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Li H, Li B, Luo W, Qi X, Hao Y, Yang C, Li W, Li J, Hua Z, Guo T, Zheng Z, Yu X, Liu L, Zhao J, Li T, Huang D, Hu J, Li Z, Wang F, Li H, Ma C, Ji F. Regulation of interstitial fluid flow in adventitia along vasculature by heartbeat and respiration. iScience 2024; 27:109407. [PMID: 38532885 PMCID: PMC10963235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Converging studies showed interstitial fluid (ISF) adjacent to blood vessels flows in adventitia along vasculature into heart and lungs. We aim to reveal circulatory pathways and regulatory mechanism of such adventitial ISF flow in rat model. By MRI, real-time fluorescent imaging, micro-CT, and histological analysis, ISF was found to flow in adventitial matrix surrounded by fascia and along systemic vessels into heart, then flow into lungs via pulmonary arteries and back to heart via pulmonary veins, which was neither perivascular tissues nor blood or lymphatic vessels. Under physiological conditions, speckle-like adventitial ISF flow rate was positively correlated with heart rate, increased when holding breath, became pulsative during heavy breathing. During cardiac or respiratory cycle, each dilation or contraction of heart or lungs can generate to-and-fro adventitial ISF flow along femoral veins. Discovered regulatory mechanisms of adventitial ISF flow along vasculature by heart and lungs will revolutionize understanding of cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Research Center for Interstitial Fluid Circulation, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bei Li
- Research Center for Interstitial Fluid Circulation, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xi Qi
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - You Hao
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhi Yang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Research Center for Interstitial Fluid Circulation, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jiazheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tan Guo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Zheng
- Department of Acupuncture, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Dahai Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Lab of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P.R. China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, P.R. China
| | - Zongmin Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100005, P.R. China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Zhou X, Cheng J, He F, Ao Z, Zhang P, Wang J, Li Q, Tang W, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Hou Y, Liu W, Han D. A robust MRI contrast agent for specific display of the interstitial stream. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3905-3913. [PMID: 37496627 PMCID: PMC10367968 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies have reported phenomena of long-range fluid flow in interstitial space. However, its behaviours and functions are yet to be addressed. The imaging of the interstitial stream in vivo can clarify its transportation route and allow further understanding of physiological mechanisms and clinical relevance. Here to illustrate the route of the interstitial stream leading to the kidney, we design and synthesize a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent PAA-g-(DTPA-gadolinium). This MRI agent has a high longitudinal relaxivity for higher MRI contrast and large size to avoid leakage across the interstitial space. Using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI, histochemical staining, and trace element analysis of gadolinium, we track the nano-scale PAA-g-(DTPA-gadolinium) transported in the interstitial stream. The agent can be applied for a wide range of imaging and analysis of tissues and organs, thereby enabling advances in the fields of physiology, pathology, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100139 China
| | - Junwei Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Fangfei He
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhuo Ao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100139 China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Medical Device Evaluation, NMPA Beijing 100081 China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Weinan Tang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- Beijing Wandong Medical Technology Co. Beijing 100015 China
| | - Yiyan Zhou
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis Sacramento CA 95817 USA
| | - Yan Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100139 China
| | - Yi Hou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wentao Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100139 China
| | - Dong Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100139 China
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Wang M, Geng X, Li K, Wang Y, Duan X, Hou C, Zhao L, Zhou H, Zhao D. Berberine ameliorates mesenteric vascular dysfunction by modulating perivascular adipose tissue in diet-induced obese in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:198. [PMID: 35879716 PMCID: PMC9310483 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Berberine (BBR) has been found to have antiobesity effects, and obesity can lead to adipose tissue degeneration. As a special adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is closely related to vascular function and affects vasoconstriction and relaxation. What happens to PVAT in the early stages of diet-induced obesity and how BBR affects vascular function is the focus of our experimental study.
Methods
Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (fat 34% kcal) for 4 weeks to simulate early obesity. Obese rats were treated with BBR (200 mg/kg) or metformin (MET, 100 mg/kg) by gavage for 2 weeks. The mesenteric arterioles were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The force vs. time curves were observed and analysed to indicate vascular function. Nitric oxide (NO) and noradrenaline (NA) release was quantified using an organ bath with fluorescence assays and ELISA, respectively. Network pharmacology was used to analyse the overlapping targets related to BBR and obesity-related diseases, and the expression of NOS in mesenteric PVAT was further analysed with immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. The serum inflammatory factor levels were tested.
Results
BBR significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, blood lipids and inflammatory factors in serum. It also effectively improved abnormal mesenteric vasoconstriction and relaxation in obese rats. There was no significant change in mesenteric vascular structure, but NO production and eNOS expression were significantly increased in mesenteric PVAT (P < 0.01), and NA was decreased (P < 0.05) in obese rats. All these changes in the mesenteric arterioles and PVAT of obese rats were reversed by treatment with BBR and MET.
Conclusions
In diet-induced obesity in rats, the function of vasoconstriction and relaxation in mesenteric arterioles is altered, NO is increased, and NA is decreased in mesenteric PVAT. All these changes were reversed by BBR, suggesting a novel effect of BBR in ameliorating mesenteric vascular dysfunction by regulating PVAT.
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Li HY, Wang F, Chen M, Zheng ZJ, Yin YJ, Hu J, Li H, Sammer A, Feigl G, Maurer N, Ma C, Ji FS. An acupoint-originated human interstitial fluid circulatory network. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2365-2369. [PMID: 34561330 PMCID: PMC8509956 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zheng
- Department of Accupuncture, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Lab of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andreas Sammer
- Ordination Dr. Sammer, Dr.med.univ. Andreas Sammer, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Feigl
- Institute of Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Norbert Maurer
- University Clinic for Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fu-Sui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Li H, Lyu Y, Chen X, Li B, Hua Q, Ji F, Yin Y, Li H. Layers of interstitial fluid flow along a "slit-shaped" vascular adventitia. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:647-663. [PMID: 34414700 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid (ISF) flow through vascular adventitia has been discovered recently. However, its kinetic pattern was unclear. We used histological and topographical identification to observe ISF flow along venous vessels in rabbits. By magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in live subjects, the inherent pathways of ISF flow from the ankle dermis through the legs, abdomen, and thorax were enhanced by paramagnetic contrast. By fluorescence stereomicroscopy and layer-by-layer dissection after the rabbits were sacrificed, the perivascular and adventitial connective tissues (PACTs) along the saphenous veins and inferior vena cava were found to be stained by sodium fluorescein from the ankle dermis, which coincided with the findings by MRI. The direction of ISF transport in a venous PACT pathway was the same as that of venous blood flow. By confocal microscopy and histological analysis, the stained PACT pathways were verified to be the fibrous connective tissues, consisting of longitudinally assembled fibers. Real-time observations by fluorescence stereomicroscopy revealed at least two types of spaces for ISF flow: one along adventitial fibers and another one between the vascular adventitia and its covering fascia. Using nanoparticles and surfactants, a PACT pathway was found to be accessible by a nanoparticle of <100 nm and contained two parts: a transport channel and an absorptive part. The calculated velocity of continuous ISF flow along fibers of the PACT pathway was 3.6‒15.6 mm/s. These data revealed that a PACT pathway was a "slit-shaped" porous biomaterial, comprising a longitudinal transport channel and an absorptive part for imbibition. The use of surfactants suggested that interfacial tension might play an essential role in layers of continuous ISF flow along vascular vessels. A hypothetical "gel pump" is proposed based on interfacial tension and interactions to regulate ISF flow. These experimental findings may inspire future studies to explore the physiological and pathophysiological functions of vascular ISF or interfacial fluid flow among interstitial connective tissues throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Cardiology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. .,Cardiology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - You Lyu
- Cardiology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Radiology Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bei Li
- Cardiology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qi Hua
- Cardiology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China. ,
| | - Fusui Ji
- Cardiology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Li H, Yin Y, Yang C, Chen M, Wang F, Ma C, Li H, Kong Y, Ji F, Hu J. Active interfacial dynamic transport of fluid in a network of fibrous connective tissues throughout the whole body. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12760. [PMID: 31957194 PMCID: PMC7046480 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid in interstitial spaces accounts for ~20% of an adult body weight and flows diffusively for a short range. Does it circulate around the body like vascular circulations? This bold conjecture has been debated for decades. As a conventional physiological concept, interstitial space is a micron‐sized space between cells and vasculature. Fluid in interstitial spaces is thought to be entrapped within interstitial matrix. However, our serial data have further defined a second space in interstitium that is a nanosized interfacial transport zone on a solid surface. Within this fine space, fluid along a solid fibre can be transported under a driving power and identically, interstitial fluid transport can be visualized by tracking the oriented fibres. Since 2006, our data from volunteers and cadavers have revealed a long‐distance extravascular pathway for interstitial fluid flow, comprising at least four types of anatomic distributions. The framework of each extravascular pathway contains the longitudinally assembled and oriented fibres, working as a fibrorail for fluid flow. Interestingly, our data showed that the movement of fluid in a fibrous pathway is in response to a dynamic driving source and named as dynamotaxis. By analysis of previous studies and our experimental results, a hypothesis of interstitial fluid circulatory system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Chongqing Yang
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Min Chen
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Neuroscience Center Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yiya Kong
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
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Guo J, Sun Y, Hao Y, Cui L, Ren G. A mass-flowing muscle model with shape restrictive soft tissues: correlation with sonoelastography. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:911-926. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Li H, Yang C, Yin Y, Wang F, Chen M, Xu L, Wang N, Zhang D, Wang X, Kong Y, Li Q, Su S, Cao Y, Liu W, Ao Z, Dai L, Ma C, Shang L, Han D, Ji F, Li H. An extravascular fluid transport system based on structural framework of fibrous connective tissues in human body. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12667. [PMID: 31373101 PMCID: PMC6797508 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Chongqing Yang
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Engineering Mechanics Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Min Chen
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Naili Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Yiya Kong
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Qing Li
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Si Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yupeng Cao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing China
| | - Wentao Liu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhuo Ao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing China
| | - Luru Dai
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Lijun Shang
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Beijing Hospital National Center of Gerontology Beijing China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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