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Meng F, Du Y. Research Progress on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Zinc Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4309. [PMID: 39274701 PMCID: PMC11395926 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Zinc, along with magnesium and iron, is considered one of the most promising biodegradable metals. Compared with magnesium and iron, pure Zn exhibits poor mechanical properties, despite its mild biological corrosion behavior and beneficial biocompatibility. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), unlike traditional manufacturing techniques, has the capability to rapidly manufacture near-net-shape components. At present, although the combination of LPBF and Zn has made great progress, it is still in its infancy. Element loss and porosity are common processing problems for LPBF Zn, mainly due to evaporation during melting under a high-energy beam. The formation quality and properties of the final material are closely related to the alloy composition, design and processing. This work reviews the state of research and future perspective on LPBF zinc from comprehensive assessments such as powder characteristics, alloy composition, processing, formation quality, microstructure, and properties. The effects of powder characteristics, process parameters and evaporation on formation quality are introduced. The mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of LPBF Zn and their test methodologies are introduced. The effects of microstructure on mechanical properties and corrosion properties are analyzed in detail. The practical medical application of Zn is introduced. Finally, current research status is summarized together with suggested directions for advancing knowledge about LPBF Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yulei Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Kokkinidou D, Kaliviotis E, Shammas C, Anayiotos A, Kapnisis K. An in vivo investigation on the effects of stent implantation on hematological and hemorheological parameters. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024; 87:39-53. [PMID: 38143339 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though cardiovascular stenting is widely used for the treatment of coronary artery disease, information on how it can affect the hematological and hemorheological profile is scarce in the literature. Most of the work on this issue is based on theoretical or computational fluid dynamics models, lacking in-depth in vitro and in vivo experimental verification. OBJECTIVE This work investigates, in an in vivo setting, the effects of stenting and the implantation time-course on hematological and hemorheological parameters that could potentially compromise the device's functionality and longevity. METHODS Custom-made self-expanding nitinol stents were implanted in the common carotid artery of male CD1 mice. Whole blood samples were collected from control (non-stented) and stented animals at 5 and 10 weeks post-implantation. Hematological measurements and blood viscosity, red blood cell aggregation, and deformability were performed using standard techniques. RESULTS Implant-induced changes were observed in some of the hematological and hemorheological indices. Blood viscosity seems to have been negatively affected by an increased hematocrit and reduced RBC deformability, at 10 weeks post-implantation, despite a slight decrease in RBC aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Although the alterations observed may be the result of the peri-implant inflammatory response, the physiological consequences due to hemorheological changes need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kokkinidou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - E Kaliviotis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - C Shammas
- BIOANALYSIS Clinical Laboratory, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - A Anayiotos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - K Kapnisis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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He J, Fang J, Wei P, Li Y, Guo H, Mei Q, Ren F. Cancellous bone-like porous Fe@Zn scaffolds with core-shell-structured skeletons for biodegradable bone implants. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:665-681. [PMID: 33242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) porous zinc (Zn) with a moderate degradation rate is a promising candidate for biodegradable bone scaffolds. However, fabrication of such scaffolds with adequate mechanical properties remains a challenge. Moreover, the composition, crystallography and microstructure of the in vivo degradation products formed at or near the implant-bone interface are still not precisely known. Here, we have fabricated porous Fe@Zn scaffolds with skeletons consisting of an inner core layer of Fe and an outer shell layer of Zn using template-assisted electrodeposition technique, and systematically evaluated their porous structure, mechanical properties, degradation mechanism, antibacterial ability and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. In situ site-specific focused ion beam micromilling and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the in vivo degradation products at the nanometer scale. The 3D porous Fe@Zn scaffolds show similar structure and comparable mechanical properties to human cancellous bone. The degradation rates can be adjusted by varying the layer thickness of Zn and Fe. The antibacterial rates reach over 95% against S. aureus and almost 100% against E. coli. A threshold of released Zn ion concentration (~ 0.3 mM) was found to determine the in vitro biocompatibility. Intense new bone formation and ingrowth were observed despite with a slight inflammatory response. The in vivo degradation products were identified to be equiaxed nanocrystalline zinc oxide with dispersed zinc carbonate. This study not only demonstrates the feasibility of porous Fe@Zn for biodegradable bone implants, but also provides significant insight into the degradation mechanism of porous Zn in physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ju Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Pengbo Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yulei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Centre of experimental animal, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qingsong Mei
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Fuzeng Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Venezuela J, Dargusch M. The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: A comprehensive review. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:1-40. [PMID: 30660777 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc has been identified as one of the most promising biodegradable metals along with magnesium and iron. Zinc appears to address some of the core engineering problems associated with magnesium and iron when applied to biomedical implant applications; hence the increase in the amount of research investigations on the metal in the last few years. In this review, the current state-of-the-art on biodegradable Zn, including recent developments, current opportunities and future directions of research are discussed. The discussions are presented with a specific focus on reviewing the relationships that exist between mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of zinc with alloying and fabrication techniques. This work hopes to guide future studies on biodegradable Zn that will help in advancing this field of research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (i) The review offers an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the influence of alloying and fabrication technique on mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of Zn; (ii) the work cites the most relevant biodegradable Zn fabrication processes including additive manufacturing techniques; (iii) the review includes a listing of research gap and future research directions for the field of biodegradable Zn.
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Yang H, Wang C, Liu C, Chen H, Wu Y, Han J, Jia Z, Lin W, Zhang D, Li W, Yuan W, Guo H, Li H, Yang G, Kong D, Zhu D, Takashima K, Ruan L, Nie J, Li X, Zheng Y. Evolution of the degradation mechanism of pure zinc stent in the one-year study of rabbit abdominal aorta model. Biomaterials 2017; 145:92-105. [PMID: 28858721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, pure zinc stents were implanted into the abdominal aorta of rabbits for 12 months. Multiscale analysis including micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and histological stainings was performed to reveal the fundamental degradation mechanism of the pure zinc stent and its biocompatibility. The pure zinc stent was able to maintain mechanical integrity for 6 months and degraded 41.75 ± 29.72% of stent volume after 12 months implantation. No severe inflammation, platelet aggregation, thrombosis formation or obvious intimal hyperplasia was observed at all time points after implantation. The degradation of the zinc stent played a beneficial role in the artery remodeling and healing process. The evolution of the degradation mechanism of pure zinc stents with time was revealed as follows: Before endothelialization, dynamic blood flow dominated the degradation of pure zinc stent, creating a uniform corrosion mode; After endothelialization, the degradation of pure zinc stent depended on the diffusion of water molecules, hydrophilic solutes and ions which led to localized corrosion. Zinc phosphate generated in blood flow transformed into zinc oxide and small amounts of calcium phosphate during the conversion of degradation microenvironment. The favorable physiological degradation behavior makes zinc a promising candidate for future stent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chaoqiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Houwen Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jintao Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zichang Jia
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenjiao Lin
- R&D Center, Lifetech Scientific (Shenzhen) Co Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- R&D Center, Lifetech Scientific (Shenzhen) Co Ltd, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huafang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Kazuki Takashima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Liqun Ruan
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Jianfeng Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Li J, Gittleson FS, Liu Y, Liu J, Loye AM, McMillon-Brown L, Kyriakides TR, Schroers J, Taylor AD. Exploring a wider range of Mg-Ca-Zn metallic glass as biocompatible alloys using combinatorial sputtering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8288-8291. [PMID: 28665424 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02733h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to bypass the limitation of bulk metallic glasses fabrication, we synthesized thin film metallic glasses to study the corrosion characteristics of a wide atomic% composition range, Mg(35.9-63%)Ca(4.1-21%)Zn(17.9-58.3%), in simulated body fluid. We highlight a clear relationship between Zn content and corrosion current such that Zn-medium metallic glasses exhibit minimum corrosion. In addition, we found higher Zn content leads to a poor in vitro cell viability. These results showcase the benefit of evaluating a larger alloy compositional space to probe the limits of corrosion resistance and prescreen for biocompatible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
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