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Li Y, Yen D, Hendrix RD, Gordon BA, Dlamini S, Barthélemy NR, Aschenbrenner AJ, Henson RL, Herries EM, Volluz K, Kirmess K, Eastwood S, Meyer M, Heller M, Jarrett L, McDade E, Holtzman DM, Benzinger TL, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Schindler SE. Timing of Biomarker Changes in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Estimated Years from Symptom Onset. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:951-965. [PMID: 38400792 PMCID: PMC11060905 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A clock relating amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to time was used to estimate the timing of biomarker changes in sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Research participants were included who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection within 2 years of amyloid PET. The ages at amyloid onset and AD symptom onset were estimated for each individual. The timing of change for plasma, CSF, imaging, and cognitive measures was calculated by comparing restricted cubic splines of cross-sectional data from the amyloid PET positive and negative groups. RESULTS The amyloid PET positive sub-cohort (n = 118) had an average age of 70.4 ± 7.4 years (mean ± standard deviation) and 16% were cognitively impaired. The amyloid PET negative sub-cohort (n = 277) included individuals with low levels of amyloid plaque burden at all scans who were cognitively unimpaired at the time of the scans. Biomarker changes were detected 15-19 years before estimated symptom onset for CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, plasma Aβ42/Aβ40, CSF pT217/T217, and amyloid PET; 12-14 years before estimated symptom onset for plasma pT217/T217, CSF neurogranin, CSF SNAP-25, CSF sTREM2, plasma GFAP, and plasma NfL; and 7-9 years before estimated symptom onset for CSF pT205/T205, CSF YKL-40, hippocampal volumes, and cognitive measures. INTERPRETATION The use of an amyloid clock enabled visualization and analysis of biomarker changes as a function of estimated years from symptom onset in sporadic AD. This study demonstrates that estimated years from symptom onset based on an amyloid clock can be used as a continuous staging measure for sporadic AD and aligns with findings in autosomal dominant AD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:951-965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Yen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel D. Hendrix
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A. Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sibonginkhosi Dlamini
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas R. Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Rachel L. Henson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Herries
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine Volluz
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maren Heller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lea Jarrett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L.S. Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Lista S, Santos-Lozano A, Emanuele E, Mercuri NB, Gabelle A, López-Ortiz S, Martín-Hernández J, Maisto N, Imbimbo C, Caraci F, Imbimbo BP, Zetterberg H, Nisticò R. Monitoring synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease through fluid and PET imaging biomarkers: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:847-857. [PMID: 38228892 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently constrained by limited clinical treatment options. The initial pathophysiological event, which can be traced back to decades before the clinical symptoms become apparent, involves the excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), a peptide comprised of 40-42 amino acids, in extraneuronal plaques within the brain. Biochemical and histological studies have shown that overaccumulation of Aβ instigates an aberrant escalation in the phosphorylation and secretion of tau, a microtubule-binding axonal protein. The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau into intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles is in turn correlated with microglial dysfunction and reactive astrocytosis, culminating in synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. As neurodegeneration progresses, it gives rise to mild clinical symptoms of AD, which may eventually evolve into overt dementia. Synaptic loss in AD may develop even before tau alteration and in response to possible elevations in soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ associated with early AD. These findings largely rely on post-mortem autopsy examinations, which typically involve a limited number of patients. Over the past decade, a range of fluid biomarkers such as neurogranin, α-synuclein, visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1), neuronal pentraxin 2, and β-synuclein, along with positron emission tomography (PET) markers like synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, have been developed. These advancements have facilitated the exploration of how synaptic markers in AD patients correlate with cognitive impairment. However, fluid biomarkers indicating synaptic loss have only been validated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), not in plasma, with the exception of VILIP-1. The most promising PET radiotracer, [11C]UCB-J, currently faces significant challenges hindering its widespread clinical use, primarily due to the necessity of a cyclotron. As such, additional research geared toward the exploration of synaptic pathology biomarkers is crucial. This will not only enable their extensive clinical application, but also refine the optimization process of AD pharmacological trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- CMRR, Memory Resources and Research Center, Montpellier University of Excellence i-site, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Martín-Hernández
- i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nunzia Maisto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Imbimbo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Neuropharmacology and Translational Neurosciences Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018, Troina, Italy
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53726, WI, USA
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Cho SB. Comorbidity Genes of Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Associated with Memory and Cognitive Function. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2211. [PMID: 38396891 PMCID: PMC10889845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are comorbidities that result from the sharing of common genes. The molecular background of comorbidities can provide clues for the development of treatment and management strategies. Here, the common genes involved in the development of the two diseases and in memory and cognitive function are reviewed. Network clustering based on protein-protein interaction network identified tightly connected gene clusters that have an impact on memory and cognition among the comorbidity genes of AD and T2DM. Genes with functional implications were intensively reviewed and relevant evidence summarized. Gene information will be useful in the discovery of biomarkers and the identification of tentative therapeutic targets for AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 38-13, Dokgeom-ro 3 Street, Namdon-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
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4
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Xu Y, Jiang H, Zhu B, Cao M, Feng T, Sun Z, Du G, Zhao Z. Advances and applications of fluids biomarkers in diagnosis and therapeutic targets of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 37144603 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with challenging early diagnosis and effective treatments due to its complex pathogenesis. AD patients are often diagnosed after the appearance of the typical symptoms, thereby delaying the best opportunity for effective measures. Biomarkers could be the key to resolving the challenge. This review aims to provide an overview of application and potential value of AD biomarkers in fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and saliva, in diagnosis and treatment. METHODS A comprehensive search of the relevant literature was conducted to summarize potential biomarkers for AD in fluids. The paper further explored the biomarkers' utility in disease diagnosis and drug target development. RESULTS Research on biomarkers mainly focused on amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, Tau protein abnormal phosphorylation, axon damage, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and related hypotheses associated with AD mechanisms. Aβ42 , total Tau (t-Tau), and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), have been endorsed for their diagnostic and predictive capability. However, other biomarkers remain controversial. Drugs targeting Aβ have shown some efficacy and those that target BACE1 and Tau are still undergoing development. CONCLUSION Fluid biomarkers hold considerable potential in the diagnosis and drug development of AD. However, improvements in sensitivity and specificity, and approaches for managing sample impurities, need to be addressed for better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongshi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Zang Y, Zhou X, Pan M, Lu Y, Liu H, Xiong J, Feng L. Certification of visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) certified reference material by amino acid-based and sulfur-based liquid chromatography isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:211-220. [PMID: 36342508 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a leading cause of dementia in older adults. Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) is an increasingly used biomarker for AD besides the widely accepted Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and tau. However, significant variations exist in the commercial immuno-based assays for VILIP-1 quantification, underlining the necessity to establish a traceability chain. Certified reference materials (CRMs) located at the top of the traceability chain are traceability sources for relevant matrix standard materials. In this work, VILIP-1 solution CRM with a certified value and uncertainty of 39.82±1.52 μg·g-1 was developed and certified using amino acid-based isotope dilution mass spectrometry (AA-ID-MS) and sulfur-based isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). Certified values from both strategies showed great consistency, with traceability to SI units. Moreover, the candidate VILIP-1 CRM shows excellent homogeneity and can be stable for at least 7 days at -20°C and 12 months at -70°C. The VILIP-1 CRM developed can be used in value assignment to secondary calibrators and clinical matrix CRMs, showing prospects in early diagnosis and disease monitoring for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirui Zhou
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengyun Pan
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangrui Liu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Xiong
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuxing Feng
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Španić E, Švob Štrac D, Pleić N, Vogrinc Ž, Gunjača I, Bežovan D, Nedić Erjavec G, Klepac N, Borovečki F, Zemunik T, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. Serotonin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid, Genetic, and Neuropsychological Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123118. [PMID: 36551873 PMCID: PMC9775360 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in serotonergic transmission throughout the brain is among the earliest pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Serotonergic receptors are also affected in AD. Polymorphisms in genes of serotonin (5HT) receptors have been mostly associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). In this study, we examined if AD patients carrying different genotypes in 5HTR1B rs13212041, 5HTR2A rs6313 (T102C), 5HTR2C rs3813929 (-759C/T), and 5HTR6 rs1805054 (C267T) polymorphisms have a higher risk of faster disease progression (assessed by neuropsychological testing), are more prone to develop AD-related pathology (reflected by levels of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] AD biomarkers), or have an association with an apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype. This study included 115 patients with AD, 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 2701 healthy controls. AD biomarkers were determined in the CSF of AD and MCI patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), while polymorphisms were determined using either TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays or Illumina genotyping platforms. We detected a significant decrease in the CSF amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) and an increase in p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio in carriers of the T allele in the 5HTR2C rs3813929 (-759C/T) polymorphism. A significantly higher number of APOE ε4 allele carriers was observed among individuals carrying a TT genotype within the 5HTR2A T102C polymorphism, a C allele within the 5HTR1B rs13212041 polymorphism, and a T allele within the 5HTR6 rs1805054 (C267T) polymorphism. Additionally, individuals carrying the C allele within the 5HTR1B rs13212041 polymorphism were significantly more represented among AD patients and had poorer performances on the Rey-Osterrieth test. Carriers of the T allele within the 5HTR6 rs1805054 had poorer performances on the MMSE and ADAS-Cog. As all four analyzed polymorphisms of serotonin receptor genes showed an association with either genetic, CSF, or neuropsychological biomarkers of AD, they deserve further investigation as potential early genetic biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Švob Štrac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Pleić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Željka Vogrinc
- Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-459-6807
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7
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Ramesh M, Govindaraju T. Multipronged diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13657-13689. [PMID: 36544728 PMCID: PMC9710308 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03932j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a major contributor to dementia cases worldwide. AD is clinically characterized by learning, memory, and cognitive deficits. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau are the pathological hallmarks of AD and are explored as targets for clinical diagnosis and therapy. AD pathology is poorly understood and there are no fully approved diagnosis and treatments. Notwithstanding the gap, decades of research in understanding disease mechanisms have revealed the multifactorial nature of AD. As a result, multipronged and holistic approaches are pertinent to targeting multiple biomarkers and targets for developing effective diagnosis and therapeutics. In this perspective, recent developments in Aβ and tau targeted diagnostic and therapeutic tools are discussed. Novel indirect, combination, and circulating biomarkers as potential diagnostic targets are highlighted. We underline the importance of multiplexing and multimodal detection of multiple biomarkers to generate biomarker fingerprints as a reliable diagnostic strategy. The classical therapeutics targeting Aβ and tau aggregation pathways are described with bottlenecks in the strategy. Drug discovery efforts targeting multifaceted toxicity involving protein aggregation, metal toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and neuroinflammation are highlighted. Recent efforts focused on multipronged strategies to rationally design multifunctional modulators targeting multiple pathological factors are presented as future drug development strategies to discover potential therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
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8
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Halbgebauer S, Steinacker P, Riedel D, Oeckl P, Anderl-Straub S, Lombardi J, von Arnim CAF, Nagl M, Giese A, Ludolph AC, Otto M. Visinin-like protein 1 levels in blood and CSF as emerging markers for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:175. [PMID: 36419075 PMCID: PMC9682835 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) belongs to the group of emerging biomarkers with the potential to support the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, studies investigating the differential diagnostic potential in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are rare and are not available for blood. METHODS We set up a novel, sensitive single molecule array (Simoa) assay for the detection of VILIP-1 in CSF and serum. In total, paired CSF and serum samples from 234 patients were investigated: 73 AD, 18 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 26 parkinsonian syndromes, 20 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 22 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and 75 non-neurodegenerative control (Con) patients. The differential diagnostic potential of CSF and serum VILIP-1 was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and findings were compared to core AD biomarkers. RESULTS CSF and serum VILIP-1 levels correlated weakly (r=0.32 (CI: 0.20-0.43), p<0.0001). VILIP-1 concentrations in CSF and serum were elevated in AD compared to Con (p<0.0001 and p<0.01) and CJD (p<0.0001 for CSF and serum), and an increase in CSF was observed already in early AD stages (p<0.0001). In the discrimination of AD versus Con, we could demonstrate a strong diagnostic potential for CSF VILIP-1 alone (area under the curve (AUC): 0.87), CSF VILIP-1/CSF Abeta 1-42 (AUC: 0.98), and serum VILIP-1/CSF Abeta 1-42 ratio (AUC: 0.89). CONCLUSIONS We here report on the successful establishment of a novel Simoa assay for VILIP-1 and illustrate the potential of CSF and serum VILIP-1 in the differential diagnosis of AD with highest levels in CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Halbgebauer
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Steinacker
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.461820.90000 0004 0390 1701Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Halle University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 49, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Riedel
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Anderl-Straub
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jolina Lombardi
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine A. F. von Arnim
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Division of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Nagl
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany ,grid.461820.90000 0004 0390 1701Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Halle University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Strasse 49, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Pomilio AB, Vitale AA, Lazarowski AJ. Neuroproteomics Chip-Based Mass Spectrometry and Other Techniques for Alzheimer´S Disease Biomarkers – Update. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1124-1151. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220413094918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of growing interest given that there is cognitive damage and symptom onset acceleration. Therefore, it is important to find AD biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease progression, and discrimination of AD and other diseases.
Objective:
To update the relevance of mass spectrometry for the identification of peptides and proteins involved in AD useful as discriminating biomarkers.
Methods:
Proteomics and peptidomics technologies that show the highest possible specificity and selectivity for AD biomarkers are analyzed, together with the biological fluids used. In addition to positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is widely used to identify proteins and peptides involved in AD. The use of protein chips in SELDI technology and electroblotting chips for peptides makes feasible small amounts (L) of samples for analysis.
Results:
Suitable biomarkers are related to AD pathology, such as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles; extraneuronal senile plaques; neuronal and axonal degeneration; inflammation and oxidative stress. Recently, peptides were added to the candidate list, which are not amyloid-b or tau fragments, but are related to coagulation, brain plasticity, and complement/neuroinflammation systems involving the neurovascular unit.
Conclusion:
The progress made in the application of mass spectrometry and recent chip techniques is promising for discriminating between AD, mild cognitive impairment, and matched healthy controls. The application of this technique to blood samples from patients with AD has shown to be less invasive and fast enough to determine the diagnosis, stage of the disease, prognosis, and follow-up of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B. Pomilio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Hematología, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo A. Vitale
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Área Hematología, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto J. Lazarowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Karaboğa MNS, Sezgintürk MK. Biosensor approaches on the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: Sensing the past to the future. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 209:114479. [PMID: 34861607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegeneration-oriented diseases that develop with the aging world is essential for improving the patient's living conditions as well as the treatment of the disease. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are prominent examples of neurodegeneration characterized by dementia leading to the death of nerve cells. The clinical diagnosis of these diseases only after the symptoms appear, delays the treatment process. Detection of biomarkers, which are distinctive molecules in biological fluids, involved in neurodegeneration processes, has the potential to allow early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on biosensors, whose main responsibility is to detect the target analyte with high specificity, has gained momentum in recent years with the aim of high detection of potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration process. This study aims to provide an overview of neuro-biosensors developed on the basis of biomarkers identified in biological fluids for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and to provide an overview of the urgent needs in this field, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in the general lines of the neurodegeneration pathway. In this review, biosensor systems developed for the detection of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the last 5 years, are discussed.
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Morozova A, Zorkina Y, Abramova O, Pavlova O, Pavlov K, Soloveva K, Volkova M, Alekseeva P, Andryshchenko A, Kostyuk G, Gurina O, Chekhonin V. Neurobiological Highlights of Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1217. [PMID: 35163141 PMCID: PMC8835608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on several psychiatric disorders in which cognitive impairment is a major component of the disease, influencing life quality. There are plenty of data proving that cognitive impairment accompanies and even underlies some psychiatric disorders. In addition, sources provide information on the biological background of cognitive problems associated with mental illness. This scientific review aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia, depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease).The review provides data about the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with mental illness and associated biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Abramova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Pavlova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Konstantin Pavlov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Volkova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Polina Alekseeva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Alisa Andryshchenko
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgiy Kostyuk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Hao Y, Liu X, Zhu R. Neurodegeneration and Glial Activation Related CSF Biomarker as the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and an Updated Meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:32-46. [PMID: 34879804 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211208142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, neuron specific enolase (NSE), Visinin-like protein-1 (VLP-1), neurogranin (Ng), and YKL-40 have been identified as candidates for neuronal degeneration and glial activation biomarkers. Therefore, we perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic value of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We searched Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE databases for research about the levels of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in AD patients compared with controls or other dementia diseases until Dec 2020. RESULTS The present meta-analysis contained a total of 51 studies comprising 6248 patients with dementia disorders and 3861 controls. Among them, there were 3262 patients with AD, 2456 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 173 patients with vascular dementia (VaD), 221 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 136 with Lewy bodies dementia (DLB). Our study demonstrated that CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 levels were increased in AD as compared to healthy controls. We also observed that the CSF NSE level was higher in AD than VaD, suggesting CSF NSE might act as a key role in distinguishing between AD and VaD. Interestingly, there was a higher VLP-1 expression in AD, and a lower expression in DLB patients. Moreover, we found the CSF Ng level was increased in AD than MCI, implying CSF Ng might be a biomarker for identifying the progression of AD. Additionally, a significantly higher CSF YKL-40 level was detected not only in AD, but also in FTD, DLB, VaD, signifying YKL-40 was not sensitive in the diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that CSF levels of NSE, VLP-1, and Ng could be valuable biomarkers for identifying patients who are more susceptible to AD and distinguishing AD from other neurodegenerative dementia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
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Rizzi L, Balthazar MLF. Mini-review: The suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136208. [PMID: 34478819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) is a biomarker-based concept that underlying etiology has not been completely understood. Refers to a group of individuals that are negative for amyloid biomarkers and positive for p-Tau and/or neurodegeneration. SNAP causes great research interest because it is not clear if they have a different biological basis from Alzheimer's disease (AD), or are in an early stage of AD itself. The pathological processes behind SNAP need to be clarified. This mini-review aims to summarize the main characteristics of SNAP, besides reporting challenges and promising biomarkers related to the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara Rizzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Klepac N, Štrac DŠ, Borovečki F, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Influence the Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:1029-1047. [PMID: 32390629 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). During this process, activated microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that participate in neuron damage, but also anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10), which maintain homeostasis of immune response. Previous studies showed the association of IL-1α -889C/T (rs1800587), IL-1β-1473G/C (rs1143623), IL-6 -174C/G (rs1800795), IL-10 -1082G/A (rs1800896), and TNFα -308A/G (rs1800629) polymorphisms with AD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether people with certain IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα genotypes in these polymorphisms are more prone to develop AD-related pathology, reflected by pathological levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers including amyloid-β1-42, total tau (t-tau), tau phosphorylated at Thr 181 (p-tau181), Ser 199 (p-tau199), and Thr 231 (p-tau231), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1). METHODS The study included 115 AD patients, 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 11 healthy controls. The polymorphisms were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of CSF biomarkers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant increase in p-tau CSF levels was found in patients with the AA IL-10 -1082G/A and GG TNFα -308A/G genotypes, and in carriers of a G allele in IL-1β -1473C/G and IL-6 -174C/G polymorphisms. t-tau levels were increased in carriers of a G allele in IL-1β -1473C/G polymorphism. An increase in VILIP-1 levels was observed in patients with CG and GG IL-1β -1473C/G, GC IL-6 -174C/G, and GG TNFα -308A/G genotype. CONCLUSION These results suggest that persons carrying certain genotypes in IL10 (-1082G/A), IL1β (1473C/G), IL6 (-174C/G), and TNFIα (-308A/G) could be more vulnerable to development of neuroinflammation, and consequently of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Klepac N, Švob Štrac D, Borovečki F, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. Relationships of Cerebrospinal Fluid Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers and COMT, DBH, and MAOB Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:135-145. [PMID: 31771069 PMCID: PMC7029364 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems are affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes and proteins that are components of these systems can affect products of transcription and translation and lead to altered enzymatic activity and alterations in overall dopamine and noradrenaline levels. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) are the enzymes that regulate degradation of dopamine, while dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) is involved in synthesis of noradrenaline. COMT Val158Met (rs4680), DBH rs1611115 (also called –1021C/T or –970C/T), and MAOB rs1799836 (also called A644G) polymorphisms have been previously associated with AD. We assessed whether these polymorphisms are associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers including total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau proteins (p-tau181, p-tau199, and p-tau231), amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) to test possible relationships of specific genotypes and pathological levels of CSF AD biomarkers. The study included 233 subjects: 115 AD, 53 mild cognitive impairment, 54 subjects with other primary causes of dementia, and 11 healthy controls. Significant decrease in Aβ42 levels was found in patients with GG compared to AG COMT Val158Met genotype, while t-tau and p-tau181 levels were increased in patients with AA compared to AG COMT Val158Met genotype. Aβ42 levels were also decreased in carriers of A allele in MAO-B rs1799836 polymorphism, while p-tau181 levels were increased in carriers of T allele in DBH rs1611115 polymorphism. These results indicate that COMT Val158Met, DBH rs1611115, and MAOB rs1799836 polymorphisms deserve further investigation as genetic markers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Vaz K, Nwokocha C, Wilson-Clarke C, Anderson-Cross M, Brown J, Anderson-Jackson L, Williams L, Latore L, Thompson R, Alexander-Lindo R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33578866 PMCID: PMC7916561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer's disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer's disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Melisa Anderson-Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lowen Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lyndon Latore
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
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Mavroudis IA, Petridis F, Chatzikonstantinou S, Karantali E, Kazis D. A meta-analysis on the levels of VILIP-1 in the CSF of Alzheimer's disease compared to normal controls and other neurodegenerative conditions. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:265-272. [PMID: 31939203 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressing neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of serious irreversible cognitive decline in elderly people. Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) is a member of the family of calcium-binding proteins and plays a crucial role in AD pathophysiology. Multiple studies have shown that CSF levels of VILIP-1 are increased in AD patients compared to normal controls, or other neurodegenerative conditions. We searched online databases for studies on the levels of VILIP-1 in the CSF of AD patients in comparison to normal controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients. A total of ten studies were used for the comparison between AD and controls, three studies for the comparison between AD and MCI, two studies for AD and DLB and two studies for the comparison between stable MCI and MCI progressed to AD. We found that VILIP-1 levels are significantly higher in AD compared to normal controls, but not to the other groups, and furthermore, they are significantly higher in patient with MCI progressed to AD, than in stable MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Mavroudis
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Foivos Petridis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Karantali
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kazis
- Third Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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VSNL1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration by Regulating P2X3/P2Y2 Receptors and Is a Clinical Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:7241942. [PMID: 33376484 PMCID: PMC7744243 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7241942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Visinin Like 1 (VSNL1) in the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer (GC) cells as well as its clinical prognostic significance. Methods To this end, we evaluated VSNL1 expression in GC tissues and cell lines by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. To further explore the effects of VSNL1, a lentiviral vector expressing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against VSNL1 was constructed and transduced into the GC cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901. The interference efficiency of VSNL1-shRNA was determined by western blot. The effects of VSNL1 on the migration and invasion of GC cells as well as the expression of P2X3/P2Y2 were explored using MTS, colony formation, migration, and western blot assays. Results VSNL1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in GC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, VSNL1 expression was positively correlated with Lauren's classification, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and prognosis. VSNL1 expression was inversely correlated with the 5-year survival rate of GC patients. VSNL1 expression was markedly reduced in cells transduced with lentivirus expressing shRNA against VSNL1, and inhibiting VSNL1 expression significantly suppressed cell growth, migration, and colony formation and reduced the expression of P2X3/P2Y2. Conclusion VSNL1 may promote the proliferation and migration of GC cells by regulating P2X3 and P2Y2 expression. VSNL1 plays important roles in GC development and metastasis and may be correlated with patient prognosis.
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Fluid Candidate Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: A Precision Medicine Approach. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040221. [PMID: 33187336 PMCID: PMC7712586 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of dynamic pathophysiological mechanisms underpins highly heterogeneous phenotypes in the field of dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In such a faceted scenario, a biomarker-guided approach, through the implementation of specific fluid biomarkers individually reflecting distinct molecular pathways in the brain, may help establish a proper clinical diagnosis, even in its preclinical stages. Recently, ultrasensitive assays may detect different neurodegenerative mechanisms in blood earlier. ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides, phosphorylated-tau (p-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NFL) measured in blood are gaining momentum as candidate biomarkers for AD. P-tau is currently the more convincing plasma biomarker for the diagnostic workup of AD. The clinical role of plasma Aβ peptides should be better elucidated with further studies that also compare the accuracy of the different ultrasensitive techniques. Blood NFL is promising as a proxy of neurodegeneration process tout court. Protein misfolding amplification assays can accurately detect α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thus representing advancement in the pathologic stratification of AD. In CSF, neurogranin and YKL-40 are further candidate biomarkers tracking synaptic disruption and neuroinflammation, which are additional key pathophysiological pathways related to AD genesis. Advanced statistical analysis using clinical scores and biomarker data to bring together individuals with AD from large heterogeneous cohorts into consistent clusters may promote the discovery of pathophysiological causes and detection of tailored treatments.
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Neurogranin and VILIP-1 as Molecular Indicators of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218335. [PMID: 33172069 PMCID: PMC7664397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogranin (Ng) and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) are promising candidates for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers closely related to synaptic and neuronal degeneration. Both proteins are involved in calcium-mediated pathways. The meta-analysis was performed in random effects based on the ratio of means (RoM) with calculated pooled effect size. The diagnostic utility of these proteins was examined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients in different stages of AD compared to control (CTRL). Ng concentration was also checked in various groups with positive (+) and negative (-) amyloid beta (Aβ). Ng highest levels of RoM were observed in the AD (n = 1894) compared to CTRL (n = 2051) group (RoM: 1.62). Similarly, the VILIP-1 highest values of RoM were detected in the AD (n = 706) compared to CTRL (n = 862) group (RoM: 1.34). Concentrations of both proteins increased in more advanced stages of AD. However, Ng seems to be an earlier biomarker for the assessment of cognitive impairment. Ng appears to be related with amyloid beta, and the highest levels of Ng in CSF was observed in the group with pathological Aβ+ status. Our meta-analysis confirms that Ng and VILIP-1 can be useful CSF biomarkers in differential diagnosis and monitoring progression of cognitive decline. Although, an additional advantage of the protein concentration Ng is the possibility of using it to predict the risk of developing cognitive impairment in normal controls with pathological levels of Aβ1-42. Analyses in larger cohorts are needed, particularly concerning Aβ status.
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Tan Z, Jiang J, Tian F, Peng J, Yang Z, Li S, Long X. Serum Visinin-Like Protein 1 Is a Better Biomarker Than Neuron-Specific Enolase for Seizure-Induced Neuronal Injury: A Prospective and Observational Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:567587. [PMID: 33071949 PMCID: PMC7544981 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.567587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) is an established biomarker of neuronal injury. The levels of serum VILIP-1, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were measured to investigate potential of VILIP-1 as a biomarker for seizure-induced neuronal injury, and the correlation of VILIP-1 with severity of epilepsy and blood-brain barrier dysfunction were investigated. Materials and Methods: Patient with epilepsy from 14 to 70 years of age and age-, sex-matched healthy subjects were involved in this study. All blood sample of patients were collected within 3–72 h after the seizure. The severity of epilepsy and levels of serum VILIP-1, NSE and CAV-1 were measured. Accuracy of VILIP-1 and NSE was obtained from receiver operating curve analyses. Associations between VILIP-1 and severity of epilepsy, VILIP-1 and CAV-1 were investigated. Results: A total of 58 patients and 29 healthy control subjects were included in our study. The levels of serum VILIP-1, NSE, and CAV-1 in the patient group were significantly higher than those in the control group. VILIP-1 has higher and significant accuracy for assessing seizure-induced neuronal injury compared with NSE. VILIP-1 levels were positively associated with severity of epilepsy and CAV-1 in patients with epilepsy. Conclusions: VILIP-1 may be a better serum biomarker than NSE for assessing seizure-induced neuronal injury and even brain injury caused by various pathological condition. Further studies are required to explore the clinical contribution of VILIP-1 in diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcome assessments of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheren Tan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianlin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fafa Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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22
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New fluid biomarkers tracking non-amyloid-β and non-tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:556-568. [PMID: 32284537 PMCID: PMC7210893 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers based on the core pathological proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), i.e., amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein, are widely regarded as useful diagnostic biomarkers. However, a lack of biomarkers for monitoring the treatment response and indexing clinical severity has proven to be problematic in drug trials targeting Aβ. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to track non-Aβ and non-tau pathology. Many proteins involved in the pathophysiological progression of AD have shown promise as new biomarkers. Neurodegeneration- and synapse-related biomarkers in CSF (e.g., neurofilament light polypeptide [NFL], neurogranin, and visinin-like protein 1) and blood (e.g., NFL) aid prediction of AD progress, as well as early diagnosis. Neuroinflammation, lipid dysmetabolism, and impaired protein clearance are considered important components of AD pathophysiology. Inflammation-related proteins in the CSF, such as progranulin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), are useful for the early detection of AD and can represent clinical severity. Several lipid metabolism-associated biomarkers and protein clearance-linked markers have also been suggested as candidate AD biomarkers. Combinations of subsets of new biomarkers enhance their utility in terms of broadly characterizing AD-associated pathological changes, thereby facilitating precise selection of susceptible patients and comprehensive monitoring of the treatment response. This approach could facilitate the development of effective treatments for AD. Finding new biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may help in tracking disease progression and identifying optimal patient-specific treatments. Although useful markers are available for diagnosis of AD, they are unreliable for tracking disease progression. Looking for better ways to track disease progression, Sun Ah Park at the Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea, and coworkers have reviewed alternative AD markers. They report that several markers for axonal degeneration, synaptic loss, brain inflammation and lipid metabolism show promise for tracking AD. Some of these markers can be obtained from blood samples, which are minimally invasive to collect. Use of combinations of markers is especially promising for estimating a patient’s disease stage. These results will contribute to developing tailored treatments for this common cause of dementia.
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23
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Wang L, Zhang M, Wang Q, Jiang X, Li K, Liu J. APOE ε4 Allele Is Associated with Elevated Levels of CSF VILIP-1 in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:923-931. [PMID: 32308396 PMCID: PMC7156263 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s235395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) has been suggested as a biomarker for neuron injury, which has been shown to have a important diagnostic value in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study purpose is investigating potential effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 on CSF VILIP-1 levels among the preclinical AD. METHODS A total of 110 subjects (including 43 APOE ε4 carriers and 67 ε4 non-carriers) were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) in the present study. RESULTS The results showed that VILIP-1 concentrations in the CSF were statistically significantly increased in APOE ε4 carriers in comparison with non-carriers. Increased CSF VILIP-1 level was positively associated with the concentrations of both CSF-tau and P-tau levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that APOE ε4 might affect CSF VILIP-1 level in preclinical AD, indicating an important role of APOE ε4 in neuron injury leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St Luke’s and West Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xianguo Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunyi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - On Behalf of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St Luke’s and West Hospital, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Bažadona D, Fabek I, Babić Leko M, Bobić Rasonja M, Kalinić D, Bilić E, Raguž JD, Mimica N, Borovečki F, Hof PR, Šimić G. A non-invasive hidden-goal test for spatial orientation deficit detection in subjects with suspected mild cognitive impairment. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 332:108547. [PMID: 31830545 PMCID: PMC6990141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for highly sensitive and specific tests and biomarkers that would allow preclinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which would also enable timely intervention. NEW METHOD We have developed a new system (ALZENTIA) to help detect early MCI, mainly caused by AD. The system is based on a hidden-goal task (HGT) in which the human subject has to find a target that is not visible; as such, the navigation is based on a previously memorized target position, in relation to the starting position (egocentric variant) and/or other navigational landmarks (allocentric variant of the task). We present our preliminary results obtained in 33 patients with MCI and 91 healthy controls (HC). RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Between-group differences in the average error measured in allocentric, egocentric, and combined allocentric-egocentric subtests were statistically significant in MCI compared to HC. The high negative predictive values suggested high discriminative capacity and diagnostic potential for the HGT test as a tool to detect subjects in healthy population who will progress to MCI. Considering the low sensitivity of the Mini-Mental Status Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment tests, we believe that HGT can improve early identification of MCI patients who will progress to AD. CONCLUSION The HGT carried out with the ALZENTIA system proved to be a reliable screening test to identify individuals with MCI from an aging cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danira Bažadona
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Fabek
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Bobić Rasonja
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Kalinić
- Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ervina Bilić
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jakov Domagoj Raguž
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ninoslav Mimica
- Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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Milà-Alomà M, Suárez-Calvet M, Molinuevo JL. Latest advances in cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419888819. [PMID: 31897088 PMCID: PMC6920596 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419888819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and its diagnosis has classically been based on clinical symptoms. Recently, a biological rather than a syndromic definition of the disease has been proposed that is based on biomarkers that reflect neuropathological changes. In AD, there are two main biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood]. As a complex and multifactorial disease, AD biomarkers are important for an accurate diagnosis and to stage the disease, assess the prognosis, test target engagement, and measure the response to treatment. In addition, biomarkers provide us with information that, even if it does not have a current clinical use, helps us to understand the mechanisms of the disease. In addition to the pathological hallmarks of AD, which include amyloid-β and tau deposition, there are multiple concomitant pathological events that play a key role in the disease. These include, but are not limited to, neurodegeneration, inflammation, vascular dysregulation or synaptic dysfunction. In addition, AD patients often have an accumulation of other proteins including α-synuclein and TDP-43, which may have a pathogenic effect on AD. In combination, there is a need to have biomarkers that reflect different aspects of AD pathogenesis and this will be important in the future to establish what are the most suitable applications for each of these AD-related biomarkers. It is unclear whether sex, gender, or both have an effect on the causes of AD. There may be differences in fluid biomarkers due to sex but this issue has often been neglected and warrants further research. In this review, we summarize the current state of the principal AD fluid biomarkers and discuss the effect of sex on these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar,
Barcelona
| | - José Luís Molinuevo
- Scientific Director, Alzheimer’s Prevention
Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Wellington 30, Barcelona,
08005, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable,
Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Simrén J, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. An update on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: recent success and challenges ahead. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 61:29-39. [PMID: 31838254 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, the characterization of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has progressed from a description of clinical symptomatology followed by neuropathological findings at autopsy to in vivo pathophysiological signatures using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET). Additionally, CSF biomarkers now reflect synaptic pathology, axonal injury and neuroinflammation. Novel techniques are capable of measuring proteins of pathophysiological importance at femtomolar concentrations in blood (e.g. amyloid, tau species and neurofilaments), which enable screening of large populations in the near future. This will be essential for secondary prevention trials and clinical management. However, common diseases such as dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementias, are still without reliable diagnostic biomarkers, although emerging techniques show promising pilot results for some of these diseases. This is likely to change in the next few years, which will be crucial to stratify populations enrolling in clinical trials, since pathologies often coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Simrén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.
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27
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Potential Fluid Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174149. [PMID: 31450692 PMCID: PMC6747411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by a level of cognitive impairment that is lower than normal for a person’s age, but a higher function than that that observed in a demented person. MCI represents a transitional state between normal aging and dementia disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much effort has been made towards determining the prognosis of a person with MCI who will convert to AD. It is now clear that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau are useful for predicting the risk of progression from MCI to AD. This review highlights the advantages of the current blood-based biomarkers in MCI, and discusses some of these challenges, with an emphasis on recent studies to provide an overview of the current state of MCI.
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28
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Hu X, Yang Y, Gong D. A meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid visinin-like protein-1 in alzheimers disease patients relative to healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 22:94-101. [PMID: 28416790 PMCID: PMC5726829 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2017.2.20160557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare cerebrospinal fluid visinin-like protein-1 (CSF VLP-1) in alzheimer’s disease (AD) with that in healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and find out possible sources of heterogeneity. Method: “Visinin-like protein-1” and “alzheimer’s disease” were employed to search “PubMed”, “Springer” and “Medline” databases until July 2016 and standard mean difference (Std.MD) was calculated. Besides, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed to explore the possible heterogeneity sources. Results: Seven studies involved 1151 participants were pooled. The CSF VLP-1 in AD patients was higher than that in healthy controls and MCI patients (pooled Std.MD=0.81, 95% CI: [0.47, 1.16], p<0.00001). As shown by subgroup analysis, population variations were one of heterogeneity sources. Meta-regression revealed that Hedges’s g of CSF VLP-1 was correlated with Std.MD of t-tau (r=0.560, p=0.006) and Ab42 (r=-0.386, p=0.013). Conclusion: The CSF VLP-1 in AD patients is higher than that in healthy controls and MCI patients. The changes of VLP-1 in AD patients relative to healthy controls and MCI patients is less pronounced than that of core biomarkers, such as Ab42, t-tau and p-tau. Population variations, increasing t-tau and decreasing Ab42 in AD patients relative to healthy controls and MCI patients were the main sources of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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29
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Dhiman K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Martins RN, Gupta VB. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for understanding multiple aspects of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1833-1863. [PMID: 30770953 PMCID: PMC11105672 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial age-related brain disease. Numerous pathological events run forth in the brain leading to AD. There is an initial long, dormant phase before the clinical symptoms become evident. There is a need to diagnose the disease at the preclinical stage since therapeutic interventions are most likely to be effective if initiated early. Undoubtedly, the core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have a good diagnostic accuracy and have been used in clinical trials as end point measures. However, looking into the multifactorial nature of AD and the overlapping pathology with other forms of dementia, it is important to integrate the core CSF biomarkers with a broader panel of other biomarkers reflecting different aspects of pathology. The review is focused upon a panel of biomarkers that relate to different aspects of AD pathology, as well as various studies that have evaluated their diagnostic potential. The panel includes markers of neurodegeneration: neurofilament light chain and visinin-like protein (VILIP-1); markers of amyloidogenesis and brain amyloidosis: apolipoproteins; markers of inflammation: YKL-40 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; marker of synaptic dysfunction: neurogranin. These markers can highlight on the state and stage-associated changes that occur in AD brain with disease progression. A combination of these biomarkers would not only aid in preclinical diagnosis, but would also help in identifying early brain changes during the onset of disease. Successful treatment strategies can be devised by understanding the contribution of these markers in different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Dhiman
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Bala Gupta
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia.
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30
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Schindler SE, Li Y, Todd KW, Herries EM, Henson RL, Gray JD, Wang G, Graham DL, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Hassenstab JJ, Benzinger TLS, Cruchaga C, Jucker M, Levin J, Chhatwal JP, Noble JM, Ringman JM, Graff-Radford NR, Holtzman DM, Ladenson JH, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Fagan AM. Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:655-665. [PMID: 30846386 PMCID: PMC6511459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four less well-studied but promising "emerging" cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are elevated in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD): neurogranin, synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25), visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1), and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40). METHODS CSF neurogranin, SNAP-25, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 were measured in families carrying autosomal-dominant AD mutations. RESULTS The four emerging CSF biomarkers were significantly elevated in the mutation carriers (n = 235) versus noncarriers (n = 145). CSF SNAP-25, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 were altered very early in the AD time course, approximately 15-19 years before estimated symptom onset. All CSF biomarkers predicted important AD-related outcomes including performance on a cognitive composite, brain amyloid burden as measured by amyloid positron emission tomography, and the estimated years from symptom onset. DISCUSSION Early abnormalities in CSF tTau, pTau, SNAP-25, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 suggest that synaptic damage, neuronal injury, and neuroinflammation begin shortly after the commencement of brain amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kaitlin W Todd
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Herries
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel L Henson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia D Gray
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Danielle L Graham
- Biomarkers, Research and Early Development, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Noble
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jack H Ladenson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Burgoyne RD, Helassa N, McCue HV, Haynes LP. Calcium Sensors in Neuronal Function and Dysfunction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a035154. [PMID: 30833454 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling in neurons as in other cell types can lead to varied changes in cellular function. Neuronal Ca2+ signaling processes have also become adapted to modulate the function of specific pathways over a wide variety of time domains and these can have effects on, for example, axon outgrowth, neuronal survival, and changes in synaptic strength. Ca2+ also plays a key role in synapses as the trigger for fast neurotransmitter release. Given its physiological importance, abnormalities in neuronal Ca2+ signaling potentially underlie many different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms by which changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in neurons can bring about diverse responses is underpinned by the roles of ubiquitous or specialized neuronal Ca2+ sensors. It has been established that synaptotagmins have key functions in neurotransmitter release, and, in addition to calmodulin, other families of EF-hand-containing neuronal Ca2+ sensors, including the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) and the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) families, play important physiological roles in neuronal Ca2+ signaling. It has become increasingly apparent that these various Ca2+ sensors may also be crucial for aspects of neuronal dysfunction and disease either indirectly or directly as a direct consequence of genetic variation or mutations. An understanding of the molecular basis for the regulation of the targets of the Ca2+ sensors and the physiological roles of each protein in identified neurons may contribute to future approaches to the development of treatments for a variety of human neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Burgoyne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nordine Helassa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah V McCue
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lee P Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Parkinson's and Lewy body dementia CSF biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:318-325. [PMID: 31051162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is challenging due to highly variable clinical presentation and clinical and pathological overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. Since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mirrors the pathological changes taking place in the brain, it represents a promising source of biomarkers. With respect to classical AD biomarkers, low CSF Aβ42 levels have shown a robust prognostic value in terms of development of cognitive impairment in PD and DLB. In the differential diagnosis between AD and DLB, a potential role of t-tau, p-tau and Aβ42/Aβ38 ratio has been demonstrated. Regarding CSF α-synuclein (α-syn) species, lower levels of total α-synuclein (t-α-syn) and higher concentration of oligomeric-α-synuclein (o-α-syn) and phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-α-syn) have been observed in PD. Furthermore, the detection of "pro-aggregating" α-synuclein has enabled the discrimination of patients affected by synucleinopathies with high sensitivity and specificity. New promising biomarkers are emerging: GCase activity (reduced in PD and DLB patients vs. controls), CSF/serum albumin ratio (increased in PD and DLB), fatty-acid-binding protein (increased in AD and DLB vs. PD), visinin-like protein-1 (increased in AD vs. DLB) and monoamines (useful in differential diagnosis among PD and DLB). These encouraging results need to be confirmed by future studies.
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Hollinger KR, Alt J, Rais R, Kaplin AI, Slusher BS. The NAAG’ing Concerns of Modeling Human Alzheimer’s Disease in Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:939-945. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R. Hollinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam I. Kaplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schaeverbeke J, Gille B, Adamczuk K, Vanderstichele H, Chassaing E, Bruffaerts R, Neyens V, Stoops E, Tournoy J, Vandenberghe R, Poesen K. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic and neuronal integrity correlate with gray matter volume and amyloid load in the precuneus of cognitively intact older adults. J Neurochem 2019; 149:139-157. [PMID: 30720873 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main pathophysiological alterations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include loss of neuronal and synaptic integrity, amyloidogenic processing, and neuroinflammation. Similar alterations can, however, also be observed in cognitively intact older subjects and may prelude the clinical manifestation of AD. The objectives of this prospective cross-sectional study in a cohort of 38 cognitively intact older adults were twofold: (i) to investigate the latent relationship among cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers reflecting the main pathophysiological processes of AD, and (ii) to assess the correlation between these biomarkers and gray matter volume as well as amyloid load. All subjects underwent extensive neuropsychological examinations, CSF sampling, [18 F]-flutemetamol amyloid positron emission tomography, and T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A factor analysis revealed one factor that explained most of the variance in the CSF biomarker dataset clustering t-tau, α-synuclein, p-tau181 , neurogranin, BACE1, visinin-like protein 1, chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-38 . Higher scores on this factor correlated with lower gray matter volume and with higher amyloid load in the precuneus. At the level of individual CSF biomarkers, levels of visinin-like protein 1, neurogranin, BACE1, Aβ1-40 , Aβ1-38, and YKL-40 all correlated inversely with gray matter volume of the precuneus. These findings demonstrate that in cognitively intact older subjects, CSF levels of synaptic and neuronal integrity biomarkers, amyloidogenic processing and measures of innate immunity (YKL-40) display a latent structure of common variance, which is associated with loss of structural integrity of brain regions implicated in the earliest stages of AD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript, and for *Preregistration* because the study was pre-registered at https://osf.io/7qm9t/. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Schaeverbeke
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Leuven Institute of Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Gille
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Adamczuk
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Leuven Institute of Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,Bioclinica LAB, Newark, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rose Bruffaerts
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Neyens
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Leuven Institute of Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jos Tournoy
- Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Leuven Institute of Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Alzheimer Research Centre KU Leuven, Leuven Institute of Neuroscience and Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Poesen
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Chronic disease, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Cummings J. The Role of Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:29-61. [PMID: 30747416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. Biomarkers can assist in diagnosis, demonstrate target engagement, support disease modification, and monitor for safety. The amyloid (A), tau (T), neurodegeneration (N) Research Framework emphasizes brain imaging and CSF measures relevant to disease diagnosis and staging and can be applied to drug development and clinical trials. Demonstration of target engagement in Phase 2 is critical before advancing a treatment candidate to Phase 3. Trials with biomarker outcomes are shorter and smaller than those required to show clinical benefit and are important to understanding the biological impact of an agent and inform go/no-go decisions. Companion diagnostics are required for safe and effective use of treatments and may emerge in AD drug development programs. Complementary biomarkers inform the use of therapies but are not mandatory for use. Biomarkers promise to de-risk AD drug development, attract sponsors to AD research, and accelerate getting new drugs to those with or at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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36
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Molinuevo JL, Ayton S, Batrla R, Bednar MM, Bittner T, Cummings J, Fagan AM, Hampel H, Mielke MM, Mikulskis A, O'Bryant S, Scheltens P, Sevigny J, Shaw LM, Soares HD, Tong G, Trojanowski JQ, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Current state of Alzheimer's fluid biomarkers. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:821-853. [PMID: 30488277 PMCID: PMC6280827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology. The number of people living with AD is predicted to increase; however, there are no disease-modifying therapies currently available and none have been successful in late-stage clinical trials. Fluid biomarkers measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood hold promise for enabling more effective drug development and establishing a more personalized medicine approach for AD diagnosis and treatment. Biomarkers used in drug development programmes should be qualified for a specific context of use (COU). These COUs include, but are not limited to, subject/patient selection, assessment of disease state and/or prognosis, assessment of mechanism of action, dose optimization, drug response monitoring, efficacy maximization, and toxicity/adverse reactions identification and minimization. The core AD CSF biomarkers Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau are recognized by research guidelines for their diagnostic utility and are being considered for qualification for subject selection in clinical trials. However, there is a need to better understand their potential for other COUs, as well as identify additional fluid biomarkers reflecting other aspects of AD pathophysiology. Several novel fluid biomarkers have been proposed, but their role in AD pathology and their use as AD biomarkers have yet to be validated. In this review, we summarize some of the pathological mechanisms implicated in the sporadic AD and highlight the data for several established and novel fluid biomarkers (including BACE1, TREM2, YKL-40, IP-10, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, α-synuclein, TDP-43, ferritin, VILIP-1, and NF-L) associated with each mechanism. We discuss the potential COUs for each biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Molinuevo
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Fundació Pasqual Maragall, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Alzheimer y otros trastornos cognitivos, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Batrla
- Roche Centralised and Point of Care Solutions, Roche Diagnostics International, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Bednar
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area Unit, Takeda Development Centre Americas Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Bittner
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and Sorbonne University Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC No 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Sid O'Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Sevigny
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly D Soares
- Clinical Development Neurology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Babić Leko M, Willumsen N, Nikolac Perković M, Klepac N, Borovečki F, Hof PR, Sonicki Z, Pivac N, de Silva R, Šimić G. Association of MAPT haplotype-tagging polymorphisms with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: A preliminary study in a Croatian cohort. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01128. [PMID: 30329219 PMCID: PMC6236251 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world leading cause of dementia. Early detection of AD is essential for faster and more efficacious usage of therapeutics and preventive measures. Even though it is well known that one ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene increases the risk for sporadic AD five times, and that two ε4 alleles increase the risk 20 times, reliable genetic markers for AD are not yet available. Previous studies have shown that microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene polymorphisms could be associated with increased risk for AD. METHODS The present study included 113 AD patients and 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as nine healthy controls (HC) and 53 patients with other primary causes of dementia. The study assessed whether six MAPT haplotype-tagging polymorphisms (rs1467967, rs242557, rs3785883, rs2471738, del-In9, and rs7521) and MAPT haplotypes are associated with AD pathology, as measured by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42 ), total tau (t-tau), tau phosphorylated at epitopes 181 (p-tau181 ), 199 (p-tau199 ), and 231 (p-tau231 ), and visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1). RESULTS Significant increases in t-tau and p-tau CSF levels were found in patients with AG and AA MAPT rs1467967 genotype, CC MAPT rs2471738 genotype and in patients with H1H2 or H2H2 MAPT haplotype. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MAPT haplotype-tagging polymorphisms and MAPT haplotypes should be further tested as potential genetic biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department for NeuroscienceCroatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical SchoolZagrebCroatia
| | - Nanet Willumsen
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical ResearchUniversity of Zagreb Medical School, University Hospital Center ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Fran Borovečki
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical ResearchUniversity of Zagreb Medical School, University Hospital Center ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of NeuroscienceFriedman Brain Institute and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Zdenko Sonicki
- Andrija Štampar School of Public HealthUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteDivision of Molecular MedicineZagrebCroatia
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department for NeuroscienceCroatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical SchoolZagrebCroatia
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38
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Zhang H, Ng KP, Therriault J, Kang MS, Pascoal TA, Rosa-Neto P, Gauthier S. Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau, visinin-like protein-1, and chitinase-3-like protein 1 in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 30311914 PMCID: PMC6161434 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL-40) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are newly discovered markers indicating neuronal damage and microglial activation, respectively. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau) reflects the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is useful as diagnostic markers for AD. However, it is unknown whether these biomarkers have similar or complementary information in AD. Methods We stratified 121 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database into cognitively normal (CN), stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), progressive MCI (pMCI), and dementia due to AD. Analysis of covariance (ANOVA) and chi-square analyses, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression models were performed to test the demographic, associations between biomarkers, and diagnostic accuracies, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effects of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) on above biomarkers within diagnostic groups, the combination of diagnostic group and Aβ status as predictor, and CSF biomarkers as predictors of AD features, including cognition measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and brain structure and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results P-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 were all predictors of AD diagnosis, but combinations of biomarkers did not improve the diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.924 for p-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40) compared to p-tau (AUC 0.922). P-tau and VILIP-1 were highly correlated (r = 0.639, p < 0.001) and strongly associated with Aβ pathology across clinical stages of AD, while YKL-40 was correlated with Aβ pathology in CN and AD groups. VILIP-1 was associated with acceleration of cognitive decline, hippocampal atrophy, and expansion of ventricles in longitudinal analyses. YKL-40 was associated with hippocampal atrophy at baseline and follow-up, while p-tau was only associated with worsening WMH at baseline. Conclusions CSF levels of p-tau, VILIP-1, and YKL-40 may have utility for discriminating between cognitively normal subjects and patients with AD. Increased levels of both VILIP-1 and YKL-40 may be associated with disease degeneration. These CSF biomarkers should be considered for future assessment in the characterization of the natural history of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- 1Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- 2Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Therriault
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- 3The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Muszyński P, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Borawska R, Litman-Zawadzka A, Słowik A, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Pera J, Dziedzic T, Mroczko B. The Relationship between Markers of Inflammation and Degeneration in the Central Nervous System and the Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:903-912. [PMID: 28697565 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that YKL-40- a marker of glial inflammation, and VILIP-1- a marker of neuronal injury, reflect functional and structural changes in AD brains, although there is limited data concerning their potential influence on blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between markers of inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well as immunological response in CNS and BBB function. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of proteins tested were determined in 45 AD patients, 18 MCI subjects, and 23 non-demented controls using ELISA method. RESULTS CSF concentrations of YKL-40 were significantly higher in MCI and AD patients, whereas CSF levels of VILIP-1 were statistically higher in the AD group as compared to the subjects without cognitive deficits. Elevated concentrations of YKL-40 correlated significantly with increased albumin quotient and decreased Aβ42/40 ratio in AD patients and with IgG quotient in the total study group. We did not find a relationship between VILIP-1 and immunological parameters reflecting BBB dysfunction and humoral immune response. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that YKL-40 may contribute to decreased stability and increased permeability of BBB in AD patients. It is assumed that YKL-40 is implicated in the development of brain barriers, although its precise mechanism of action in the BBB disruption remains unrevealed. Further studies on larger groups of patients are required to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziedzic
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of neurodegeneration in the Tg4510 and MitoPark mouse models. Neuroscience 2017; 354:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington CR, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik CM, Hof PR. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:101-138. [PMID: 27084356 PMCID: PMC5061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their clinical correlates. One aspect of this problem lies in the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of AD: early-onset AD is often familial with autosomal dominant inheritance, while the vast majority of AD cases are late-onset, with the ε4 variant of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) known to confer a 5-20 fold increased risk with partial penetrance. Mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental factors influence the development of AD pathological changes, especially neurofibrillary degeneration, are not yet known. Here we review current knowledge of the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in AD. The changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, and melatonergic systems in AD are briefly described. We also summarize the possibilities for monoamine-based treatment in AD. Besides neuropathologic AD criteria that include the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), special emphasis is given to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Both of these brainstem nuclei are among the first to be affected by tau protein abnormalities in the course of sporadic AD, causing behavioral and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. The possibility that most of the tangle-bearing neurons of the LC and DRN may release amyloid β as well as soluble monomeric or oligomeric tau protein trans-synaptically by their diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex emphasizes their selective vulnerability and warrants further investigations of the monoaminergic systems in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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