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Tsoukos A, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Zajac A, Panagiotopoulos MG, Psarras II, Petraki DP, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. Fatigue and Metabolic Responses during Repeated Sets of Bench Press Exercise to Exhaustion at Different Ranges of Motion. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:61-76. [PMID: 38689577 PMCID: PMC11057609 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of different ranges of motion (ROM) on fatigue and metabolic responses during repeated sets of bench press exercise. Ten resistance trained men performed three sets to momentary failure with two-min rest intervals at three different ROM: full ROM (FULL), and partial ROM in which the barbell was moved either at the bottom half (BOTTOM) or the top half (TOP) of the full barbell vertical displacement. In TOP, a higher load was lifted, and a higher total number of repetitions was performed compared to FULL and BOTTOM (130 ± 17.6 vs. 102.5 ± 15.9 vs. 98.8 ± 17.5 kg; 55.2 ± 9.8, 32.2 ± 6.5 vs. 49.1 ± 16.5 kg, respectively p < 0.01). Work per repetition was higher in FULL than TOP and BOTTOM (283 ± 43 vs. 205 ± 32 vs. 164 ± 31 J/repetition, p < 0.01). Mean barbell velocity at the start of set 1 was 21.7% and 12.8% higher in FULL compared to TOP and BOTTOM, respectively. The rate of decline in mean barbell velocity was doubled from set 1 to set 3 (p < 0.01) and was higher in FULL than both TOP and BOTTOM (p < 0.001). Also, the rate of mean barbell velocity decline was higher in BOTTOM compared to TOP (p = 0.045). Blood lactate concentration was similarly increased in all ROM (p < 0.001). Training at TOP ROM allowed not only to lift a higher load, but also to perform more repetitions with a lower rate of decline in mean barbell velocity. Despite the lower absolute load and work per repetition, fatigue was higher in BOTTOM than TOP and this may be attributed to differences in muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michail G. Panagiotopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias-Iason Psarras
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina P. Petraki
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Martínez-Rubio C, Quidel-Catrilelbún MEL, Baena-Raya A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Pérez-Castilla A. Inter-repetition Rest Impact on Percentage of Repetition Completed at Certain Velocity Loss. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:116-124. [PMID: 38109899 DOI: 10.1055/a-2200-5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of different inter-repetition rest (IRR) configurations (zero seconds [IRR0], three seconds [IRR3], and self-selected less than five seconds [SSIRR]) on estimating the number of repetitions (Nrep) and the percentage of completed repetitions relative to the maximum number of repetitions possible to failure (%rep) after reaching 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds (VLT). Eighteen men completed three sessions, each with a different IRR configuration, separated by 48-72 hours. Single sets of repetitions to momentary muscular failure were performed against 65%, 75%, and 85% of the one-repetition maximum during free-weight back squat and bench press exercises. No significant differences were reported between IRR configurations for the Nrep (P≥0.089) and %rep (P≥0.061), except for %rep after reaching the 20-30%VLT against 65%1RM and the 10-20%VLT against 75%1RM in the bench press exercise (P≤0.048). Additionally, both Nrep and %rep exhibited high interindividual variability (between-subject CV=14-79%) across the different IRR configurations. The individual %rep-%VLT relationships were slightly stronger than the general %rep-%VLT relationships (median R 2 =0.914-0.971 vs. 0.698-0.900). Overall, regardless of the IRR configuration, this novel velocity-based approach does not guarantee the same effort levels across subjects in the free-weight back squat and bench press sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS, Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS, Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, García-de-Alcaraz A, Soriano-Maldonado A, Pérez-Castilla A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Assessing the Maximal Mechanical Capacities Through the Load-Velocity Relationship in Elite Versus Junior Male Volleyball Players. Sports Health 2023:19417381231208706. [PMID: 37950435 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231208706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical testing is crucial for athlete monitoring, talent identification, optimizing training, and tailoring programs to enhance game-performance in elite competitions. HYPOTHESIS Load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables discriminate between elite and junior volleyball players, correlate with volleyball-specific performance, and are generalizable across lower- and upper-body exercises. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 9 elite and 11 junior volleyball players were assessed for the L-V relationship (load-axis intercept [L0], velocity-axis intercept [v0], and area under the L-V relationship line [Aline]) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Block and spike jump height, as well as standing and jumping spike speed were assessed 24 hours later. RESULTS Elite players presented greater magnitude in the L-V variables (P ≤ 0.03; effect size [ES] ≥ 1.06) and higher volleyball-specific performance (P ≤ 0.03; ES ≥ 1.09) than juniors (except for CMJ v0 and Aline). The L-V relationship variables were significantly associated with the block and spike jump height and jumping spike speed only in elite players (r ≥ 0.703 and P ≤ 0.04 in 11 out of 18 correlations). No significant associations were observed between CMJ and BPT for any L-V relationship variable (r ≤ 581; P ≥ 0.08, except for Aline in junior players). CONCLUSION The L-V relationship is a practical procedure to assess volleyball players' maximal mechanical capacities, which are associated with volleyball-specific performance in elite players. However, these data should not be used interchangeably between playing standards or exercises. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This information might help strength and conditioning coaches to prescribe more effective training programs that focus on developing the specific physical capacities necessary for players to potentially advance to elite status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CIBIS (Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Ruiz-Alias SA, García-Pinillos F, Jaén-Carrillo D, Pérez-Castilla A. Effect of intra-session exercise sequence of an 8-week concurrent training program on the components of physical fitness in recreationally trained young adults. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1722-1731. [PMID: 35856521 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of the intra-session exercise sequence of a concurrent training programme on the components of health-related physical fitness. Twenty-four healthy young adults were allocated into two different groups differing only in the exercise order to conduct an 8-week intra-session concurrent training programme consisting of three sessions of 60-90 minutes (180-270 min/week), with all-out running sprint intervals, back squat, and bench press endurance and resistance exercises (i.e., ET+RT and RT+ET). The 8-week intra-session concurrent training programme overall improved all the components of physical fitness regardless of the exercise sequence. However, ET + RT and RT + ET groups reported moderate and small improvements for squat jump (ET + RT: 3.82 cm [1.11 to 6.53 cm]; RT + ET: 0.31 cm [-1.72 to 2.33 cm]), countermovement jump (ET + RT: 3.76 cm [1.43 to 6.08 cm]; RT + ET: 2.07 cm [-0.03 to 4.17 cm]) and maximum oxygen uptake (ET + RT: 4.75 ml/kg/min [1.14 to 8.35 ml/kg/min]; RT + ET: 1.66 ml/kg/min [-0.89 to 4.21 ml/kg/min]), respectively. Therefore, greater lower-body power and cardiorespiratory fitness gains might be induced following the ET + RT sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago A Ruiz-Alias
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Diego Jaén-Carrillo
- Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Sport and Health University Research Center (iMUDS), Granada, Spain
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Pérez-Castilla A, Miras-Moreno S, García-Vega AJ, García-Ramos A. The placement of linear transducers affects the magnitude but not the intra-session reliability of kinematic variables during the bench press exercise. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-220001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While linear transducers are the most accurate velocity monitoring devices, the horizontal motion of the barbell seems to affect its measurement error. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of cable inclination of the GymAware and T-Force linear transducers on the intra-session reliability and magnitude of kinematic variables during the Smith machine bench press exercise. METHODS: Twenty-eight resistance-trained males performed 2 blocks of 12 repetitions (4 repetitions at 40-60-80%1RM). In half of the repetitions with each load the two measuring systems were either vertically aligned with the barbell or positioned 15-cm away from the vertical projection of the barbell. RESULTS: Displacement and mean velocity variables were recorded with a high and comparable intra-session reliability regardless of the cable position and measuring system (CV=𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 1.79–8.38%; ICC=𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 0.69–0.98). The inclined cable position provided a lower displacement and mean velocity than the vertical cable position and the differences were comparable using both the GymAware (⩽ 1.52 cm; ⩽ 0.05 m⋅s-1) and T-Force (⩽ 1.53 cm; ⩽ 0.04 m⋅s-1). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that repeatable findings of kinematic variables can be obtained regardless of the cable position, but for comparative purposes, the cable position should remain constant from the start to the end of the lifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín J. García-Vega
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Pérez-Castilla A, Jukic I, Janicijevic D, Akyildiz Z, Senturk D, García-Ramos A. Load-Velocity Relationship Variables to Assess the Maximal Neuromuscular Capacities During the Back-Squat Exercise. Sports Health 2022; 14:885-893. [PMID: 35114871 PMCID: PMC9631046 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211064603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the external load lifted and movement velocity can be modeled by a simple linear regression, and the variables derived from the load-velocity (L-V) relationship were recently used to estimate the maximal neuromuscular capacities during 2 variants of the back-squat exercise. HYPOTHESIS The L-V relationship variables will be highly reliable and will be highly associated with the traditional tests commonly used to evaluate the maximal force and power. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-four male wrestlers performed 5 testing sessions (a 1-repetition maximum [1RM] session, and 4 experimental sessions [2 with the concentric-only back-squat and 2 with the eccentric-concentric back-squat]). Each experimental session consisted of performing 3 repetitions against 5 loads (45%-55%-65%-75%-85% of the 1RM), followed by single 1RM attempts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Individual L-V relationships were modeled from the mean velocity collected under all loading conditions from which the following 3 variables were calculated: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the line (Aline = L0·v0/2). The back-squat 1RM strength and the maximum power determined as the apex of the power-velocity relationship (Pmax) were also determined as traditional measures of maximal force and power capacities, respectively. RESULTS The between-session reliability was high for the Aline (coefficient of variation [CV] range = 2.58%-4.37%; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] range = 0.98-0.99) and generally acceptable for L0 and v0 (CV range = 5.08%-9.01%; ICC range = 0.45-0.96). Regarding the concurrent validity, the correlations were very large between L0 and the 1RM strength (rrange = 0.87-0.88) and nearly perfect between Aline and Pmax (r = 0.98-0.99). CONCLUSION The load-velocity relationship variables can be obtained with a high reliability (L0, v0, and Aline) and validity (L0 and Aline) during the back-squat exercise. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The load-velocity relationship modeling represents a quick and simple procedure to estimate the maximal neuromuscular capacities of lower-body muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and
Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute
New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of
Sport and Physical Education, The Research Centre, Belgrade, Serbia,Research Academy of Human Biomechanics,
The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University,
Ningbo, China,Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo
University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Movement and Training Science
Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Senturk
- Sports Department, School of Physical
Education, Gelişim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and
Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain,Department of Sports Sciences and
Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima
Concepción, Concepción, Chile,Amador García Ramos,
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences,
University of Granada, Ctra. Alfacar, 21, Granada, 18011, Spain (
) (Twitter: @amagr)
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Assessment of Back-Squat Performance at Submaximal Loads: Is the Reliability Affected by the Variable, Exercise Technique, or Repetition Criterion? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094626. [PMID: 33925379 PMCID: PMC8123869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of different performance variables during 2 variants of the Smith machine back-squat exercise. Twenty-six male wrestlers performed 5 testing sessions (a 1-repetition maximum [1RM] session, and 4 experimental sessions [2 with the pause and 2 with the rebound technique]). Each experimental session consisted of performing 3 repetitions against 5 loads (45-55-65-75-85% of the 1RM). Mean velocity (MV), mean power (MP), peak velocity (PV), and peak power (PP) variables were recorded by a linear position transducer (GymAware PowerTool). The best and average scores of the 3 repetitions were considered for statistical analyses. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 3.89% (best PV score at 55% 1 RM using the pause technique) to 10.29% (average PP score at 85% 1 RM using the rebound technique). PP showed a lower reliability than MV, MP, and PV (CVratio ≥ 1.26). The reliability was comparable between the exercise techniques (CVratio = 1.08) and between the best and average scores (CVratio = 1.04). These results discourage the use of PP to assess back-squat performance at submaximal loads. The remaining variables (MV, MP, or PV), exercise techniques (pause or rebound), and repetition criteria (best score or average score) can be indistinctly used due to their acceptable and comparable reliability.
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