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Sun C, Purohit PK. Rheology of fibrous gels under compression. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2022; 54:101757. [PMID: 37035476 PMCID: PMC10081149 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2022.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of biological tissues and synthetic gels consist of a fibrous network infused with liquid. There have been a few experimental studies of the rheological properties of such gels under applied compressive strain. Their results suggest that a plot of rheological moduli as a function of applied compressive strain has a long plateau flanked by a steeply increasing curve for large compressive strains and a slowly decreasing curve for small strains. In this paper we explain these trends in rheological properties using a chemo-elastic model characterized by a double-well strain energy function for the underlying fibrous network. The wells correspond to rarefied and densified phases of the fibrous network at low and high strains, respectively. These phases can co-exist across a movable transition front in the gel in order to accommodate overall applied compression. We find that the rheological properties of fibrous gels share similarities with a Kelvin-Voigt visco-elastic solid. The storage modulus has its origins in the elasticity of the fibrous network, while the loss modulus is determined by the dissipation caused by liquid flow through pores. The rheological properties can depend on the number of phase transition fronts present in a compressed sample. Our analysis may explain the dependence of storage and loss moduli of fibrin gels on the loading history. We also point to the need for combining rheological measurements on gels with a microstructural analysis that could shed light on various dissipation mechanisms.
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Engineered Molecular Therapeutics Targeting Fibrin and the Coagulation System: a Biophysical Perspective. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:427-461. [PMID: 35399372 PMCID: PMC8984085 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade represents a sophisticated and highly choreographed series of molecular events taking place in the blood with important clinical implications. One key player in coagulation is fibrinogen, a highly abundant soluble blood protein that is processed by thrombin proteases at wound sites, triggering self-assembly of an insoluble protein hydrogel known as a fibrin clot. By forming the key protein component of blood clots, fibrin acts as a structural biomaterial with biophysical properties well suited to its role inhibiting fluid flow and maintaining hemostasis. Based on its clinical importance, fibrin is being investigated as a potentially valuable molecular target in the development of coagulation therapies. In this topical review, we summarize our current understanding of the coagulation cascade from a molecular, structural and biophysical perspective. We highlight single-molecule studies on proteins involved in blood coagulation and report on the current state of the art in directed evolution and molecular engineering of fibrin-targeted proteins and polymers for modulating coagulation. This biophysical overview will help acclimatize newcomers to the field and catalyze interdisciplinary work in biomolecular engineering toward the development of new therapies targeting fibrin and the coagulation system.
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3
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Nelson AZ, Wang Y, Wang Y, Margotta AS, Sammler RL, Izmitli A, Katz JS, Curtis-Fisk J, Li Y, Ewoldt RH. Gelation under stress: impact of shear flow on the formation and mechanical properties of methylcellulose hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1554-1565. [PMID: 35107466 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that small unidirectional applied-stresses during temperature-induced gelation dramatically change the gel temperature and the resulting mechanical properties and structure of aqueous methylcellulose (MC), a material that forms a brittle gel with a fibrillar microstructure at elevated temperatures. Applied stress makes gelation more difficult, evidenced by an increased gelation temperature, and weakens mechanical properties of the hot gel, evidenced by a decreased elastic modulus and decreased apparent failure stress. In extreme cases, formation of a fully percolated polymer network is inhibited and a soft granular yield-stress fluid is formed. We quantify the effects of the applied stress using a filament-based mechanical model to relate the measured properties to the structural features of the fibril network. The dramatic changes in the gel temperature and hot gel properties give more design freedom to processing-dependent rheology, but could be detrimental to coating applications where gravitational stress during gelation is unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Z Nelson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Yushi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Anthony S Margotta
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Robert L Sammler
- Formulation, Automation, and Material Science and Engineering, Corporate R&D, Dow Inc., Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Aslin Izmitli
- Home and Personal Care TS&D, Dow Inc., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors & Fragrances, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Jaime Curtis-Fisk
- Formulation, Automation, and Material Science and Engineering, Corporate R&D, Dow Inc., Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Yongfu Li
- Analytical Science, Corporate R&D, Dow Inc., Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Nam H, Sung HJ, Park J, Jeon JS. Manipulation of cancer cells in a sessile droplet via travelling surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:47-56. [PMID: 34821225 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The behaviours of microparticles inside a sessile droplet actuated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) were investigated, where the SAWs produced an acoustic streaming flow and imparted an acoustic radiation force on the microparticles. The Rayleigh waves formed by a comb-like interdigital transducer were made to propagate along the surface of a LiNbO3 substrate in order to allow the manipulation of microparticles in a label-free and non-contact manner. Polystyrene microparticles were first employed to describe the behaviours inside a sessile droplet. The influence of the volume of the sessile droplet on the behaviours of the microparticles was examined by changing the contact angle of the droplet. Next, cancer cells were suspended in a sessile droplet, and the influence of contact angle on the behaviours of the cancer cells was investigated. A long gelation time was afforded by using a PEGylated fibrin gel. A primary tumour was mimicked by patterning the cancer cells to be concentrated in the middle of the sessile droplet. The non-contact manipulation property of acoustic waves was indicated to be biocompatible and enabled a structure-free platform configuration. Three-dimensional aggregated culture models were observed to make the cancer cells display an elevated expression of E-cadherin. The efficacy of the anticancer drug tirapazamine increased in the aggregated cancer cells, attributed to the low levels of oxygen in this formation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeono Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinsoo Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jessie S Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Takeishi N, Shigematsu T, Enosaki R, Ishida S, Ii S, Wada S. Development of a mesoscopic framework spanning nanoscale protofibril dynamics to macro-scale fibrin clot formation. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210554. [PMID: 34753310 PMCID: PMC8580471 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombi form a micro-scale fibrin network consisting of an interlinked structure of nanoscale protofibrils, resulting in haemostasis. It is theorized that the mechanical effect of the fibrin clot is caused by the polymeric protofibrils between crosslinks, or to their dynamics on a nanoscale order. Despite a number of studies, however, it is still unknown, how the nanoscale protofibril dynamics affect the formation of the macro-scale fibrin clot and thus its mechanical properties. A mesoscopic framework would be useful to tackle this multi-scale problem, but it has not yet been established. We thus propose a minimal mesoscopic model for protofibrils based on Brownian dynamics, and performed numerical simulations of protofibril aggregation. We also performed stretch tests of polymeric protofibrils to quantify the elasticity of fibrin clots. Our model results successfully captured the conformational properties of aggregated protofibrils, e.g., strain-hardening response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the bending stiffness of individual protofibrils increases to resist extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Taiki Shigematsu
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryogo Enosaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shunichi Ishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ii
- Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Daraei A, Pieters M, Baker SR, de Lange-Loots Z, Siniarski A, Litvinov RI, Veen CSB, de Maat MPM, Weisel JW, Ariëns RAS, Guthold M. Automated Fiber Diameter and Porosity Measurements of Plasma Clots in Scanning Electron Microscopy Images. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1536. [PMID: 34680169 PMCID: PMC8533744 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful, high-resolution imaging technique widely used to analyze the structure of fibrin networks. Currently, structural features, such as fiber diameter, length, density, and porosity, are mostly analyzed manually, which is tedious and may introduce user bias. A reliable, automated structural image analysis method would mitigate these drawbacks. We evaluated the performance of DiameterJ (an ImageJ plug-in) for analyzing fibrin fiber diameter by comparing automated DiameterJ outputs with manual diameter measurements in four SEM data sets with different imaging parameters. We also investigated correlations between biophysical fibrin clot properties and diameter, and between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity. Several of the 24 DiameterJ algorithms returned diameter values that highly correlated with and closely matched the values of the manual measurements. However, optimal performance was dependent on the pixel size of the images-best results were obtained for images with a pixel size of 8-10 nm (13-16 pixels/fiber). Larger or smaller pixels resulted in an over- or underestimation of diameter values, respectively. The correlation between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity was modest, likely because it is difficult to establish the correct image depth of field in this analysis. In conclusion, several DiameterJ algorithms (M6, M5, T3) perform well for diameter determination from SEM images, given the appropriate imaging conditions (13-16 pixels/fiber). Determining fibrin clot porosity via DiameterJ is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daraei
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Marlien Pieters
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
- Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Stephen R. Baker
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK;
| | - Zelda de Lange-Loots
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
- Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Aleksander Siniarski
- Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.I.L.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Caroline S. B. Veen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.V.); (M.P.M.d.M.)
| | - Moniek P. M. de Maat
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.V.); (M.P.M.d.M.)
| | - John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.I.L.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Robert A. S. Ariëns
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK;
| | - Martin Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
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Olsen LN, Fischer M, Evans PA, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. Does Exercise Influence the Susceptibility to Arterial Thrombosis? An Integrative Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636027. [PMID: 33708141 PMCID: PMC7940832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of death worldwide, with the most important risk factors being smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. However, although there are clear indications in the literature of beneficial effects of physical activity in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events, exercise can be considered a double-edged sword in that physical exertion can induce an immediate pro-thrombotic environment. Epidemiological studies show an increased risk of cardiovascular events after acute exercise, a risk, which appear to be particularly apparent in individuals with lifestyle-related disease. Factors that cause the increased susceptibility to arterial thrombosis with exercise are both chemical and mechanical in nature and include circulating catecholamines and vascular shear stress. Exercise intensity plays a marked role on such parameters, and evidence in the literature accordingly points at a greater susceptibility to thrombus formation at high compared to light and moderate intensity exercise. Of importance is, however, that the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis appears to be lower in exercise-conditioned individuals compared to sedentary individuals. There is currently limited data on the role of acute and chronic exercise on the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis, and many studies include incomplete assessments of thrombogenic clotting profile. Thus, further studies on the role of exercise, involving valid biomarkers, are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nørregaard Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip Adrian Evans
- Haemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Morriston Hospital, SBU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Multiscale Network Modeling of Fibrin Fibers and Fibrin Clots with Protofibril Binding Mechanics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061223. [PMID: 32471225 PMCID: PMC7362082 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiscale mechanical behavior of individual fibrin fibers and fibrin clots was modeled by coupling atomistic simulation data and microscopic experimental data. We propose a new protofibril element composed of a nonlinear spring network, and constructed this based on molecular simulations and atomic force microscopy results to simulate the force extension behavior of fibrin fibers. This new network model also accounts for the complex interaction of protofibrils with one another, the effects of the presence of a solvent, Coulombic attraction, and other binding forces. The network model was formulated to simulate the force–extension mechanical behavior of single fibrin fibers from atomic force microscopy experiments, and shows good agreement. The validated fibrin fiber network model was then combined with a modified version of the Arruda–Boyce eight-chain model to estimate the force extension behavior of the fibrin clot at the continuum level, which shows very good correlation. The results show that our network model is able to predict the behavior of fibrin fibers as well as fibrin clots at small strains, large strains, and close to the break strain. We used the network model to explain why the mechanical response of fibrin clots and fibrin fibers deviates from worm-like chain behavior, and instead behaves like a nonlinear spring.
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Thomas BR, Hambly RJ, Weisel JW, Rauova L, Badiei N, Brown MR, Thornton CA, Williams PR, Hawkins K. Abnormal clot microstructure formed in blood containing HIT-like antibodies. Thromb Res 2020; 193:25-30. [PMID: 32505081 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombosis is a severe and frequent complication of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). However, there is currently no knowledge of the effects of HIT-like antibodies on the resulting microstructure of the formed clot, despite such information being linked to thrombotic events. We evaluate the effect of the addition of pathogenic HIT-like antibodies to blood on the resulting microstructure of the formed clot. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pathogenic HIT-like antibodies (KKO) and control antibodies (RTO) were added to samples of whole blood containing Unfractionated Heparin and Platelet Factor 4. The formed clot microstructure was investigated by rheological measurements (fractal dimension; df) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and platelet activation was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed striking effects of KKO on clot microstructure. A significant difference in df was found between samples containing KKO (df = 1.80) versus RTO (df = 1.74; p < 0.0001). This increase in df was often associated with an increase in activated platelets. SEM images of the clots formed with KKO showed a network consisting of a highly branched and compact arrangement of thin fibrin fibres, typically found in thrombotic disease. This is the first study to identify significant changes in clot microstructure formed in blood containing HIT-like antibodies. These observed alterations in clot microstructure can be potentially exploited as a much-needed biomarker for the detection, management and monitoring of HIT-associated thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan R Thomas
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rebecca J Hambly
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John W Weisel
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Karl Hawkins
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Windberger U, Dibiasi C, Lotz EM, Scharbert G, Reinbacher-Koestinger A, Ivanov I, Ploszczanski L, Antonova N, Lichtenegger H. The effect of hematocrit, fibrinogen concentration and temperature on the kinetics of clot formation of whole blood. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:431-445. [PMID: 32390608 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic mechanical analysis of blood clots can be used to detect the coagulability of blood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the kinetics of clot formation by changing several blood components, and we looked into the clot "signature" at its equilibrium state by using viscoelastic and dielectric protocols. METHODS Oscillating shear rheometry, ROTEM, and a dielectro-rheological device was used. RESULTS In fibrinogen- spiked samples we found the classical high clotting ability: shortened onset, faster rate of clotting, and higher plateau stiffness. Electron microscopy explained the gain of stiffness. Incorporated RBCs weakened the clots. Reduction of temperature during the clotting process supported the development of high moduli by providing more time for fiber assembly. But at low HCT, clot firmness could be increased by elevating the temperature from 32 to 37°C. In contrast, when the fibrinogen concentration was modified, acceleration of clotting via temperature always reduced clot stiffness, whatever the initial fibrinogen concentration. Electrical resistance increased continuously during clotting; loss tangent (D) (relaxation frequency 249 kHz) decreased when clots became denser: fewer dipoles contributed to the relaxation process. The relaxation peak (Dmax) shifted to lower frequencies at higher platelet count. CONCLUSION Increasing temperature accelerates clot formation but weakens clots. Rheometry and ROTEM correlate well.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Windberger
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ch Dibiasi
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E M Lotz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Scharbert
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Reinbacher-Koestinger
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - I Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L Ploszczanski
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Antonova
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Roberts IV, Bukhary D, Valdivieso CYL, Tirelli N. Fibrin Matrices as (Injectable) Biomaterials: Formation, Clinical Use, and Molecular Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2019; 20:e1900283. [PMID: 31769933 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on fibrin, starting from biological mechanisms (its production from fibrinogen and its enzymatic degradation), through its use as a medical device and as a biomaterial, and finally discussing the techniques used to add biological functions and/or improve its mechanical performance through its molecular engineering. Fibrin is a material of biological (human, and even patient's own) origin, injectable, adhesive, and remodellable by cells; further, it is nature's most common choice for an in situ forming, provisional matrix. Its widespread use in the clinic and in research is therefore completely unsurprising. There are, however, areas where its biomedical performance can be improved, namely achieving a better control over mechanical properties (and possibly higher modulus), slowing down degradation or incorporating cell-instructive functions (e.g., controlled delivery of growth factors). The authors here specifically review the efforts made in the last 20 years to achieve these aims via biomimetic reactions or self-assembly, as much via formation of hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Vaughan Roberts
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Deena Bukhary
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
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12
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Höök P, Brito-Robinson T, Kim O, Narciso C, Goodson HV, Weisel JW, Alber MS, Zartman JJ. Whole blood clot optical clearing for nondestructive 3D imaging and quantitative analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3671-3686. [PMID: 28856043 PMCID: PMC5560833 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A technological revolution in both light and electron microscopy imaging now allows unprecedented views of clotting, especially in animal models of hemostasis and thrombosis. However, our understanding of three-dimensional high-resolution clot structure remains incomplete since most of our recent knowledge has come from studies of relatively small clots or thrombi, due to the optical impenetrability of clots beyond a few cell layers in depth. Here, we developed an optimized optical clearing method termed cCLOT that renders large whole blood clots transparent and allows confocal imaging as deep as one millimeter inside the clot. We have tested this method by investigating the 3D structure of clots made from reconstituted pre-labeled blood components yielding new information about the effects of clot contraction on erythrocytes. Although it has been shown recently that erythrocytes are compressed to form polyhedrocytes during clot contraction, observations of this phenomenon have been impeded by the inability to easily image inside clots. As an efficient and non-destructive method, cCLOT represents a powerful research tool in studying blood clot structure and mechanisms controlling clot morphology. Additionally, cCLOT optical clearing has the potential to facilitate imaging of ex vivo clots and thrombi derived from healthy or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Höök
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Teresa Brito-Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Oleg Kim
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, IN 46617, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Cody Narciso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Mark S Alber
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Co-corresponding authors
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Knowles RB, Lawrence MJ, Ferreira PM, Hayman MA, D’Silva LA, Stanford SN, Sabra A, Tucker AT, Hawkins KM, Williams PR, Warner TD, Evans PA. Platelet reactivity influences clot structure as assessed by fractal analysis of viscoelastic properties. Platelets 2017; 29:162-170. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1306039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Knowles
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Lawrence
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Plinio M. Ferreira
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A. Hayman
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay A. D’Silva
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Sophie N. Stanford
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Ahmed Sabra
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Arthur T. Tucker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl M. Hawkins
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Timothy D. Warner
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip A. Evans
- Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- NISCHR Hemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, UK
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14
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Jung JH, Chae YJ, Lee DH, Cho YI, Ko MM, Park SK, Kim W. Changes in whole blood viscosity during hemodialysis and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 65:285-297. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divsion of Nephrology, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Chae
- College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Engineering College, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young I. Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mi Mi Ko
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 123:16-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Fibrin mechanical properties and their structural origins. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:110-123. [PMID: 27553509 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin is a protein polymer that is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions that involve extracellular matrix. In addition to molecular and cellular interactions, fibrin mechanics has been recently shown to underlie clot behavior in the highly dynamic intra- and extravascular environments. Fibrin has both elastic and viscous properties. Perhaps the most remarkable rheological feature of the fibrin network is an extremely high elasticity and stability despite very low protein content. Another important mechanical property that is common to many filamentous protein polymers but not other polymers is stiffening occurring in response to shear, tension, or compression. New data has begun to provide a structural basis for the unique mechanical behavior of fibrin that originates from its complex multi-scale hierarchical structure. The mechanical behavior of the whole fibrin gel is governed largely by the properties of single fibers and their ensembles, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching, bending, and buckling. The properties of individual fibrin fibers are determined by the number and packing arrangements of double-stranded half-staggered protofibrils, which still remain poorly understood. It has also been proposed that forced unfolding of sub-molecular structures, including elongation of flexible and relatively unstructured portions of fibrin molecules, can contribute to fibrin deformations. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of the structural mechanics of fibrin, much about the mechanisms of fibrin's biological functions remains unknown. Fibrin deformability is not only an essential part of the biomechanics of hemostasis and thrombosis, but also a rapidly developing field of bioengineering that uses fibrin as a versatile biomaterial with exceptional and tunable biochemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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17
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Davies N, Llwyd O, Brugniaux J, Davies G, Marley C, Hodson D, Lawrence M, D'Silva L, Morris R, Hawkins K, Williams P, Bailey D, Evans P. Effects of exercise intensity on clot microstructure and mechanical properties in healthy individuals. Thromb Res 2016; 143:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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