Correlations of the expressions of c-Jun and Egr-1 proteins with clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Remote regulation of rs80245547 and rs72673891 mediated by transcription factors C-Jun and CREB1 affect GSTCD expression

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide, is influenced by genetic factors. The genetic signal rs10516526 in the glutathione S-transferase C-terminal domain containing (GSTCD) gene is a highly significant and reproducible signal associated with lung function and COPD on chromosome 4q24. In this study, comprehensive bioinformatics analyses and experimental verifications were detailly implemented to explore the regulation mechanism of rs10516526 and GSTCD in COPD. The results suggested that low expression of GSTCD was associated with COPD (p = 0.010). And C-Jun and CREB1 transcription factors were found to be essential for the regulation of GSTCD by rs80245547 and rs72673891. Moreover, rs80245547T and rs72673891G had a stronger binding ability to these transcription factors, which may promote the allele-specific long-range enhancer-promoter interactions on GSTCD, thus making COPD less susceptible. Our study provides a new insight into the relationship between rs10516526, GSTCD, and COPD.

EBF3 reactivation by inhibiting the EGR1/EZH2/HDAC9 complex promotes metastasis via transcriptionally enhancing vimentin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Metastasis is the major reason for treatment failure and accounts for cancer-related death in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the genetic alterations and molecular mechanisms that cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis are elusive. Herein, we performed RNA sequencing in patients with or without metastasis, and found that the early B-cell factor 3 (EBF3) was significantly elevated in the samples with metastasis. Mechanistically, EBF3 promoted metastasis by directly combining with the promoter of Vimentin and transcriptionally upregulating it. In addition, EBF3 was epigenetically silenced by EGR1/EZH2/HDAC9 complexes via sustaining the high level of H3K27-Me3 at its promoter. Clinically, there was a positive correlation between EBF3 and Vimentin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. Moreover, high expression of EBF3 or Vimentin was correlated with poor overall survival, while the combination of high EBF3 and Vimentin expression was associated with more significant poor prognosis. Therefore, specific agents targeting EBF3 or stabilizing the EGR1/EZH2/HDAC9 complex could be novel therapeutic strategies for cancer metastasis.

The Role of the Transcription Factor EGR1 in Cancer

Early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) is a transcription factor that is mainly involved in the processes of tissue injury, immune responses, and fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that EGR1 is closely related to the initiation and progression of cancer and may participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and in tumor angiogenesis. Nonetheless, the specific mechanism whereby EGR1 modulates these processes remains to be elucidated. This review article summarizes possible mechanisms of action of EGR1 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression and may serve as a reference for clinical efficacy predictions and for the discovery of new therapeutic targets.

Pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IFN-γ Promote Tumor Growth and Metastasis via Induction of MACC1

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Early stage CRC patients have a good prognosis. If distant metastasis occurs, the 5-year survival drops below 10%. Despite treatment success over the last decades, treatment options for metastatic disease are still limited. Therefore, novel targets are needed to foster therapy of advanced stage CRC patients and hinder progression of early stage patients into metastasis. A novel target is the crucial oncogene Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1 (MACC1) involved in molecular pathogenesis of CRC metastasis. MACC1 induces cell proliferation and motility, supports cellular survival and rewires metabolism resulting in increased metastasis in vivo. MACC1 is a prognostic biomarker not only for CRC but for more than 20 solid cancer entities. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. For CRC, inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis are important inflammation associated risk factors. Certain cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, are key factors in determining the contribution of the inflammatory process to CRC. Knowledge of the connection between inflammation and MACC1 driven tumors remains unclear. Gene expression analysis of CRC cells after cytokine stimulation was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cellular motility was assessed by Boyden chamber assays. MACC1 promoter activity after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured using promoter-luciferase constructs. To investigate signal transduction from receptor to effector molecules, blocking experiments using neutralizing antibodies and knockdown experiments were performed. Following TNF-α stimulation, MACC1 and c-Jun expression were significantly increased at the mRNA and protein level. Knockdown of c-Jun reduced MACC1 inducibility following TNF-α stimulation. TNF-α promoted MACC1-induced cell migration that was reverted following MACC1 knockdown. Moreover, MACC1 and c-Jun expression were downregulated by blocking TNFR1, but not TNFR2. Knock down of the NF-κB subunit, p65, reduced basal MACC1 and c-Jun mRNA expression levels. Adalimumab, a clinically approved monoclonal anti-TNF-α antibody, hindered MACC1 induction. The present study highlights that TNF-α regulates the induction of MACC1 via the NF-κB subunit p65 and the transcription factor c-Jun in CRC cells. This finding unravels a novel signaling pathway upstream of MACC1 and provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC patients with an associated inflammation.

Transcription factor early growth response-1 plays an oncogenic role in salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma

OBJECTIVES

Although abnormal expression of early growth response-1 (Egr1) has been revealed in various human solid tumors, the functions and potential mechanisms of Egr1 in the progression of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SGPA) are not entirely understood.

RESULTS

An elevated expression of Egr1 was observed both in the human salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma tissues and tumor-initiating cell (TIC) cells, when compared with control group. By loss-of-function assay, the proliferation and invasion capacities of TICs were inhibited, while the cell apoptosis was promoted, which were further evidenced by the protein expression analysis of several key apoptosis-related regulators. Furthermore, TICs with Mithramycin A (an Egr1 inhibitor) treatment achieved the same effects of endogenous Egr1 knockdown.

CONCLUSIONS

All these data collectively suggest that Egr1 act as an oncogenic factor in salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma, which may be a potential target for the treatment of SGPA.

Identification of candidate genes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bioinformatical analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify candidate genes as potential biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by bioinformatical analysis.

METHODS

Three microarray datasets: GSE32906, GSE15170, GSE53819 were download from public database and analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NPC and normal samples. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs were performed. Protein-protein interaction network and gene-transcription factor regulatory network of DEGs were constructed. And the expression of hub genes in NPC was also validated based on the public database.

RESULTS

A total of 16 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated genes were screened out from the microarray datasets. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mostly enriched in positive regulation of angiogenesis, mesenchymal cell proliferation, cell surface and DNA binding, ECM-receptor interaction pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and pathways in cancer. Five hub genes JUN, VEGFA, FOXM1, MYB, and WNT5A were identified from the protein-protein interaction network. Subsequently, the hub gene-transcription factor regulatory network revealed that STAT3, MYC, SOX2, RUNX2 present key relations with hub genes. The expression of these five hub genes were also validated to be differentially expressed among NPC and normal samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study indicated that the hub DEGs JUN, VEGFA, FOXM1, MYB, and WNT5A we identified might be potential therapeutic biomarkers of NPC.

Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway-Related Proteins (DKK-3, β-Catenin, and c-MYC) Are Involved in Prognosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the highly conserved signaling pathway widely reported to play essential roles in the development of various tumors and human cancers, thus serving as a potential target for anticancer therapy. However, the specific effects of the related proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) still remain elusive. Thus, this study was performed to uncover the correlation between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins and the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NPC. NPC tissues were revealed to present high expression of β-catenin and v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-MYC) but low expression of Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that DKK-3 was positively linked to but β-catenin and c-MYC were negatively linked to differentiation, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and lymph node metastasis of patients with NPC. In addition, c-MYC was identified to be positively correlated to DKK-3 in NPC tissues. The positive expression of β-catenin and c-MYC had negative relations with and that of DKK-3 had positive relations with survival rate of patients with NPC, which was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Moreover, it was shown that later TNM stage and positive expression of β-catenin were risk factors for NPC-related death. These findings provide evidence that the proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (DKK-3, β-catenin, and c-MYC) participate in the development of NPC and positive expression of DKK-3 and negative expression of β-catenin, and c-MYC can serve as essential prognostic biomarkers, shedding new light on the prognosis and treatment of NPC.