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Parashar A, Jha D, Mehta V, Chauhan B, Ghosh P, Deb PK, Jaiswal M, Prajapati SK. Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway contributes in age-related disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102271. [PMID: 38492808 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by the aging process and manifested by cognitive deficits and progressive memory loss. During aging, several conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol, have been identified as potential causes of AD by affecting Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling. In addition to being essential for cell differentiation and proliferation, Shh signalling is involved in tissue repair and the prevention of neurodegeneration. Neurogenesis is dependent on Shh signalling; inhibition of this pathway results in neurodegeneration. Several protein-protein interactions that are involved in Shh signalling are implicated in the pathophysiology of AD like overexpression of the protein nexin-1 inhibits the Shh pathway in AD. A protein called Growth Arrest Specific-1 works with another protein called cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) to boost Shh signalling. CDO is involved in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Shh signalling strengthened the blood brain barrier and therefore prevent the entry of amyloid beta and other toxins to the brain from periphery. Further, several traditional remedies used for AD and dementia, including Epigallocatechin gallate, yokukansan, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, salvianolic acid, and baicalin, are known to stimulate the Shh pathway. In this review, we elaborated that the Shh signalling exerts a substantial influence on the pathogenesis of AD. In this article, we have tried to explore the various possible connections between the Shh signalling and various known pathologies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Parashar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India.
| | - Dhruv Jha
- Birla Institute of Technology, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India
| | - Bonney Chauhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Pappu Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Deb
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
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Chen PJ, Yao CA, Chien PC, Tsai HJ, Chen YR, Chuang JH, Chou PL, Lee GC, Lin W, Lin Y. Paeonol Derivative, 6'-Methyl Paeonol, Attenuates Aβ-Induced Pathophysiology in Cortical Neurons and in an Alzheimer's Disease Mice Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:724-734. [PMID: 38290213 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbs themselves and various herbal medicines are great resources for discovering therapeutic drugs for various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the common neurodegenerative diseases. Utilizing mouse primary cortical neurons and DiBAC4(3), a voltage-sensitive indicator, we have set up a drug screening system and identified an herbal extraction compound, paeonol, obtained from Paeonia lactiflora; this compound is able to ameliorate the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ42 oligomers. Our aim was to further find effective paeonol derivatives since paeonol has been previously studied. 6'-Methyl paeonol, one of the six paeonol derivatives surveyed, is able to inhibit the abnormal depolarization induced by Aβ oligomers. Furthermore, 6'-methyl paeonol is able to alleviate the NMDA- and AMPA-induced depolarization. When a molecular mechanism was investigated, 6'-methyl paeonol was found to reverse the Aβ-induced increase in ERK phosphorylation. At the animal level, mice injected with 6'-methyl paeonol showed little change in their basic physical parameters compared to the control mice. 6'-Methyl paeonol was able to ameliorate the impairment of memory and learning behavior in J20 mice, an AD mouse model, as measured by the Morris water maze. Thus, paeonol derivatives could provide a structural foundation for developing and designing an effective compound with promising clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-An Yao
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Li Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
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Liang Y, Wang L. Carthamus tinctorius L.: A natural neuroprotective source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115656. [PMID: 36041691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multicausal neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by generalized dementia. The pathogenic process of AD not only is progressive and complex but also involves multiple factors and mechanisms, including β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As the first-line treatment for AD, cholinesterase inhibitors can, to a certain extent, relieve AD symptoms and delay AD progression. Nonetheless, the current treatment strategies for AD are far from meeting clinical expectations, and more options for AD treatment should be applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, PubMed, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were "Honghua" or "Carthamus tinctorius L." or "safflower" in conjunction with "(native weeds OR alien invasive)"AND "Chinese herbal medicine". RESULTS A total of 47 literatures about C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through signaling pathways, immune cells, and disease-related mediators and systematically elucidates potential mechanisms from the point of anti-Aβ aggregation, suppressing tau protein hyperphosphorylation, increasing cholinergic neurotransmitters levels, inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation, ameliorating synaptic plasticity, and anti-apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is a treasure endowed by nature to mankind. Emerging studies have confirmed that CHM and its active constituents play a positive role in AD treatment. Carthamus tinctorius L., the most commonly used CHM, can be used with medicine and food, with the effect of activating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis. In the paper, we have concluded that the existing therapeutic mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and summarized the potential mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Fumia A, Cicero N, Gitto M, Nicosia N, Alesci A. Role of nutraceuticals on neurodegenerative diseases: neuroprotective and immunomodulant activity. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5916-5933. [PMID: 34963389 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a degenerative process characterized by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons that involves several immune cells. It is the primary cause of dementia and other several syndromes, known as neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are age-related and it is estimated that by 2040 there will be approximately 81.1 million people suffering from these diseases. In addition to the traditional pharmacological therapy, in recent years nutraceuticals, naturally based compounds with a broad spectrum of biological effects: anti-aging, antioxidants, hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, etc., assumed an important role in counteracting these pathologies. In particular, several compounds such as astaxanthin, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, St. John's wort, and Ginkgo biloba L. extracts show particular neuroprotective and immunomodulatory abilities, involving several immune cells and some neurotransmitters that play a critical role in neurodegeneration, making them particularly useful in improving the symptoms and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Gitto
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granada, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.S. di Audiologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation 'Prof. Antonio Imbesi', University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, PL, Poland
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Kuo LC, Song YQ, Yao CA, Cheng IH, Chien CT, Lee GC, Yang WC, Lin Y. Ginkgolide A Prevents the Amyloid-β-Induced Depolarization of Cortical Neurons. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:81-89. [PMID: 30541279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist as a strategy, memantine is the only agent available for clinically treating mild to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our aim was to develop novel similar herb-based drugs. Using a screening platform, ginkgolide A (GA), a pure compound extracted from Ginkgo biloba, was found to attenuate amyloid β (Aβ)-induced abnormal depolarization in mouse primary cortical neurons. Using receptor agonists, it was determined that GA inhibits both NMDA receptors and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Furthermore, the Aβ-induced increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in neurons was prevented by GA. Body weight, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, liver histology, and kidney histology were similar when the wild-type/AD animal model mice with and without GA treatment were compared. This pure compound improves the memory of wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that GA has great potential clinically for the treatment of AD because it might target NMDA receptors just like memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Kuo
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
| | - Yan-Qing Song
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Yao
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Irene H Cheng
- Institute of Brain Science , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Yenshou Lin
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 116 , Taiwan
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Pollegioni L, Sacchi S, Murtas G. Human D-Amino Acid Oxidase: Structure, Function, and Regulation. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:107. [PMID: 30547037 PMCID: PMC6279847 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an FAD-containing flavoenzyme that catalyzes with absolute stereoselectivity the oxidative deamination of all natural D-amino acids, the only exception being the acidic ones. This flavoenzyme plays different roles during evolution and in different tissues in humans. Its three-dimensional structure is well conserved during evolution: minute changes are responsible for the functional differences between enzymes from microorganism sources and those from humans. In recent years several investigations focused on human DAAO, mainly because of its role in degrading the neuromodulator D-serine in the central nervous system. D-Serine is the main coagonist of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors, i.e., excitatory amino acid receptors critically involved in main brain functions and pathologic conditions. Human DAAO possesses a weak interaction with the FAD cofactor; thus, in vivo it should be largely present in the inactive, apoprotein form. Binding of active-site ligands and the substrate stabilizes flavin binding, thus pushing the acquisition of catalytic competence. Interestingly, the kinetic efficiency of the enzyme on D-serine is very low. Human DAAO interacts with various proteins, in this way modulating its activity, targeting, and cell stability. The known properties of human DAAO suggest that its activity must be finely tuned to fulfill a main physiological function such as the control of D-serine levels in the brain. At present, studies are focusing on the epigenetic modulation of human DAAO expression and the role of post-translational modifications on its main biochemical properties at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Sacchi S, Cappelletti P, Murtas G. Biochemical Properties of Human D-amino Acid Oxidase Variants and Their Potential Significance in Pathologies. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:55. [PMID: 29946548 PMCID: PMC6005901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of neutral and polar D-amino acids producing the corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Despite its peculiar and atypical substrates, DAAO is widespread expressed in most eukaryotic organisms. In mammals (and humans in particular), DAAO is involved in relevant physiological processes ranging from D-amino acid detoxification in kidney to neurotransmission in the central nervous system, where DAAO is responsible of the catabolism of D-serine, a key endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Recently, structural and functional studies have brought to the fore the distinctive biochemical properties of human DAAO (hDAAO). It appears to have evolved to allow a strict regulation of its activity, so that the enzyme can finely control the concentration of substrates (such as D-serine in the brain) without yielding to an excessive production of hydrogen peroxide, a potentially toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indeed, dysregulation in D-serine metabolism, likely resulting from altered levels of hDAAO expression and activity, has been implicated in several pathologies, ranging from renal disease to neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Only one mutation in DAO gene was unequivocally associated to a human disease. However, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are reported in the database and the biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant hDAAO variants is of great interest for investigating the effect of mutations. Here we reviewed recently published data focusing on the modifications of the structural and functional properties induced by amino acid substitutions encoded by confirmed SNPs and on their effect on D-serine cellular levels. The potential significance of the different hDAAO variants in human pathologies will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, Kim S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1021-1032. [PMID: 28922719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, neurodegenerative diseases are the most challenging global health problems. Neuronal cell death or damage is a key factor for many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of effective neuroprotective agents, especially from natural sources. In particular, phytochemicals have shown high efficacy with low side effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the various phytoconstituents, flavonoids are important bioactive products and mainly found in various vegetables and fruits. Among them, baicalein is one of the important flavones, which is mainly found in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. A number of studies have reported that baicalein has potent neuroprotective properties under in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature in connection with the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and its molecular mechanisms of action. The current review highlights could be useful to identify novel therapeutic agents in relation to the treatment of neurotoxicity-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Elufioye TO, Berida TI, Habtemariam S. Plants-Derived Neuroprotective Agents: Cutting the Cycle of Cell Death through Multiple Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:3574012. [PMID: 28904554 PMCID: PMC5585568 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3574012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection is the preservation of the structure and function of neurons from insults arising from cellular injuries induced by a variety of agents or neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The various NDs including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases as well as amyotropic lateral sclerosis affect millions of people around the world with the main risk factor being advancing age. Each of these diseases affects specific neurons and/or regions in the brain and involves characteristic pathological and molecular features. Hence, several in vitro and in vivo study models specific to each disease have been employed to study NDs with the aim of understanding their underlying mechanisms and identifying new therapeutic strategies. Of the most prevalent drug development efforts employed in the past few decades, mechanisms implicated in the accumulation of protein-based deposits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and certain neurotransmitter deficits such as acetylcholine and dopamine have been scrutinized in great detail. In this review, we presented classical examples of plant-derived neuroprotective agents by highlighting their structural class and specific mechanisms of action. Many of these natural products that have shown therapeutic efficacies appear to be working through the above-mentioned key multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomayo Ireti Berida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the two most common, progressive central neurodegenerative diseases affecting the population over the age of 60 years. Apart from treatments that temporarily improve symptoms, there is no medicine currently available to inhibit or reverse the progression of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a classic compatible component in the decoction of herbal medicine used for treating central nervous system diseases. Modern pharmacokinetic studies have confirmed that baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a major bioactive flavone constituent root of S. baicalensis Georgi. Studies showed that baicalein possesses a range of key pharmacological properties, such as reducing oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting aggregation of disease-specific amyloid proteins, inhibiting excitotoxicity, stimulating neurogenesis and differentiation action, and anti-apoptosis effects. Based on these properties, baicalein shows therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological protective actions of baicalein that make it suitable for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College, Shaoyang University, Xueyuan Road Qiliping Campus, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinying Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College, Shaoyang University, Xueyuan Road Qiliping Campus, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Biomedical and Life Science, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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