, Otte J, Madeira S, Hutchings GH, Boinas F. Experimental Infection of Ornithodoros erraticus sensu stricto with Two Portuguese African Swine Fever Virus Strains. Study of Factors Involved in the Dynamics of Infection in Ticks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137718. [PMID: 26366570 PMCID: PMC4569400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a frequently devastating hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boar and Ornithodoros erraticus sensu stricto argasid ticks are the only biological vectors of African swine fever virus (ASFV) known to occur in Europe. Recently this disease emerged in Eastern Europe and Russian Federation, showing a huge potential for a rapid spread between countries. There is some risk of re-emergence of ASF in the countries where these ticks exist, that can contribute for the persistence of infection and compromise control measures. In this study we aimed to identify factors that determine the probability of infection and its dynamics in the tick vector Ornithodoros erraticus sensu stricto, with two Portuguese strains of ASFV. Our results suggest that these ticks have a high likelihood of excreting the two haemadsorbing ASF viruses of different host origins and that, in field surveys, the analysis of adults and 5th nymphal stage can provide the best chance of detecting virus infection. The results also indicate that infection of pigs with highly virulent ASF viruses will promote higher rates of infection and a higher likelihood for virus excretion by ticks. Nevertheless, there is also a risk, although lower, that ticks can become infected on pigs that have overcome the acute phase of infection, which was simulated in our study by membrane feeding ticks with low titres of virus. We believe these results can be valuable in designing and interpreting the results of ASF control programmes, and future work can also be undertaken as our dataset is released under open access, to perform studies in risk assessment for ASFV persistence in a region where O. erraticus sensu stricto ticks are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ribeiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joachim Otte
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra-Atit Road, 10200 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sara Madeira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Geoff H. Hutchings
- The Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Boinas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Mur L, Gomez-Villamandos JC, Carrasco L. An update on the epidemiology and pathology of African swine fever. J Comp Pathol 2014; 152:9-21. [PMID: 25443146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important infectious diseases of swine and has major negative consequences for affected countries. ASF is present in many sub-Saharan countries, Sardinia and several countries of eastern and central Europe, where its continuous spread has the swine industry on heightened alert. ASF is a complex disease for which no vaccine or treatment is available, so its control is based on early detection and rapid control of spread. For a robust and reliable early detection programme it is essential to be able to recognize the clinical signs and pathological changes of ASF, keeping in mind that in most cases the first introductions don't show high mortality nor characteristic clinical signs or lesions, but fever and some hemorrhagic lymph nodes. Knowledge of the main characteristics of this infection, including its current distribution and routes of transmission, is also essential for preventing and controlling ASF. This review addresses each of these topics and aims to update knowledge of the disease in order to improve early detection of ASF in the field and allow implementation of public health programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Centro VISAVET and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro SN 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Mur
- Centro VISAVET and Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro SN 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L Carrasco
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Tudela Zúquete S, Wijnveld M, Weesendorp E, Jongejan F, Stegeman A, Loeffen WLA. No evidence of African swine fever virus replication in hard ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:582-9. [PMID: 24980962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a tick-borne DNA virus. Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are the only biological vectors of ASFV recognized so far. Although other hard ticks have been tested for vector competence, two commonly found tick species in Europe, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, have not been assessed for their vector competence for ASFV. In this study, we aimed to determine whether virus replication can occur in any of these two hard tick species (I. ricinus and/or D. reticulatus), in comparison with O. moubata (the confirmed vector), after feeding them blood containing different ASFV isolates using an improved in vitro system. DNA quantities of ASFV in these infected hard ticks were measured systematically, for 6 weeks in I. ricinus, and up to 8 weeks in D. reticulatus, and the results were compared to those obtained from O. moubata. There was evidence of virus replication in the O. moubata ticks. However, there was no evidence of virus replication in I. ricinus or D. reticulatus, even though viral DNA could be detected for up to 8 weeks after feeding in some cases. This study presents the first results on the possible vector competence of European hard (ixodid) ticks for ASFV, in a validated in vitro feeding setup. In conclusion, given the lack of evidence for virus replication under in vitro conditions, D. reticulatus and I. ricinus are unlikely to be relevant biological vectors of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C de Carvalho Ferreira
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; Farm Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Yalelaan 7-9, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sara Tudela Zúquete
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Wijnveld
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eefke Weesendorp
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Farm Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Yalelaan 7-9, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willie L A Loeffen
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Oura CAL, Edwards L, Batten CA. Virological diagnosis of African swine fever--comparative study of available tests. Virus Res 2012; 173:150-8. [PMID: 23131492 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and reliable detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is essential both for timely implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of disease, and to differentiate African swine fever (ASF) from other pig disease with similar clinical presentations. Many virological tests are currently available for the detection of ASFV (live virus), antigen and genome, including virus isolation, ELISA, fluorescent antibody, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and isothermal assays. In recent years real-time PCR (rPCR) has become one of the most widely used formats for virological diagnosis providing sensitive, specific and swift detection and quantification of ASFV DNA. The ability to integrate rPCR into automated platforms increases sample throughput and decreases the potential for cross-contamination. In more recent years isothermal assays, which are a lower-cost alternative to PCR more suitable for use in non-specialised or mobile laboratories, have been developed for the detection of ASFV, however these assays have not been fully validated for routine use in the field. The performance of all virological detection assays in ASF diagnostics, as well as prospects for improving diagnostic strategies in the future, are discussed and reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A L Oura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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