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Padonou GG, Konkon AK, Zoungbédji DM, Salako AS, Sovi A, Oussou O, Sidick A, Ahouandjinou J, Towakinou L, Ossé R, Baba-Moussa L, Akogbéto MC. Detection of DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4 Serotypes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and Epidemic Risk in the Departments of Oueme and Plateau, South-Eastern Benin. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:614-624. [PMID: 38686519 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study conducted in the departments of Oueme and Plateau aims to assess the presence of the dengue virus and its different serotypes in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, as well as the epidemic risk incurred by the populations. Methods: Collections of adult mosquitoes using human landing catches (HLC) were carried out in six communes, three (Porto-Novo, Adjarra, and Avrankou) in the Oueme department and the rest (Ifangni, Kétou, and Pobè) in the Plateau department. Pools of ten Aedes mosquitoes were formed, and stored at -80°C in RNA later. RT-PCR was used to detect dengue virus, and conventional PCR for the different serotypes. Inspection of water containers and collection of Aedes larvae was performed inside and around each house to calculate the stegomyan indices. Results: In the six communes, the dengue virus was present both in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Combined data of the two Aedes species at the communes level revealed infection rates ranging from 80.00% (95% CI: 61.43-92.29) to 96.67% (95% CI: 82.78-99.92). In all the communes, the values of stegomyan indices reached the WHO threshold, which indicates the existence of the risk of an arbovirus epidemic. In addition, the infection rates were similar for Ae. aegypti [88.19% (95% CI: 81.27-93.24)] and Ae. albopictus [86.79% (95% CI: 74.66-94.52)]. The three virus serotypes detected in the pools of Aedes were DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4, with a high prevalence for the first two. Conclusion: This study revealed that three serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of dengue virus circulate in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the departments of Oueme and Plateau. Moreover, the risk of transmission of arboviruses was globally high and variable from commune to commune. This information is essential for informed decision-making in the preventive control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Gil Padonou
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Alphonse Keller Konkon
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - David Mahouton Zoungbédji
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Albert Sourou Salako
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculty of Agronomy, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Oussou
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Juvénal Ahouandjinou
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Linda Towakinou
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Razaki Ossé
- Ministère de la Santé, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Ateutchia-Ngouanet S, Nanfack-Minkeu F, Mavridis K, Wanji S, Demanou M, Vontas J, Djouaka R. Monitoring Aedes populations for arboviruses, Wolbachia, insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in various agroecosystems in Benin. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107178. [PMID: 38461924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are the main vectors of arboviruses in Benin. Cases of dengue have been reported in Benin with all four serotypes of the virus actively circulating in this region. Some agricultural settings are known to harbor Aedes vectors responsible for the transmission of arboviruses. The massive use of certain insecticides in agricultural settings has probably contributed to insecticide resistance in these vectors. In Benin, the susceptibility of arbovirus vectors to insecticides is poorly studied. In addition, the distribution of Wolbachia spp., which is used against some arboviruses is unknown. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the vectors responsible for the transmission of arboviruses in Benin. This present study monitored the species composition, arboviruses, and Wolbachia symbiont status, as well as the phenotypic and molecular insecticide resistance profile of Aedes populations from three agroecosystems in Benin. Aedes species identification was performed morphologically and confirmed using qPCR. (RT)-qPCR assay was applied for monitoring the presence of DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV, and WNV pathogens as well as for naturally occurring Wolbachia symbionts. Insecticide resistance was assessed phenotypically, by permethrin (0.75%) exposure of Adults (F0) using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay protocols, and at the molecular level, using TaqMan (RT)-qPCR assays for assessing knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (F1534C, V1016G/I, and S989P) and the expression levels of eight detoxification genes (P450s from the CYP9 and CYP6 families, carboxylesterases and glutathione-S-transferases). Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) mosquitoes were the most abundant (93.9%) in the three agroecosystems studied, followed by Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) mosquitoes (6.1%). No arboviruses were detected in the study's mosquito populations. Naturally occurring Wolbachia symbionts were present in 7 pools out of 15 pools tested. This could influence the effectiveness of vector control strategies based on exogenously introduced Wolbachia, all present in the three agroecosystems. Full susceptibility to permethrin was observed in all tested populations of Ae. albopictus. On the contrary, Ae. aegypti were found to be resistant in all three agroecosystem sites except for banana plantation sites, where full susceptibility was observed. Molecular analysis revealed that individual target site resistance kdr mutations F1534C and V1016G/I were detected in most Ae. aegypti populations. Additionally, double mutant (F1534C + V1016G/I) mosquitoes were found in some populations, and in one case, triple mutant (F1534C + V1016G/I + S989P) mosquitoes were detected. Metabolic resistance, as reflected by overexpression of three P450 genes (CYP6BB2, CYP9J26, and CYP9J32), was also detected in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Our study provides information that could be used to strategize future vector control strategies and highlights the importance of continuing vector surveillance. Future studies should assess the effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on metabolic resistance and identify the different strains of Wolbachia spp., to choose the best vector control strategies in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ateutchia-Ngouanet
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin; Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - F Nanfack-Minkeu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin; Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, OH, USA
| | - K Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - S Wanji
- Department Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. BOX 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - M Demanou
- Regional Yellow Fever Laboratory Coordinator World Health Organization, Inter-Country Support Team West Africa, 03 PO BOX 7019 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - R Djouaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 08 Tri-Postal, P.O. Box 0932, Cotonou, Benin
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Konkon AK, Padonou GG, Osse R, Salako AS, Zoungbédji DM, Sina H, Sovi A, Tokponnon F, Aïkpon R, Noukpo H, Baba-Moussa L, Akogbéto MC. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in southern Benin, West Africa. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:22. [PMID: 37085936 PMCID: PMC10122308 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes could undermine efforts to control arboviruses. The present study aims to assess in some communes of Southern Benin, the susceptibility level of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) to insecticides commonly used in public health, as well as mechanisms involved. METHODS Females Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti collected in Ifangni, Porto-Novo, Avrankou, Adjarra and Kétou from June 2021 to October 2022, were exposed to: deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, alpha-cypermethrin 0.05%, pirimiphos methyl 0.25% and bendiocarb 0.1%, following the standard WHO susceptibility tube test protocol. In some sites, pre-exposure to the synergist PBO was used to verify if pyrethroid resistance of populations of Aedes was mediated by oxidases. RESULTS Full susceptibility to deltamethrin and permethrin was observed in all tested populations of Ae. albopictus. However, with alphacypermethrin, a suspected resistance was observed in Adjarra (94.67%), Ifangni (93%) and Porto-Novo (94%), and a resistance in Avrankou (83%). The PBO-alphacypermethrin tests performed, led to a full susceptibility (100%) in all four sites, which confirms the full involvement of oxidases in resistance of all tested populations of Ae. albopictus to alphacypermethrin. At the opposite, Aedes aegypti was either resistant or suspected of being resistant to all tested pyrethroids in all four sites, except in Ifangni where a full susceptibility to alphacypermethrin was observed. The full susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl in all communes suggests that these two insecticides can be good candidates for an effective control of pyrethroid-resistant Aedes vector populations. Use of permethrin and deltamethrin could also be considered for controlling populations of Ae. albopictus. CONCLUSION Results of the present study will help guide strategy to implement for an effective control of Aedes vector populations in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse Keller Konkon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin.
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Germain Gil Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Razaki Osse
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- École de Gestion et d'exploitation des Systèmes d'élevage de l'Université Nationale d'Agriculture de Porto-Novo, Porto-Novo, Benin
| | | | - David Mahouton Zoungbédji
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Haziz Sina
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Filemon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Rock Aïkpon
- Ministère de la Santé, 08 BP 882, Cotonou, Benin
- Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie Et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Abomey, Benin
| | - Herbert Noukpo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Surveillance of arthropod-borne viruses in Benin, West Africa 2020-2021: detection of dengue virus 3 in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Mil Med Res 2022; 9:64. [PMID: 36372882 PMCID: PMC9661747 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Letizia AG, Pratt CB, Wiley MR, Fox AT, Mosore M, Agbodzi B, Yeboah C, Kumordjie S, Di Paola N, Assana KC, Coulidiaty D, Ouedraogo C, Bonney JHK, Ampofo W, Tarnagda Z, Sangaré L. Retrospective Genomic Characterization of a 2017 Dengue Virus Outbreak, Burkina Faso. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1198-1210. [PMID: 35608626 PMCID: PMC9155902 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of contemporary genetic composition of dengue virus (DENV) in Africa is lacking. By using next-generation sequencing of samples from the 2017 DENV outbreak in Burkina Faso, we isolated 29 DENV genomes (5 serotype 1, 16 serotype 2 [DENV-2], and 8 serotype 3). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the endemic nature of DENV-2 in Burkina Faso. We noted discordant diagnostic results, probably related to genetic divergence between these genomes and the Trioplex PCR. Forward and reverse1 primers had a single mismatch when mapped to the DENV-2 genomes, probably explaining the insensitivity of the molecular test. Although we observed considerable homogeneity between the Dengvaxia and TetraVax-DV-TV003 vaccine strains as well as B cell epitopes compared with these genomes, we noted unique divergence. Continual surveillance of dengue virus in Africa is needed to clarify the ongoing novel evolutionary dynamics of circulating virus populations and support the development of effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive countermeasures.
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Brisset J, Angendu Baki K, Watier L, Kinkpé E, Bailly J, Ayédadjou L, Alao MJ, Dossou-Dagba I, Bertin GI, Cot M, Boumédiène F, Ajzenberg D, Aubouy A, Houzé S, Faucher JF, Affolabi D, Argy N, Biokou B, Degbelo JE, Calavi, Benin, Deloron P, Dramane L, Fraering J, Guillochon E, Jafari-Guemouri S, Houzé L, Joste V, Kamaliddin C, Labrunie A, Ladipo Y, Lathiere T, Massougbodji A, Mowendabeka A, Papin J, Pipy B, Preux PM, Raymondeau M, Royo J, Sossou D, Techer B, Vianou B. Non-traumatic coma in young children in Benin: are viral and bacterial infections gaining ground on cerebral malaria? Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:29. [PMID: 35287726 PMCID: PMC8919613 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While malaria morbidity and mortality have declined since 2000, viral central nervous system infections appear to be an important, underestimated cause of coma in malaria-endemic Eastern Africa. We aimed to describe the etiology of non-traumatic comas in young children in Benin, as well as their management and early outcomes, and to identify factors associated with death. Methods From March to November 2018, we enrolled all HIV-negative children aged between 2 and 6 years, with a Blantyre Coma Score ≤ 2, in this prospective observational study. Children were screened for malaria severity signs and assessed using a systematic diagnostic protocol, including blood cultures, malaria diagnostics, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis using multiplex PCR. To determine factors associated with death, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results From 3244 admissions, 84 children were included: malaria was diagnosed in 78, eight of whom had a viral or bacterial co-infection. Six children had a non-malarial infection or no identified cause. The mortality rate was 29.8% (25/84), with 20 children dying in the first 24 h. Co-infected children appeared to have a poorer prognosis. Of the 76 children who consulted a healthcare professional before admission, only 5 were prescribed adequate antimalarial oral therapy. Predictors of early death were jaundice or increased bilirubin [odd ratio (OR)= 8.6; 95% confidential interval (CI): 2.03–36.1] and lactate > 5 mmol/L (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 1.49–17.30). Antibiotic use before admission (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02–0.85) and vaccination against yellow fever (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.79) protected against mortality. Conclusions Infections were found in all children who died, and cerebral malaria was by far the most common cause of non-traumatic coma. Missed opportunities to receive early effective antimalarial treatment were common. Other central nervous system infections must be considered in their management. Some factors that proved to be protective against early death were unexpected. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00956-2.
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Uncovering the Burden of Dengue in Africa: Considerations on Magnitude, Misdiagnosis, and Ancestry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020233. [PMID: 35215827 PMCID: PMC8877195 DOI: 10.3390/v14020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a re-emerging neglected disease of major public health importance. This review highlights important considerations for dengue disease in Africa, including epidemiology and underestimation of disease burden in African countries, issues with malaria misdiagnosis and co-infections, and potential evidence of genetic protection from severe dengue disease in populations of African descent. The findings indicate that dengue virus prevalence in African countries and populations may be more widespread than reported data suggests, and that the Aedes mosquito vectors appear to be increasing in dissemination and number. Changes in climate, population, and plastic pollution are expected to worsen the dengue situation in Africa. Dengue misdiagnosis is also a problem in Africa, especially due to the typical non-specific clinical presentation of dengue leading to misdiagnosis as malaria. Finally, research suggests that a protective genetic component against severe dengue exists in African descent populations, but further studies should be conducted to strengthen this association in various populations, taking into consideration socioeconomic factors that may contribute to these findings. The main takeaway is that Africa should not be overlooked when it comes to dengue, and more attention and resources should be devoted to this disease in Africa.
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8
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Fourié T, El Bara A, Dubot-Pérès A, Grard G, Briolant S, Basco LK, Ouldabdallahi Moukah M, Leparc-Goffart I. Emergence of dengue virus serotype 2 in Mauritania and molecular characterization of its circulation in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009829. [PMID: 34695119 PMCID: PMC8568173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of sporadic and epidemic dengue fever cases have reportedly been increasing in recent years in some West African countries, such as Senegal and Mali. The first epidemic of laboratory-confirmed dengue occurred in Nouakchott, the capital city of Mauritania situated in the Saharan desert, in 2014. On-site diagnosis of dengue fever was established using a rapid diagnostic test for dengue. In parallel, the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the city was confirmed. The initial diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR, which showed that all samples from the 2014 dengue epidemic in Nouakchott were dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). The whole genome or envelope protein gene of these strains, together with other DENV-2 strains obtained from travelers returning from West African countries to France between 2016 and 2019 (including two Mauritanian strains in 2017 and 2018), were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a recent emergence of an epidemic strain from the cosmopolitan genotype belonging to West African cosmopolitan lineage II, which is genetically distinct from African sylvatic genotype. The origin of this DENV-2 lineage is still unknown, but our data seem to suggest a recent and rapid dispersion of the epidemic strain throughout the region. More complete genome sequences of West African DENV-2 are required for a better understanding of the dynamics of its circulation. Arboviral surveillance and outbreak forecasting are urgently needed in West Africa. In Africa, dengue viruses 1 to 4 are transmitted to primates by Aedes mosquitoes in a sylvatic cycle or an urban/epidemic cycle involving humans. Infection in humans may be asymptomatic or may range from mild flu-like illness to severe hemorrhagic fever. The dengue viruses have a pantropical distribution, mostly in urbanized areas where vectors have become well adapted. This report shows dengue can also emerge in desert areas, as seen for the first time in an outbreak in 2014 in Nouakchott, Mauritania, where climatic, environmental, and human behavioral changes favor the emergence of Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue virus 2 was found in multiple human samples collected during the outbreak. Genomic analysis of dengue virus 2 isolates from the Mauritanian outbreak and from infected travelers revealed the rapid emergence of a specific “West African epidemic strain” of the virus throughout West Africa during the last decade, which is distinct from other strains found elsewhere and from historical or sylvatic strains. More genomic data would help us understand the circulation of dengue virus in West Africa, to help forecast and mitigate outbreaks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed El Bara
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Gilda Grard
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Briolant
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah
- Unité de Recherche Génomes et Milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Initiative mauritanienne pour la lutte contre les maladies endémiques “MEDCINGO” Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Université - IRD 190—INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Agboli E, Zahouli JBZ, Badolo A, Jöst H. Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050891. [PMID: 34065928 PMCID: PMC8151702 DOI: 10.3390/v13050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
| | - Julien B. Z. Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouake, 27 BP 529 Abidjan 27, Cote D’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Département de Recherche et Développement, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote D’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, Universitée Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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