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Tan CY, Zeng K, Cui L, Lin RTP, Chen M. Diagnostic performance of rapid antigen tests (RAT) for COVID-19 and factors associated with RAT-negative results among RT-PCR-positive individuals during Omicron BA.2, BA.5 and XBB.1 predominance. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:504. [PMID: 38769524 PMCID: PMC11107039 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While numerous studies have evaluated the real-world performance of rapid antigen tests (RATs), data on the effect of Omicron sublineages such as XBB and reinfections on RAT performance is limited. We assessed the performance of RATs and factors associated with RAT-negative results among individuals who tested SARS-CoV-2-positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS We conducted a retrospective study among Singapore residents who underwent testing for SARS-CoV-2 with RAT (Acon Flowflex or SD Biosensor) and RT-PCR in the same clinical encounter between 9 May 2022 and 21 November 2022. RT-PCR served as a reference standard for RAT performance. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of factors associated with negative RAT results among RT-PCR-positive cases. RESULTS Of 8,620 clinical encounters analysed, 3,519 (40.8%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive on RT-PCR. Overall sensitivity and specificity of RAT was 84.6% (95% CI 83.3-85.7%) and 99.4% (95% CI 99.1-99.6%) respectively. Acon Flowflex consistently achieved higher sensitivity and specificity than SD Biosensor test kit. Among RT-PCR-positive cases, individuals who had a previous documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, coinfection with another respiratory pathogen or tested ≥ 6 days from symptom onset had higher odds of testing RAT-negative, but the associations were attenuated after adjustment for cycle threshold values (proxy for viral load). There was no significant difference in RAT performance between Omicron sublineages BA.2, BA.5 and XBB.1. CONCLUSION Diagnostic performance of RAT was not affected by changes in predominant circulating Omicron sublineages. However, reinfection cases may be under ascertained by RAT. In individuals with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection episode or symptom onset ≥ 6 days prior to testing, a confirmatory RT-PCR may be considered if there is high clinical suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Y Tan
- National Preventive Medicine Residency Programme, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kangwei Zeng
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Cui
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Chen
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
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Wei J, Stoesser N, Matthews PC, Khera T, Gethings O, Diamond I, Studley R, Taylor N, Peto TEA, Walker AS, Pouwels KB, Eyre DW. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during multiple Omicron variant waves in the UK general population. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1008. [PMID: 38307854 PMCID: PMC10837445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 reinfections increased substantially after Omicron variants emerged. Large-scale community-based comparisons across multiple Omicron waves of reinfection characteristics, risk factors, and protection afforded by previous infection and vaccination, are limited. Here we studied ~45,000 reinfections from the UK's national COVID-19 Infection Survey and quantified the risk of reinfection in multiple waves, including those driven by BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, and BQ.1/CH.1.1/XBB.1.5 variants. Reinfections were associated with lower viral load and lower percentages of self-reporting symptoms compared with first infections. Across multiple Omicron waves, estimated protection against reinfection was significantly higher in those previously infected with more recent than earlier variants, even at the same time from previous infection. Estimated protection against Omicron reinfections decreased over time from the most recent infection if this was the previous or penultimate variant (generally within the preceding year). Those 14-180 days after receiving their most recent vaccination had a lower risk of reinfection than those >180 days from their most recent vaccination. Reinfection risk was independently higher in those aged 30-45 years, and with either low or high viral load in their most recent previous infection. Overall, the risk of Omicron reinfection is high, but with lower severity than first infections; both viral evolution and waning immunity are independently associated with reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- Division of infection and immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Acuti Martellucci C, Flacco ME, Soldato G, Di Martino G, Carota R, Rosso A, De Benedictis M, Di Marco G, Di Luzio R, Lisbona F, Caponetti A, Manzoli L. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 3 Years after the Start of the Pandemic: A Population-Level Observational Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2111. [PMID: 38004251 PMCID: PMC10672528 DOI: 10.3390/life13112111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections changes as new variants emerge, but the follow-up time for most of the available evidence is shorter than two years. This study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates in the total population of an Italian province up to three years since the pandemic's start. This retrospective cohort study used official National Healthcare System data on SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccinations, demographics, and hospitalizations in the Province of Pescara, Italy, from 2 March 2020 to 31 December 2022. A total of 6541 (5.4%) reinfections and 33 severe and 18 lethal COVID-19 cases were recorded among the 121,412 subjects who recovered from a primary infection. There were no severe events following reinfection in the young population, whereas 1.1% of reinfected elderly died. A significantly higher reinfection risk was observed among females; unvaccinated individuals; adults (30-59 y); and subjects with hypertension, COPD, and kidney disease. Up to three years after a primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the majority of the population did not experience a reinfection. The risk of severe COVID-19 following a reinfection was very low for young and adult individuals but still high for the elderly. The subjects with hybrid immunity showed a lower reinfection risk than the unvaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Acuti Martellucci
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Maria Elena Flacco
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Graziella Soldato
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Di Martino
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Carota
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Annalisa Rosso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.A.M.); (M.E.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco De Benedictis
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Graziano Di Marco
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Rossano Di Luzio
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Lisbona
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Antonio Caponetti
- Local Health Unit of Pescara, 65124 Pescara, Italy; (G.S.); (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (M.D.B.); (G.D.M.); (R.D.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Lamberto Manzoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
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Predictors of Recurrent Laboratory-Confirmed Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a Cohort of Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030626. [PMID: 36992210 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Repeated SARS-CoV-2 infections are plausible and related published data are scarce. We aimed to identify factors associated with the risk of recurrent (three episodes) laboratory-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, and 1,700 healthcare workers were enrolled. We used risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the factors associated with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results: We identified 14 participants with recurrent illness episodes. Therefore, the incidence rate was 8.5 per 10,000 person months. In a multiple-model study, vaccinated adults (vs. unvaccinated, RR = 1.05 [1.03–1.06]) and those with a severe first illness episode (vs. mild disease, RR = 1.05 [1.01–1.10]) were at increased risk for repeated symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. Increasing age showed a protective effect (per each additional year of age: RR = 0.98 [0.97–0.99]). Conclusions: Our results suggest that recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections are rare events in adults, and they seem to be determined, partially, by vaccination status and age.
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Tzitzi E, Pyrpasopoulou A, Kalmoukos P, Kefas A, Kyrana Z, Doukelis P, Varouktsi A, Imprialos K, Doumas M. Casivirimab/Imdevimab Effect on COVID-19 Outcome and Reinfection in a Real-World SARS-COV-2 Variant Transition Period Setting. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:48-50. [PMID: 36757301 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeted against SARS-COV-2 have been recruited in the challenging treatment of COVID-19 with few clinically significant side effects. Casivirimab/imdevimab, a combination of monoclonal antibodies targeted against SARS-COV-2 spike protein, was shown to effectively prevent recently infected high-risk COVID-19 patients from developing severe disease. Its efficacy waned with the emergence of the resistant omicron variant in late 2021. We recorded the real-world effect of casivirimab/imdevimab on 116 high-risk COVID-19 patients. Cumulative need for hospitalization, mortality, new-onset disease, and reinfections was monitored. Casivirimab/imdevimab effect was independent from previous immunization. The cohort was further divided into two subgroups: patients infected during a delta variant prevalent period were more likely to become admitted but as likely to die than patients infected with the omicron variant, in support of its protective effect from clinical studies. Cumulative reinfection incidence in treated patients, interestingly, was lower than in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tzitzi
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Aristeidis Kefas
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Kyrana
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Anna Varouktsi
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Imprialos
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Doumas
- COVID Department, Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Akhtar Z, Trent M, Moa A, Tan TC, Fröbert O, MacIntyre CR. The impact of COVID-19 and COVID vaccination on cardiovascular outcomes. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023; 25:A42-A49. [PMID: 36937372 PMCID: PMC10021497 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. COVID-19 vaccination may prevent this, but in some cases, COVID-19 vaccination may cause myocarditis or pericarditis. Patients with COVID-19 may present with non-specific symptoms that have a cardiac origin. This review examines the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 infection and the impact of COVID-19 vaccination. COVID-19 cardiovascular complications include myocardial injury, pericarditis, coagulopathy, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and persistent post-acute risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Diagnostic and referral pathways for non-specific symptoms, such as dyspnoea and fatigue, remain unclear. COVID-19 vaccination is cardioprotective overall but is associated with myopericarditis in young males, though at a lower rate than following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Increased awareness among primary care physicians of potential cardiovascular causes of non-specific post-COVID-19 symptoms, including in younger adults, such as fatigue, dyspnoea, and chest pain, is essential. We recommend full vaccination with scheduled booster doses, optimal management of cardiovascular risk factors, rapid treatment of COVID-19, and clear diagnostic, referral, and management pathways for patients presenting with non-specific symptoms to rule out cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Akhtar
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), 2052, SydneyAustralia
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1212
| | - Mallory Trent
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), 2052, SydneyAustralia
| | - Aye Moa
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), 2052, SydneyAustralia
| | - Timothy C Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, University of Western Sydney, 2148, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, 2052, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney University, 2145, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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