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Rigaut C, Giaprakis A, Deruyver L, Goole J, Lambert P, Haut B. The air conditioning in the nose of mammals depends on their mass and on their maximal running speed. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9053. [PMID: 38643255 PMCID: PMC11032399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The nose of the mammals is responsible for filtering, humidifying, and heating the air before entering the lower respiratory tract. This conditioning avoids, notably, dehydration of the bronchial and alveolar mucosa. However, since this conditioning is not perfect, exercising in cold air can induce lung inflammation, both for human and non-human mammals. This work aims to compare the air conditioning in the noses of various mammals during inspiration. We build our study on computational fluid dynamics simulations of the heat exchanges in the lumen of the upper respiratory tract of these mammals. These simulations show that the efficiency of the air conditioning in the nose during inspiration does not relate only to the mass m of the mammal but also to its maximal running speed v. More precisely, the results allow establishing a scaling law relating the efficiency of air conditioning in the nose of mammals to the ratio v / log 10 ( m ) . The simulations also correlate the resistance to the flow in the nose to the efficiency of this air conditioning. The obtained scaling law allows predicting the air temperature at the top of the trachea during inspiration for nasal-breathing mammals, and thus notably for humans of various ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rigaut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alice Giaprakis
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- TIPs (Transfers, Interfaces and Processes), Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Pesold VV, Wendler O, Gröhn F, Mueller SK. Lymphatic Vessels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:865-880. [PMID: 38348276 PMCID: PMC10860572 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s436450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the nasal lymphatic system in order to uncover novel factors that might be involved in pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Patients and Methods Lymphatic vessels (LVs) and macrophages were localized and counted in the inferior and middle turbinate, the uncinate process and the ethmoid of CRSwNP and CRSsNP patients, the NP and the inferior turbinate of controls (n≥6 per group). Lysates of the same tissue types (n=7 per group) were analyzed for lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE-1), for matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP-14) and for Hyaluronic acid (HA) using ELISA. HA was localized in sections of CRSwNP NP, CRSsNP ethmoid and control inferior turbinate (n=6 per group). The results of HA levels were correlated to the number of macrophages in tissues. The nasal secretions of CRSwNP (n=28), CRSsNP (n=30), and control (n=30) patients were analyzed for LYVE-1 and HA using ELISA. Results The number of LVs was significantly lower in tissues of both CRS groups compared to the control. In the tissue lysates, LYVE-1 expression differed significantly between the CRSwNP tissues with a particularly high level in the NP. MMP-14 was significantly overexpressed in CRSwNP uncinate process. There were no significant differences in tissue HA expression. In the mucus LYVE-1 was significantly underexpressed in CRSsNP compared to CRSwNP and control, while HA was significantly underexpressed in both CRS groups. In the NP, HA and macrophages were accumulated particularly below the epithelium. Tissue levels of HA revealed a significant positive correlation with the number of macrophages. Conclusion CRS might be associated with an insufficient clearing of the nasal mucosa through the lymphatics. The accumulation of HA and macrophages might promote inflammation, fluid retention, and polyp formation. These results may provide novel CRS-associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa-Vivien Pesold
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, BY, Germany
| | - Olaf Wendler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, BY, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, BY, Germany
| | - Sarina K Mueller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, BY, Germany
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Maréchal L, Dumoncel J, Santos F, Astudillo Encina W, Evteev A, Prevost A, Toro-Ibacache V, Venter RG, Heuzé Y. New insights into the variability of upper airway morphology in modern humans. J Anat 2022; 242:781-795. [PMID: 36585765 PMCID: PMC10093156 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological adaptation of the human lineage to its environment is a recurring question in paleoanthropology. Particularly, how eco-geographic factors (e.g., environmental temperature and humidity) have shaped upper airway morphology in hominins have been subject to continuing debate. Nasal shape is the result of many intertwined factors that include, but are not limited to, genetic drift, sexual selection, or adaptation to climate. A quantification of nasal airway (NA) morphological variation in modern human populations is crucial to better understand these multiple factors. In the present research, we study 195 in vivo CT scans of adult individuals collected in five different geographic areas (Chile, France, Cambodia, Russia, and South Africa). After segmentation of the nasal airway, we reconstruct 3D meshes that are analyzed with a landmark-free geometric morphometrics method based on surface deformation. Our results highlight subtle but statistically significant morphological differences between our five samples. The two morphologically closest groups are France and Russia, whose NAs are longer and narrower, with an important protrusion of the supero-anterior part. The Cambodian sample is the most morphologically distinct and clustered sample, with a mean NA that is wider and shorter. On the contrary, the Chilean sample form the most scattered cluster with the greatest intra-population variation. The South African sample is morphologically close to the Cambodian sample, but also partially overlaps the French and Russian variation. Interestingly, we record no correlation between NA volume and geographic groups, which raises the question of climate-related metabolic demands for oxygen consumption. The other factors of variation (sex and age) have no influence on the NA shape in our samples. However, NA volume varies significantly according both to sex and age: it is higher in males than in females and tends to increase with age. In contrast, we observe no effect of temperature or humidity on NA volume. Finally, we highlight the important influence of asymmetries related to nasal septum deviations in NA shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maréchal
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Jean Dumoncel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | | | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alice Prevost
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rudolph G Venter
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
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4
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Rigaut C, Deruyver L, Goole J, Haut B, Lambert P. Instillation of a Dry Powder in Nasal Casts: Parameters Influencing the Olfactory Deposition With Uni- and Bi-Directional Devices. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:924501. [PMID: 35832236 PMCID: PMC9273033 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.924501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nose-to-brain delivery is a promising way to reach the central nervous system with therapeutic drugs. However, the location of the olfactory region at the top of the nasal cavity complexifies this route of administration. In this study, we used a 3D-printed replica of a nasal cavity (a so-called “nasal cast”) to reproduce in vitro the deposition of a solid powder. We considered two different delivery devices: a unidirectional device generating a classical spray and a bidirectional device that relies on the user expiration. A new artificial mucus also coated the replica. Five parameters were varied to measure their influence on the powder deposition pattern in the olfactory region of the cast: the administration device, the instillation angle and side, the presence of a septum perforation, and the flow rate of possible concomitant inspiration. We found that the unidirectional powder device is more effective in targeting the olfactory zone than the bi-directional device. Also, aiming the spray nozzle directly at the olfactory area is more effective than targeting the center of the nasal valve. Moreover, the choice of the nostril and the presence of a perforation in the septum also significantly influence the olfactory deposition. On the contrary, the inspiratory flow has only a minor effect on the powder outcome. By selecting the more efficient administration device and parameters, 44% of the powder can reach the olfactory region of the nasal cast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rigaut
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Deruyver
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Haut
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes (TIPs), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Inthavong K, Fletcher DF, Khamooshi M, Vahaji S, Salati H. Wet surface wall model for latent heat exchange during evaporation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3581. [PMID: 35142094 PMCID: PMC9285617 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air conditioning is a dual heat and mass transfer process, and the human nasal cavity achieves this through the mucosal wall surface, which is supplied with an energy source through the sub-epithelial network of capillaries. Computational studies of air conditioning in the nasal cavity have included temperature and humidity, but most studies solved these flow parameters separately, and in some cases, a constant mucosal surface temperature was used. Recent developments demonstrated that both heat and mass transfer need to be modeled. This work expands on existing modeling efforts in accounting for the nasal cavity's dual heat and mass transfer process by introducing a new subwall model, given in the Supplementary Materials. The model was applied to a pipe geometry, and a human nasal cavity was recreated from CT-scans, and six inhalation conditions were studied. The results showed that when the energy transfer from the latent heat of evaporation is included, there is a cooling effect on the mucosal surface temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiao Inthavong
- Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSchool of Engineering, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - David F. Fletcher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mehrdad Khamooshi
- Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSchool of Engineering, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sara Vahaji
- Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSchool of Engineering, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hana Salati
- Mechanical and Automotive EngineeringSchool of Engineering, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
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6
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Li H, Martin HL, Marcus JR, Frank-Ito DO. Analysis of nasal air conditioning in subjects with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 291:103694. [PMID: 34020065 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND) on the ability of the nasal passages to warm and humidify inspired environmental air using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Nasal air conditioning was simulated at resting inspiration in ten individuals with uCLND and seven individuals with normal anatomy. The overall heat and water transfer through nasal mucosa was significantly greater (p = 0.02 for both heat and moisture fluxes) on the non-cleft side than on the cleft side. Unilateral median and interquartile range (IQR) for heat flux (W/m2) was 190.3 (IQR 59.9) on the non-cleft side, 160.9 (IQR 105.0) on the cleft side, and 170.7 (IQR 87.8) for normal subjects. For moisture flux (mg/(s·m2), they were 357.4 (IQR 112.9), 298.7 (IQR 200.3) and 320.8 (IQR 173.0), respectively. Significant differences of SAHF50 between cleft side of uCLND and normal existed except for anterior region. Nevertheless, air conditioning ability in subjects with uCLND was generally comparable to that of normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Bubbico L, Mastrangelo G, Larese-Filon F, Basso P, Rigoli R, Maurelli M, Ferlito S, Capelli M, Gisabella C, Javanbakht M, Bellizzi S, Cegolon L. Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063214. [PMID: 33808861 PMCID: PMC8003592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of face masks to prevent and control COVID-19 is critical, especially since asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infected individuals can shed high loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the surrounding environment. In addition to being a two-way barrier to protect against virions droplets both in terms of "source control" (for the benefits of the community) and "physical protection" (for wearer), face masks also allow maintaining physiological temperatures and humidity of the nasal cavity and mouth, independently from the external environmental conditions. Beyond compromising the viral transmission speed, exposure to cold environments could have a detrimental effect on the host's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. The innate human immune system becomes in fact weaker with cooler nose temperatures and thus more vulnerable to viral replication. Furthermore, there is evidence that warm, humid climates are associated with reduced spread of SARS-CoV-2, while cold dry conditions favor its stability and transmissibility. In the early stage of a viral infection, a physiological body temperature in the upper airways supports the innate immune system, endorsing the muco-ciliary clearance, inhibiting, or deactivating any first settlement of viruses. Face masks are therefore strongly recommended also outdoors, especially under cold weather conditions, not only as a physical barrier against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also to prevent the rapid cooling of the nasal mucosa and the inhibition of the human innate defense of the upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Bubbico
- Sensori-Neural Disabilities Research Unit, INAPP, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Mastrangelo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences & Public Health, Padua University, 35122 Padua, Italy;
| | - Francesca Larese-Filon
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.L.-F.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Basso
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.L.-F.); (P.B.)
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Microbiology Unit, Ca’ Foncello Hospital, Local Health Unit N.2 ‘Marca Trevigiana”, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Martina Maurelli
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- Department of Surgical Medical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marco Capelli
- Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) Department, CDI—Italian Diagnostic Centre, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudio Gisabella
- Public Health Department, Local Health Unit N.2 “Marca Trevigiana”, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Mohammad Javanbakht
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran;
| | - Saverio Bellizzi
- Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health, World Health Organization, 1200 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Luca Cegolon
- Public Health Department, Local Health Unit N.2 “Marca Trevigiana”, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0422-323757
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8
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Sommer F, Grossi AS, Scheithauer MO, Hoffmann TK, Stupp F, Briner HR, Lindemann J. [Negative effects of stripe conchotomy on intranasal conditioning]. HNO 2019; 67:373-378. [PMID: 30767056 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Partial resection of the caudal part of the inferior turbinate including the head is still performed in rhinosurgery ("stripe conchotomy"). However, extensive resections of the turbinate affect nasal airflow and intranasal conditioning. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of partial resection of the inferior turbinate including its head on intranasal air flow as well as warming and humidification of the inspired air by means of computational fluid dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bilateral, realistic nasal model was created based on the CT scan of a patient. A unilateral partial resection of the lower turbinate on the right side had been performed externally. A numerical simulation was performed to analyze intranasal air flow patterns, temperature, and humidity distribution of the inspired air. RESULTS Due to the partial resection of the lower turbinate on the right side, the flow pattern was significantly altered compared to the opposite side. Resection leads to a centered and higher velocity in the inferior nasal meatus as well as to reduced heating and humidification of the inhaled air compared to the untouched left nasal cavity. CONCLUSION Partial resection of the caudal part of the inferior turbinate may lead to disturbed intranasal conditioning of inspired air if performed too radically. Therefore, if possible, this procedure should be avoided and a more gentle mucosal procedure chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sommer
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - A-S Grossi
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - M O Scheithauer
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - T K Hoffmann
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - F Stupp
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
| | | | - J Lindemann
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
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Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:259-270. [PMID: 28316330 PMCID: PMC7097736 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarnepoort 1, Hoofddorp, 2134 TM The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
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Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, McEcoy B, Hughes C, Shriver MD. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006616. [PMID: 28301464 PMCID: PMC5354252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary reasons for variation in nose shape across human populations have been subject to continuing debate. An import function of the nose and nasal cavity is to condition inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract. For this reason, it is thought the observed differences in nose shape among populations are not simply the result of genetic drift, but may be adaptations to climate. To address the question of whether local adaptation to climate is responsible for nose shape divergence across populations, we use Qst–Fst comparisons to show that nares width and alar base width are more differentiated across populations than expected under genetic drift alone. To test whether this differentiation is due to climate adaptation, we compared the spatial distribution of these variables with the global distribution of temperature, absolute humidity, and relative humidity. We find that width of the nares is correlated with temperature and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. We conclude that some aspects of nose shape may indeed have been driven by local adaptation to climate. However, we think that this is a simplified explanation of a very complex evolutionary history, which possibly also involved other non-neutral forces such as sexual selection. The study of human adaptation is essential to our understanding of disease etiology. Evolutionary investigations into why certain disease phenotypes such as sickle-cell anemia and lactose intolerance occur at different rates in different populations have led to a better understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors involved. Similarly, research into the geographical distribution of skin pigmentation continues to yield important clues regarding risk of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer. Here, we investigate whether variation in the shape of the external nose across populations has been driven by regional differences in climate. We find that variation in both nares width and alar base width appear to have experienced accelerated divergence across human populations. We also find that the geospatial distribution of nares width is correlated with temperature, and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. Our results support the claim that local adaptation to climate may have had a role in the evolution of nose shape differences across human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan A. Zaidi
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
| | - Brooke C. Mattern
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering–KU Leuven, ESAT/PSI—UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian McEcoy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cris Hughes
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
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11
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Lindemann J, Tsakiropoulou E, Rettinger G, Gutter C, Scheithauer MO, Picavet V, Sommer F. The intranasal Schirmer test: a preliminary study to quantify nasal secretion. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271:2963-7. [PMID: 24633308 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-2988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adequate secretion of the nasal mucosa is essential for normal nasal physiology. A "dry" nose is a frequent complaint of ENT patients. Measurement of secretion is currently impossible because of the absence of a recognized test. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of an intranasal Schirmer test in a large number of patients and to define standard values for nasal secretion. The test population comprised 159 healthy, non-smoking volunteers and 30 healthy smoking volunteers. All subjects were examined by nasal endoscopy for anatomic or mucosal disease. A Schirmer test strip was placed on both sides of the mucosa of the anterior nasal septum by anterior rhinoscopy. After 10 min in standardized conditions, the strip was removed and the wetted distance was measured. Active anterior rhinomanometry (ARR) and acoustic rhinometry (AR) were later performed. In the non-smoking group (n = 159), the median wetting distance of the test strip was 10.3 mm (range 3.6-35.0 mm). Age, gender, nasal geometry, and flow (according to ARR and AR) had no significant influence on nasal secretion. The test for normal distribution was negative. In the smoking group (n = 30), the median wetting distance was 8.4 mm (range 2.5-28.0 mm), significantly shorter than the wetting distance in the non-smoking group (p < 0.05). The Schirmer test offers a practical method to quantify mucosal humidification. The test is inexpensive and well tolerated by patients. In healthy people, wetting distances from 6 to 18 mm are considered normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Lindemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
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Numerical analysis of the relationship between nasal structure and its function. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:581975. [PMID: 24672336 PMCID: PMC3933016 DOI: 10.1155/2014/581975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the nasal cavity are closely related to its structure. In this study the three-dimensional finite element models were established based on the clinical data of twenty-four volunteers to study the influence of nasal structure on nasal functions of heating the inhaled airflow. Numerical simulations mainly concerning the airflow distribution and the airflow temperature are performed. The character of airflow heating process in these models is gained from the simulation results of these nasal cavities. The parameters describing the geometry of nasal cavity, such as the surface area of nasal airway and the volume of nasal cavity, are considered to be related to the nasal function of heating the inhaled airflow. The approximate function describing the relationship between the geometric parameters of the nasal airway and the nasal functions is gotten. This study can provide a numerical platform for studying some clinical problems and will contribute to the further research on the relationship between nasal structure and nasal functions.
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