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Ma Y, Shi K, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Mo S, Wei H, Hu L, Mo M. Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR. Pathogens 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38668296 PMCID: PMC11054806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
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Kristensen C, Laybourn HA, Crumpton JC, Martiny K, Webb A, Ryt-Hansen P, Trebbien R, Jensen HE, Nissen JN, Skovgaard K, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with "pre-pandemic," human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011838. [PMID: 38048355 PMCID: PMC10721187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are RNA viruses that cause epidemics in humans and are enzootic in the pig population globally. In 2009, pig-to-human transmission of a reassortant H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This study investigated the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and lesions in pigs and ferrets inoculated with natural isolates of swine-adapted, human-adapted, and "pre-pandemic" H1N1pdm09 viruses. Additionally, the direct-contact and aerosol transmission properties of the three H1N1pdm09 isolates were assessed in ferrets. In pigs, inoculated ferrets, and ferrets infected by direct contact with inoculated ferrets, the pre-pandemic H1N1pdm09 virus induced an intermediary viral load, caused the most severe lesions, and had the highest clinical impact. The swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused intermediary lesions, and had the least clinical impact in pigs. The human-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused the mildest lesions, and had the least clinical impact in ferrets infected by direct contact. The discrepancy between viral load and clinical impact presumably reflects the importance of viral host adaptation. Interestingly, the swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus was transmitted by aerosols to two-thirds of the ferrets. Further work is needed to assess the risk of human-to-human aerosol transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Helena A. Laybourn
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeri-Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Karen Martiny
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ashley Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ramona Trebbien
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henrik E. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob N. Nissen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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van Diemen PM, Byrne AMP, Ramsay AM, Watson S, Nunez A, V Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Foni E, Brown IH, Brookes SM, Everett HE. Interspecies Transmission of Swine Influenza A Viruses and Human Seasonal Vaccine-Mediated Protection Investigated in Ferret Model. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1798-1807. [PMID: 37610158 PMCID: PMC10461666 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the infection dynamics of 2 influenza A(H1N1) virus isolates from the swine 1A.3.3.2 (pandemic 2009) and 1C (Eurasian, avian-like) lineages. The 1C-lineage virus, A/Pavia/65/2016, although phylogenetically related to swine-origin viruses, was isolated from a human clinical case. This strain infected ferrets, a human influenza model species, and could be transmitted by direct contact and, less efficiently, by airborne exposure. Infecting ferrets and pigs (the natural host) resulted in mild or inapparent clinical signs comparable to those observed with 1A.3.3.2-lineage swine-origin viruses. Both H1N1 viruses could infect pigs and were transmitted to cohoused ferrets. Ferrets vaccinated with a human 2016-17 seasonal influenza vaccine were protected against infection with the antigenically matched 1A pandemic 2009 virus but not against the swine-lineage 1C virus. Our results reaffirm the need for continuous influenza A virus surveillance in pigs and identification of candidate human vaccine viruses.
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Cheung J, Bui AN, Younas S, Edwards KM, Nguyen HQ, Pham NT, Bui VN, Peiris M, Dhanasekaran V. Long-Term Epidemiology and Evolution of Swine Influenza Viruses, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1397-1406. [PMID: 37347532 PMCID: PMC10310380 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are a One Health threat because they can spill over between host populations, including among humans, swine, and birds. Surveillance of swine influenza virus in Hanoi, Vietnam, during 2013-2019 revealed gene pool enrichment from imported swine from Asia and North America and showed long-term maintenance, persistence, and reassortment of virus lineages. Genome sequencing showed continuous enrichment of H1 and H3 diversity through repeat introduction of human virus variants and swine influenza viruses endemic in other countries. In particular, the North American H1-δ1a strain, which has a triple-reassortant backbone that potentially results in increased human adaptation, emerged as a virus that could pose a zoonotic threat. Co-circulation of H1-δ1a viruses with other swine influenza virus genotypes raises concerns for both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cheung
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Sonia Younas
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Kimberly M. Edwards
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Huy Quang Nguyen
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Ngoc Thi Pham
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (J. Cheung, S. Younas, K.M. Edwards, M. Peiris, V. Dhanasekaran)
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam (A.N. Bui, H.Q. Nguyen, N.T. Pham, V.N. Bui)
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong (M. Peiris)
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