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Kose S, Kutlu MD, Kara S, Polat S, Akillioglu K. Investigation of the protective effect of long-term exercise on molecular pathways and behaviours in scopolamine induced alzheimer's disease-like condition. Brain Res 2023; 1814:148429. [PMID: 37269967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite research, the role of exercise in treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. Our study, investigated that protective effect of treadmill exercise on molecular pathways and cognitive behaviours in a scopolamine-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. For that purpose, male Balb/c mice subjected to exercise for 12 weeks. During the last 4 weeks of exercise, mice were given an injection of scopolamine (2 mg/kg). Following injection, open field test and Morris water maze test were used to assess emotional-cognitive behaviour. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice were isolated, and levels of BDNF, TrkB, and p-GSK3ßSer389 were assessed by western blotting, and levels of APP and Aß-40 were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In our study, scopolamine administration increased anxiety-like behaviour in open field test, while negatively affecting spatial learning and memory in Morris water maze test. We found that exercise had a protective effect against cognitive and emotional decline. Scopolamine decreased levels of p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.Whereas TrkB decreased in hippocampus and increased in prefrontal cortex. There was an increase in p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus, and p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in the prefrontal cortex in the exercise + scopolamine group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that scopolamine administration increased APP and Aß-40 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in neuronal and perineuronal areas whereas Aß-40 and APP were reduced in exercise + scopolamine groups. In conclusion, long-term exercise may have a protective effect against scopolamine-induced impairments in cognitive-emotional behaviour. It can be suggested that this protective effect is mediated by increased BDNF levels and GSK3ßSer389 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Kose
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Donmez Kutlu
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Samet Kara
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Adana 01330, Turkey
| | - Kubra Akillioglu
- Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Adana 01330, Turkey
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2
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Lista S, Vergallo A, Teipel SJ, Lemercier P, Giorgi FS, Gabelle A, Garaci F, Mercuri NB, Babiloni C, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Hampel H, Nisticò R. Determinants of approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response outcomes in Alzheimer's disease: relevance for precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101819. [PMID: 36526257 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the global standard of care for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and show significant positive effects in neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Although experimental and large-scale clinical evidence indicates the potential long-term efficacy of ChEI, primary outcomes are generally heterogeneous across outpatient clinics and regional healthcare systems. Sub-optimal dosing or slow tapering, heterogeneous guidelines about the timing for therapy initiation (prodromal versus dementia stages), healthcare providers' ambivalence to treatment, lack of disease awareness, delayed medical consultation, prescription of ChEI in non-AD cognitive disorders, contribute to the negative outcomes. We present an evidence-based overview of determinants, spanning genetic, molecular, and large-scale networks, involved in the response to ChEI in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. A comprehensive understanding of cerebral and retinal cholinergic system dysfunctions along with ChEI response predictors in AD is crucial since disease-modifying therapies will frequently be prescribed in combination with ChEI. Therapeutic algorithms tailored to genetic, biological, clinical (endo)phenotypes, and disease stages will help leverage inter-drug synergy and attain optimal combined response outcomes, in line with the precision medicine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France; School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Casa di Cura "San Raffaele Cassino", Cassino, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Qian L, Rawashdeh O, Kasas L, Milne MR, Garner N, Sankorrakul K, Marks N, Dean MW, Kim PR, Sharma A, Bellingham MC, Coulson EJ. Cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration due to sleep-disordered breathing exacerbates pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6543. [PMID: 36323689 PMCID: PMC9630433 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies indicate that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) such as obstructive sleep apnea is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the mechanisms of the risk remain unclear. Here we developed a method of modeling SDB in mice that replicates key features of the human condition: altered breathing during sleep, sleep disruption, moderate hypoxemia, and cognitive impairment. When we induced SDB in a familial AD model, the mice displayed exacerbation of cognitive impairment and the pathological features of AD, including increased levels of amyloid-beta and inflammatory markers, as well as selective degeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. These pathological features were not induced by chronic hypoxia or sleep disruption alone. Our results also revealed that the cholinergic neurodegeneration was mediated by the accumulation of nuclear hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha. Furthermore, restoring blood oxygen levels during sleep to prevent hypoxia prevented the pathological changes induced by the SDB. These findings suggest a signaling mechanism whereby SDB induces cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qian
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Leda Kasas
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Michael R. Milne
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nicholas Garner
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kornraviya Sankorrakul
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Nicola Marks
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Matthew W. Dean
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Pu Reum Kim
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Aanchal Sharma
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Mark C. Bellingham
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Coulson
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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4
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Sun P, Li S, Li L. Understanding How Physical Exercise Improves Alzheimer’s Disease: Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:869507. [PMID: 35663578 PMCID: PMC9158463 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.869507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates and neurofibrillary lesions composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. It has long been known that dysregulation of cholinergic and monoaminergic (i.e., dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic) systems is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Abnormalities in neuronal activity, neurotransmitter signaling input, and receptor function exaggerate Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Maintenance of normal neurotransmission is essential to halt AD progression. Most neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-related drugs modulate the pathology of AD and improve cognitive function through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Exercise therapies provide an important alternative or adjunctive intervention for AD. Cumulative evidence indicates that exercise can prevent multiple pathological features found in AD and improve cognitive function through delaying the degeneration of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons; increasing levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine; and modulating the activity of certain neurotransmitter-related GPCRs. Emerging insights into the mechanistic links among exercise, the neurotransmitter system, and AD highlight the potential of this intervention as a therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Li,
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5
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Targeting the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210004. [PMID: 35571495 PMCID: PMC9069568 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite extensive research, only a few drugs are available for management of the disease. One strategy has been to up-regulate cholinergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function, but this approach has dose-limiting adverse effects. To avoid these adverse effects, new drugs that target specific receptor subtypes of the cholinergic system are needed, and the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-mAChR) has been shown to be a good target for this approach. By using several strategies, M1-mAChR ligands have been developed and trialled in preclinical animal models and in human studies, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews the different approaches to targeting the M1-mAChR in AD and discusses the advantages and limitations of these strategies. The factors to consider in targeting the M1-mAChR in AD are also discussed.
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6
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OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2250-2275. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Neuropharmacology of Cevimeline and Muscarinic Drugs-Focus on Cognition and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168908. [PMID: 34445613 PMCID: PMC8396258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias cannot be cured. Therefore, scientists all over the world are trying to find a new approach to prolong an active life of patients with initial dementia. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pathways are investigated to improve the key symptom of the disease, memory loss. In this respect, influencing the neuromodulator acetylcholine via muscarinic receptors, such as cevimeline, might be one of the therapeutic alternatives. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of cevimeline on the cognitive functions of AD patients. The methodology is based on a systematic literature review of available studies found in Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, and Scopus on the research topic. The findings indicate that cevimeline has shown an improvement in experimentally induced cognitive deficits in animal models. Furthermore, it has demonstrated to positively influence tau pathology and reduce the levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the cerebral spinal fluid of Alzheimer’s patients. Although this drug has not been approved by the FDA for its use among AD patients and there is a lack of clinical studies confirming and extending this finding, cevimeline might represent a breakthrough in the treatment of AD.
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8
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Hwang J, Youn K, Lim G, Lee J, Kim DH, Jun M. Discovery of Natural Inhibitors of Cholinesterases from Hydrangea: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010254. [PMID: 33477276 PMCID: PMC7830924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease conceptualized as a clinical-biological neurodegenerative construct where amyloid-beta pathophysiology is supposed to play a role. The loss of cognitive functions is mostly characterized by the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cholinesterases including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Moreover, both enzymes are responsible for non-catalytic actions such as interacting with amyloid β peptide (Aβ) which further leads to promote senile plaque formation. In searching for a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, the present study focused on two isocoumarines from hydrangea, thunberginol C (TC) and hydrangenol 8-O-glucoside pentaacetate (HGP). Hydrangea-derived compounds were demonstrated to act as dual inhibitors of both AChE and BChE. Furthermore, the compounds exerted selective and non-competitive mode of inhibition via hydrophobic interaction with peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzymes. Overall results demonstrated that these natural hydrangea-derived compounds acted as selective dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE, which provides the possibility of potential source of new type of anti-cholinesterases with non-competitive binding property with PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeong Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Gyutae Lim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7323; Fax: +82-51-200-7535
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9
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Majdi A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Rahigh Aghsan S, Farajdokht F, Vatandoust SM, Namvaran A, Mahmoudi J. Amyloid-β, tau, and the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease: seeking direction in a tangle of clues. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:391-413. [PMID: 32017704 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The link between histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e. amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles, and AD-associated cognitive impairment, has long been established. However, the introduction of interactions between amyloid-beta (Aβ) as well as hyperphosphorylated tau, and the cholinergic system to the territory of descriptive neuropathology has drastically changed this field by adding the theory of synaptic neurotransmission to the toxic pas de deux in AD. Accumulating data show that a multitarget approach involving all amyloid, tau, and cholinergic hypotheses could better explain the evolution of events happening in AD. Various species of both Aβ and tau could be traced in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain system early in the course of the disease. These molecules induce degeneration in the neurons of this system. Reciprocally, aberrant cholinergic system modulation promotes changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and tau phosphorylation, resulting in neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. Altogether, these changes may better correlate with the clinical findings and cognitive impairment detected in AD patients. Failure of several of Aβ- and tau-related therapies further highlights the need for special attention to molecules that target all of these mentioned pathologic changes. Another noteworthy fact here is that none of the popular hypotheses of AD such as amyloidopathy or tauopathy seem to be responsible for the changes observed in AD alone. Thus, the main culprit should be sought higher in the stream somewhere in APP metabolism or Wnt signaling in the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Future studies should target these pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahigh Aghsan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Vatandoust
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Ali Namvaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
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10
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Ray B, Maloney B, Sambamurti K, Karnati HK, Nelson PT, Greig NH, Lahiri DK. Rivastigmine modifies the α-secretase pathway and potentially early Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:47. [PMID: 32066688 PMCID: PMC7026402 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine (or Exelon) is a cholinesterase inhibitor, currently used as a symptomatic treatment for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) generated from its precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (or BACE1) and γ-secretase endoproteolysis. Alternative APP cleavage by α-secretase (a family of membrane-bound metalloproteases- Adamalysins) precludes the generation of toxic Aβ and yields a neuroprotective and neurotrophic secreted sAPPα fragment. Several signal transduction pathways, including protein kinase C and MAP kinase, stimulate α-secretase. We present data to suggest that rivastigmine, in addition to anticholinesterase activity, directs APP processing away from BACE1 and towards α-secretases. We treated rat neuronal PC12 cells and primary human brain (PHB) cultures with rivastigmine and the α-secretase inhibitor TAPI and assayed for levels of APP processing products and α-secretases. We subsequently treated 3×Tg (transgenic) mice with rivastigmine and harvested hippocampi to assay for levels of APP processing products. We also assayed postmortem human control, AD, and AD brains from subjects treated with rivastigmine for levels of APP metabolites. Rivastigmine dose-dependently promoted α-secretase activity by upregulating levels of ADAM-9, -10, and -17 α-secretases in PHB cultures. Co-treatment with TAPI eliminated rivastigmine-induced sAPPα elevation. Rivastigmine treatment elevated levels of sAPPα in 3×Tg mice. Consistent with these results, we also found elevated sAPPα in postmortem brain samples from AD patients treated with rivastigmine. Rivastigmine can modify the levels of several shedding proteins and directs APP processing toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This novel property of rivastigmine can be therapeutically exploited for disease-modifying intervention that goes beyond symptomatic treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balmiki Ray
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bryan Maloney
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- grid.259828.c0000 0001 2189 3475Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425 SC USA
| | - Hanuma K. Karnati
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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11
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Hampel H, Mesulam MM, Cuello AC, Farlow MR, Giacobini E, Grossberg GT, Khachaturian AS, Vergallo A, Cavedo E, Snyder PJ, Khachaturian ZS. The cholinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2019; 141:1917-1933. [PMID: 29850777 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic synapses are ubiquitous in the human central nervous system. Their high density in the thalamus, striatum, limbic system, and neocortex suggest that cholinergic transmission is likely to be critically important for memory, learning, attention and other higher brain functions. Several lines of research suggest additional roles for cholinergic systems in overall brain homeostasis and plasticity. As such, the brain's cholinergic system occupies a central role in ongoing research related to normal cognition and age-related cognitive decline, including dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease centres on the progressive loss of limbic and neocortical cholinergic innervation. Neurofibrillary degeneration in the basal forebrain is believed to be the primary cause for the dysfunction and death of forebrain cholinergic neurons, giving rise to a widespread presynaptic cholinergic denervation. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the availability of acetylcholine at synapses in the brain and are one of the few drug therapies that have been proven clinically useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease dementia, thus validating the cholinergic system as an important therapeutic target in the disease. This review includes an overview of the role of the cholinergic system in cognition and an updated understanding of how cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease interact with other aspects of disease pathophysiology, including plaques composed of amyloid-β proteins. This review also documents the benefits of cholinergic therapies at various stages of Alzheimer's disease and during long-term follow-up as visualized in novel imaging studies. The weight of the evidence supports the continued value of cholinergic drugs as a standard, cornerstone pharmacological approach in Alzheimer's disease, particularly as we look ahead to future combination therapies that address symptoms as well as disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - M-Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ezio Giacobini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - George T Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ara S Khachaturian
- The Campaign to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease by 2020 (PAD2020), Potomac, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA.,Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Targeting the Iron-Response Elements of the mRNAs for the Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein and Ferritin to Treat Acute Lead and Manganese Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040994. [PMID: 30823541 PMCID: PMC6412244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic value of inhibiting translation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) offers the possibility to reduce neurotoxic amyloid formation, particularly in cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caused by APP gene duplications (Dup–APP) and in aging Down syndrome individuals. APP mRNA translation inhibitors such as the anticholinesterase phenserine, and high throughput screened molecules, selectively inhibited the uniquely folded iron-response element (IRE) sequences in the 5’untranslated region (5’UTR) of APP mRNA and this class of drug continues to be tested in a clinical trial as an anti-amyloid treatment for AD. By contrast, in younger age groups, APP expression is not associated with amyloidosis, instead it acts solely as a neuroprotectant while facilitating cellular ferroportin-dependent iron efflux. We have reported that the environmental metallotoxins Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) cause neuronal death by interfering with IRE dependent translation of APP and ferritin. The loss of these iron homeostatic neuroprotectants thereby caused an embargo of iron (Fe) export from neurons as associated with excess unstored intracellular iron and the formation of toxic reactive oxidative species (ROS). We propose that APP 5’UTR directed translation activators can be employed therapeutically to protect neurons exposed to high acute Pb and/or Mn exposure. Certainly, high potency APP translation activators, exemplified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pre-approved M1 muscarinic agonist AF102B and high throughput-screened APP 5’UTR translation activators, are available for drug development to treat acute toxicity caused by Pb/Mn exposure to neurons. We conclude that APP translation activators can be predicted to prevent acute metal toxicity to neurons by a mechanism related to the 5’UTR specific yohimbine which binds and targets the canonical IRE RNA stem loop as an H-ferritin translation activator.
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Huang Y, Zhao Z, Wei X, Zheng Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Wang L. Long-term trihexyphenidyl exposure alters neuroimmune response and inflammation in aging rat: relevance to age and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:175. [PMID: 27411393 PMCID: PMC4942910 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have shown an association between long-term anticholinergic (AC) drug exposure and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, which has been primarily investigated in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term AC exposure as a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative disorders and the exact mechanisms and potential for disease progression remain unclear. Here, we have addressed the issue using trihexyphenidyl (THP), a commonly used AC drug in PD patients, to determine if THP can accelerate AD-like neurodegenerative progression and study potential mechanisms involved. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) were intraperitoneally injected with THP (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) or normal saline (NS) for 7 months. Alterations in cognitive and behavioral performance were assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) and open field tests. After behavior tests, whole genome oligo microarrays, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence-confocal were used to investigate the global mechanisms underlying THP-induced neuropathology with aging. RESULTS Compared with NS controls, the MWM test results showed that THP-treated rats exhibited significantly extended mean latencies during the initial 3 months of testing; however, this behavioral deficit was restored between the fourth and sixth month of MWM testing. The same tendencies were confirmed by MWM probe and open field tests. Gene microarray analysis identified 68 (47 %) upregulated and 176 (53 %) downregulated genes in the "THP-aging" vs. "NS-aging" group. The most significant populations of genes downregulated by THP were the immune response-, antigen processing and presentation-, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related genes, as validated by qRT-PCR. The decreased expression of MHC class I in THP-treated aging brains was confirmed by confocal analysis. Notably, long-term THP treatment primed hippocampal and cortical microglia to undergo an inflammatory phenotypic switch, causing microgliosis and microglia activation, which were positively accompanied by pathological misfolded tau lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that immune response and neuroinflammation represent a pivotal mechanism in THP-induced AD-like neuropathology processes with long-term exposure to AC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Liyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, Peoples' Republic of China.
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Qian M, Shen X, Wang H. The Distinct Role of ADAM17 in APP Proteolysis and Microglial Activation Related to Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:471-82. [PMID: 26119306 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the symptom of cognitive impairment. The deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is believed to be the primary cause to neuronal dystrophy and eventually dementia. Aβ is the proteolytic product from its precursor amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ- secretase. An optional cleavage by α-secretase happens inside the Aβ domain. ADAM17 is supposed to be the regulated α-secretase of APP. Enhanced activity of ADAM17 leads to the increasing secretion of neuroprotective soluble APP α fragment and reduction of Aβ generation, which may be benefit to the disease. ADAM17 is then considered the potential therapeutic target for AD. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation is another important event in AD pathogenesis. Interestingly, ADAM17 also participates in the cleavage of many other membrane-bound proteins, especially some inflammatory factors related to microglia activation. The facilitating role of ADAM17 in inflammation and further neuronal damage has also been illustrated. In results, the activation of ADAM17 as the solution to AD may be a tricky task. The comprehensive consideration and evaluation has to be carried out carefully before the final treatment. In the present review, the distinct role of ADAM17 in AD-related APP shedding and neuroinflammatory microglial activation will be carefully discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qian
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
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