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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1537-1564. [PMID: 37815901 PMCID: PMC11272214 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Santos CL, Weber FB, Belló-Klein A, Bobermin LD, Quincozes-Santos A. Glioprotective Effects of Sulforaphane in Hypothalamus: Focus on Aging Brain. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04196-8. [PMID: 38886329 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a natural compound with neuroprotective activity, but its effects on hypothalamus remain unknown. In line with this, astrocytes are critical cells to maintain brain homeostasis, and hypothalamic astrocytes are fundamental for sensing and responding to environmental changes involved in a variety of homeostatic functions. Changes in brain functionality, particularly associated with hypothalamic astrocytes, can contribute to age-related neurochemical alterations and, consequently, neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, here, we investigated the glioprotective effects of sulforaphane on hypothalamic astrocyte cultures and hypothalamic cell suspension obtained from aged Wistar rats (24 months old). Sulforaphane showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as modulated the mRNA expression of astroglial markers, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1, aquaporin 4, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, it increased the expression and extracellular levels of trophic factors, such as glia-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, as well as the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the mRNA of TrkA, which is a receptor associated with trophic factors. Sulforaphane also modulated the expression of classical pathways associated with glioprotection, including nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, a cell suspension with neurons and glial cells was used to confirm the predominant effect of sulforaphane in glial cells. In summary, this study indicated the anti-aging and glioprotective activities of sulforaphane in aged astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Becker Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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3
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Yaghoobi Z, Seyed Bagher Nazeri SS, Asadi A, Derafsh E, Talebi Taheri A, Tamtaji Z, Dadgostar E, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-coding RNAs and Aquaporin 4: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:583-596. [PMID: 38114727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major group of non-communicable diseases affecting quality of life. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders. In studies on the genesis of neurological diseases, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and activity have both been linked to ncRNAs. The upregulation or downregulation of several ncRNAs leads to neurological disorder progression by targeting AQP4. The role of ncRNAs and AQP4 in neurological disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Amir Asadi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Addiction Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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4
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Kecheliev V, Boss L, Maheshwari U, Konietzko U, Keller A, Razansky D, Nitsch RM, Klohs J, Ni R. Aquaporin 4 is differentially increased and dislocated in association with tau and amyloid-beta. Life Sci 2023; 321:121593. [PMID: 36934970 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neurovascular-glymphatic dysfunction plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease and has been analysed mainly in relation to amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology. Here, we aim to investigate the neurovascular alterations and mapping of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) distribution and dislocation associated with tau and Aβ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Perfusion, susceptibility weighted imaging and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in the pR5 mouse model of 4-repeat tau and the arcAβ mouse model of amyloidosis. Immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against AQP4, vessel, astroglia, microglia, phospho-tau and Aβ in brain tissue slices from pR5, arcAβ and non-transgenic mice. KEY FINDINGS pR5 mice showed regional atrophy, preserved cerebral blood flow, and reduced cerebral vessel density compared to non-transgenic mice, while arcAβ mice showed cerebral microbleeds and reduced cerebral vessel density. AQP4 dislocation and peri-tau enrichment in the hippocampus and increased AQP4 levels in the cortex and hippocampus were detected in pR5 mice compared to non-transgenic mice. In comparison, cortical AQP4 dislocation and cortical/hippocampal peri-plaque increases were observed in arcAβ mice. Increased expression of reactive astrocytes were detected around the tau inclusions in pR5 mice and Aβ plaques in arcAβ mice. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated the neurovascular alterations, microgliosis, astrogliosis and increased AQP4 regional expression in pR5 tau and arcAβ mice. We observed a divergent region-specific AQP4 dislocation and association with phospho-tau and Aβ pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Kecheliev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Boss
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Upasana Maheshwari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Konietzko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zürich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Khezri MR, Yousefi K, Esmaeili A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The Role of ERK1/2 Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview and Update on New Developments. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:177-191. [PMID: 35038057 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Several findings suggest that correcting the dysregulated signaling pathways may offer a potential therapeutic approach in this disease. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays a major role in regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy process, and protein synthesis. The available literature suggests dysregulated ERK1/2 in AD patients with potential implications in the multifaceted underlying pathologies of AD, including amyloid-β plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. In this regard, in the current review, we aim to summarize the reports on the potential roles of ERK1/2 in AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafi Khezri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Keyvan Yousefi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Ayda Esmaeili
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
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6
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Guo X, Zhang G, Peng Q, Huang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S355-S366. [PMID: 36683509 PMCID: PMC10473149 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs), the functional lymphatic system present in the meninges, are the key drainage route responsible for the clearance of molecules, immune cells, and cellular debris from the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph nodes. Aging and ApoE4, the two most important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), induce mLV dysfunction, decrease cerebrospinal fluid influx and outflux, and exacerbate amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Dysfunction of mLVs results in the deposition of metabolic products, accelerates neuroinflammation, and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Thus, mLVs represent a novel therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize the structure and function of mLVs and to discuss the potential effect of aging and ApoE4 on mLV dysfunction, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinyu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Rodríguez-Giraldo M, González-Reyes RE, Ramírez-Guerrero S, Bonilla-Trilleras CE, Guardo-Maya S, Nava-Mesa MO. Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease-Comprehensive Review and Recent Developments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13630. [PMID: 36362415 PMCID: PMC9654484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism (along with a critical role in apolipoprotein E function). Current evidence shows that astrocytes have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects depending on the disease stage and microenvironmental factors. Furthermore, astrocytes appear to be affected by the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ), with alterations in calcium levels, gliotransmission and proinflammatory activity via RAGE-NF-κB pathway. In addition, astrocytes play an important role in the metabolism of tau and clearance of Aβ through the glymphatic system. In this review, we will discuss novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments focused on astrocytes as therapeutic targets for AD. These interventions include effects on anti-inflammatory/antioxidant systems, glutamate activity, lipid metabolism, neurovascular coupling and glymphatic system, calcium dysregulation, and in the release of peptides which affects glial and neuronal function. According to the AD stage, these therapies may be of benefit in either preventing or delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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8
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Sovrani V, Bobermin LD, Santos CL, Brondani M, Gonçalves CA, Leipnitz G, Quincozes-Santos A. Effects of long-term resveratrol treatment in hypothalamic astrocyte cultures from aged rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1205-1216. [PMID: 36272012 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is intrinsically related to metabolic changes and characterized by the accumulation of oxidative and inflammatory damage, as well as alterations in gene expression and activity of several signaling pathways, which in turn impact on homeostatic responses of the body. Hypothalamus is a brain region most related to these responses, and increasing evidence has highlighted a critical role of astrocytes in hypothalamic homeostatic functions, particularly during aging process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of a chronic treatment with resveratrol (1 µM during 15 days, which was replaced once every 3 days), a recognized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule, in primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures obtained from aged rats (24 months old). We observed that aging process changes metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, and senescence parameters, as well as glial markers, while long-term resveratrol treatment prevented these effects. In addition, resveratrol upregulated key signaling pathways associated with cellular homeostasis, including adenosine receptors, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Our data corroborate the glioprotective effect of resveratrol in aged hypothalamic astrocytes, reinforcing the beneficial role of resveratrol in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sovrani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Morgana Brondani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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9
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St-Pierre MK, VanderZwaag J, Loewen S, Tremblay MÈ. All roads lead to heterogeneity: The complex involvement of astrocytes and microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:932572. [PMID: 36035256 PMCID: PMC9413962 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.932572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, glial cells have been acknowledged as key players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition in which an accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular fibrillar amyloid beta is notably observed in the central nervous system. Genome-wide association studies have shown, both in microglia and astrocytes, an increase in gene variants associated with a higher risk of developing late-onset AD. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, and astrocytes, glial cells crucial for vascular integrity and neuronal support, both agglomerate near amyloid beta plaques and dystrophic neurites where they participate in the elimination of these harmful parenchymal elements. However, their role in AD pathogenesis has been challenging to resolve due to the highly heterogeneous nature of these cell populations, i.e., their molecular, morphological, and ultrastructural diversity, together with their ever-changing responsiveness and functions throughout the pathological course of AD. With the recent expansions in the field of glial heterogeneity through innovative advances in state-of-the-art microscopy and -omics techniques, novel concepts and questions arose, notably pertaining to how the diverse microglial and astrocytic states interact with each other and with the AD hallmarks, and how their concerted efforts/actions impact the progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and findings on the topic of glial heterogeneity, particularly focusing on the relationships of these cells with AD hallmarks (e.g., amyloid beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, and dystrophic neurites) in murine models of AD pathology and post-mortem brain samples of patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jared VanderZwaag
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sophia Loewen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marie-Ève Tremblay,
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10
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Liu J, Guo Y, Zhang C, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Wang G. Clearance Systems in the Brain, From Structure to Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:729706. [PMID: 35173581 PMCID: PMC8841422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.729706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most metabolically active organ in the body, there is a recognized need for pathways that remove waste proteins and neurotoxins from the brain. Previous research has indicated potential associations between the clearance system in the brain and the pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS), due to its importance, which has attracted considerable attention recently. In the last decade, studies of the clearance system have been restricted to the glymphatic system. However, removal of toxic and catabolic waste by-products cannot be completed independently by the glymphatic system, while no known research or article has focused on a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of the clearance system. This thesis addresses a neglected aspect of linkage between the structural composition and main components as well as the role of neural cells throughout the clearance system, which found evidence that the components of CNS including the glymphatic system and the meningeal lymphatic system interact with a neural cell, such as astrocytes and microglia, to carry out vital clearance functions. As a result of this evidence that can contribute to a better understanding of the clearance system, suggestions were identified for further clinical intervention development of severe conditions caused by the accumulation of metabolic waste products and neurotoxins in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunzhi Guo
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqi Luo
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Sanya Central Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Gaiqing Wang, ,
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11
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Zhao M, Jiang XF, Zhang HQ, Sun JH, Pei H, Ma LN, Cao Y, Li H. Interactions between glial cells and the blood-brain barrier and their role in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101483. [PMID: 34610479 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, is the most common form of dementia worldwide. However, currently, there are no satisfying curative therapies for AD. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a selective physical barrier and plays protective roles in maintaining brain homeostasis. BBB dysfunction as an upstream or downstream event promotes the onset and progression of AD. Moreover, the pathogenesis of AD caused by BBB injury hasn't been well elucidated. Glial cells, BBB compartments and neurons form a minimal functional unit called the neurovascular unit (NVU). Emerging evidence suggests that glial cells are regulators in maintaining the BBB integrity and neuronal function. Illustrating the regulatory mechanism of glial cells in the BBB assists us in drawing a glial-vascular coupling diagram of AD, which may offer new insight into the pathogenesis of AD and early intervention strategies for AD. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of glial-BBB interactions and their pathological implications in AD and to provide new therapeutic potentials for future investigations.
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12
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Lecordier S, Manrique-Castano D, El Moghrabi Y, ElAli A. Neurovascular Alterations in Vascular Dementia: Emphasis on Risk Factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:727590. [PMID: 34566627 PMCID: PMC8461067 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.727590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) constitutes the second most prevalent cause of dementia in the world after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). VaD regroups heterogeneous neurological conditions in which the decline of cognitive functions, including executive functions, is associated with structural and functional alterations in the cerebral vasculature. Among these cerebrovascular disorders, major stroke, and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) constitute the major risk factors for VaD. These conditions alter neurovascular functions leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) deregulation, neurovascular coupling dysfunction, and inflammation. Accumulation of neurovascular impairments over time underlies the cognitive function decline associated with VaD. Furthermore, several vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes have been shown to exacerbate neurovascular impairments and thus increase VaD prevalence. Importantly, air pollution constitutes an underestimated risk factor that triggers vascular dysfunction via inflammation and oxidative stress. The review summarizes the current knowledge related to the pathological mechanisms linking neurovascular impairments associated with stroke, cSVD, and vascular risk factors with a particular emphasis on air pollution, to VaD etiology and progression. Furthermore, the review discusses the major challenges to fully elucidate the pathobiology of VaD, as well as research directions to outline new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Manrique-Castano
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yara El Moghrabi
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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13
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Skaaraas GHES, Melbye C, Puchades MA, Leung DSY, Jacobsen Ø, Rao SB, Ottersen OP, Leergaard TB, Torp R. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Associates with Upregulated Angiopoietin and Downregulated Hypoxia-Inducible Factor. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:1651-1663. [PMID: 34459401 PMCID: PMC8609707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vascular pathology is a common feature in patients with advanced Alzheimer’s disease, with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and microvascular changes commonly observed at autopsies and in genetic mouse models. However, despite a plethora of studies addressing the possible impact of CAA on brain vasculature, results have remained contradictory, showing reduced, unchanged, or even increased capillary densities in human and rodent brains overexpressing amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome. Objective: We asked if CAA is associated with changes in angiogenetic factors or receptors and if so, whether this would translate into morphological alterations in pericyte coverage and vessel density. Methods: We utilized the transgenic mice carrying the Arctic (E693G) and Swedish (KM670/6701NL) amyloid precursor protein which develop severe CAA in addition to parenchymal plaques. Results: The main finding of the present study was that CAA in Tg-ArcSwe mice is associated with upregulated angiopoietin and downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor. In the same mice, we combined immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to quantify the extent of CAA and investigate to which degree vessels associated with amyloid plaques were pathologically affected. We found that despite a severe amount of CAA and alterations in several angiogenetic factors in Tg-ArcSwe mice, this was not translated into significant morphological alterations like changes in pericyte coverage or vessel density. Conclusion: Our data suggest that CAA does not impact vascular density but might affect capillary turnover by causing changes in the expression levels of angiogenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoffer Melbye
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja A Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Doreen Siu Yi Leung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Shreyas B Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Petter Ottersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Torp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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15
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Dadgostar E, Tajiknia V, Shamsaki N, Naderi-Taheri M, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Aquaporin 4 and brain-related disorders: Insights into its apoptosis roles. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:983-994. [PMID: 34267610 PMCID: PMC8278210 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain-related disorders are leading global health problems. Various internal and external factors are involved in the progression of brain-related disorders. Inflammatory pathways, oxidative stresses, apoptosis, and deregulations of various channels are critical players in brain-related disorder pathogenesis. Among these players, aquaporins (AQP) have critical roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. AQPs are water channel molecules that permit water to cross the hydrophobic lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. AQP4 is one of the important members of AQP family. AQPs are involved in controlling apoptosis pathways in brain-related disorders. In this regard, several reports have evaluated the pathological effects of AQP4 by targeting the apoptosis-related processes in brain-related disorders. Here, for the first time, we highlight the impact of AQP4 on apoptosis-related processes in brain-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Dadgostar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Shamsaki
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi-Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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16
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Howe MD, McCullough LD, Urayama A. The Role of Basement Membranes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601320. [PMID: 33329053 PMCID: PMC7732667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by cognitive decline in multiple domains, often leading to functional impairment in activities of daily living, disability, and death. The most common causes of age-related progressive dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), however, mixed disease pathologies commonly occur, as epitomized by a type of small vessel pathology called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In CAA patients, the small vessels of the brain become hardened and vulnerable to rupture, leading to impaired neurovascular coupling, multiple microhemorrhage, microinfarction, neurological emergencies, and cognitive decline across multiple functional domains. While the pathogenesis of CAA is not well understood, it has long been thought to be initiated in thickened basement membrane (BM) segments, which contain abnormal protein deposits and amyloid-β (Aβ). Recent advances in our understanding of CAA pathogenesis link BM remodeling to functional impairment of perivascular transport pathways that are key to removing Aβ from the brain. Dysregulation of this process may drive CAA pathogenesis and provides an important link between vascular risk factors and disease phenotype. The present review summarizes how the structure and composition of the BM allows for perivascular transport pathways to operate in the healthy brain, and then outlines multiple mechanisms by which specific dementia risk factors may promote dysfunction of perivascular transport pathways and increase Aβ deposition during CAA pathogenesis. A better understanding of how BM remodeling alters perivascular transport could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Spanos F, Liddelow SA. An Overview of Astrocyte Responses in Genetically Induced Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. Cells 2020; 9:E2415. [PMID: 33158189 PMCID: PMC7694249 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Despite many years of intense research, there is currently still no effective treatment. Multiple cell types contribute to disease pathogenesis, with an increasing body of data pointing to the active participation of astrocytes. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in the physiology and metabolic functions of neurons and other cells in the central nervous system. Because of their interactions with other cell types, astrocyte functions must be understood in their biologic context, thus many studies have used mouse models, of which there are over 190 available for AD research. However, none appear able to fully recapitulate the many functional changes in astrocytes reported in human AD brains. Our review summarizes the observations of astrocyte biology noted in mouse models of familial and sporadic AD. The limitations of AD mouse models will be discussed and current attempts to overcome these disadvantages will be described. With increasing understanding of the non-neuronal contributions to disease, the development of new methods and models will provide further insights and address important questions regarding the roles of astrocytes and other non-neuronal cells in AD pathophysiology. The next decade will prove to be full of exciting opportunities to address this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokion Spanos
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Shane A. Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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Trujillo-Estrada L, Gomez-Arboledas A, Forner S, Martini AC, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D, LaFerla FM. Astrocytes: From the Physiology to the Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:675-698. [PMID: 31470787 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190830110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cells for adequate brain formation and regulation of cerebral blood flow as well as for the maintenance of neuronal metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis and exocytosis, and synaptic transmission. Many of these functions are intrinsically related to neurodegeneration, allowing refocusing on the role of astrocytes in physiological and neurodegenerative states. Indeed, emerging evidence in the field indicates that abnormalities in the astrocytic function are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In the present review, we highlight the physiological role of astrocytes in the CNS, including their communication with other cells in the brain. Furthermore, we discuss exciting findings and novel experimental approaches that elucidate the role of astrocytes in multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefânia Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Alessandra Cadete Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Malaga-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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19
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Dong Y, Yuan Y, Fang Y, Zheng T, Du D, Gao D, Du J, Liu L, He Q. Effect of aquaporin 4 protein overexpression in nigrostriatal system on development of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:666-673. [PMID: 32259464 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1753727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS Recent studies indicated that aquaporin 4 (AQP4), as the main water channel in the central nervous system (CNS), participated in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). But how the AQP4 influenced the exacerbation of PD has not been described in detail. In this study, the effect of the AQP4 protein overexpression in nigrostriatal system that include substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (CPu) on the development of PD was investigated. METHODS Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into two groups at random: PD group and control group, PD group undergoing surgery and receiving 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Using MRI tracer-based method, extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters of nigrostriatal system for all rats were measured, including the clearance coefficient (k') and the half-life (t1/2). Immunohistochemistry of AQP4 was performed for 20 rats. RESULTS The area of dark-stained AQP4 immunoreactivity increased markedly in SN of PD rats, there were significant differences between two groups (SN: t = 5.809, p < 0.0001; CPu: t = 5.943, p < 0.0001). And the diffusion parameters were significantly greater in PD group than that of control group, including k' (SN: t = 5.519, p < 0.0001; CPu: t = 2.149, p = 0.045) and t1/2 (SN: t = 6.131, p < 0.0001; CPu: t = 6.708, p < 0.0001). There was a significant positive correlation between the AQP4 expression level and the k' values (SN: r = 0.827, p = 0.0031; CPu: r = 0.641, p = 0.0046), and a significant negative correlation between AQP4 and the t1/2 values (SN: r=-0.654, p = 0.0403; CPu: r=-0.664, p = 0.0362). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that AQP4 expression was increased in nigrostriatal system of PD rats, therefore, the overexpression of AQP4 led to acceleration of the diffusion and drainage process of drugs in ECS, reduced the effect of drugs for the treatment of PD, inhibited the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Dong
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Dawei Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qingyuan He
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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20
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Abe Y, Ikegawa N, Yoshida K, Muramatsu K, Hattori S, Kawai K, Murakami M, Tanaka T, Goda W, Goto M, Yamamoto T, Hashimoto T, Yamada K, Shibata T, Misawa H, Mimura M, Tanaka KF, Miyakawa T, Iwatsubo T, Hata JI, Niikura T, Yasui M. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a neuroprotective role of aquaporin-4 in the 5xFAD transgenic mice model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:67. [PMID: 32398151 PMCID: PMC7218576 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which may be due to the modulation of neuroinflammation or the impairment of interstitial fluid bulk flow system in the central nervous system. Here, we show an age-dependent impairment of several behavioral outcomes in 5xFAD AQP4 null mice. Twenty-four-hour video recordings and computational analyses of their movement revealed that the nighttime motion of AQP4-deficient 5xFAD mice was progressively reduced between 20 and 36 weeks of age, with a sharp deterioration occurring between 30 and 32 weeks. This reduction in nighttime motion was accompanied by motor dysfunction and epileptiform neuronal activities, demonstrated by increased abnormal spikes by electroencephalography. In addition, all AQP4-deficient 5xFAD mice exhibited convulsions at least once during the period of the analysis. Interestingly, despite such obvious phenotypes, parenchymal amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, reactive astrocytosis, and activated microgliosis surrounding amyloid plaques were unchanged in the AQP4-deficient 5xFAD mice relative to 5xFAD mice. Taken together, our data indicate that AQP4 deficiency greatly accelerates an age-dependent deterioration of neuronal function in 5xFAD mice associated with epileptiform neuronal activity without significantly altering Aβ deposition or neuroinflammation in this mouse model. We therefore propose that there exists another pathophysiological phase in AD which follows amyloid plaque deposition and neuroinflammation and is sensitive to AQP4 deficiency.
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21
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The Pattern of AQP4 Expression in the Ageing Human Brain and in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041225. [PMID: 32059400 PMCID: PMC7072949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of lymphatics, fluid and solutes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) are eliminated from the brain along basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries—the Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage (IPAD) pathway. IPAD fails with age and insoluble Aβ is deposited as plaques in the brain and in IPAD pathways as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA); fluid accumulates in the white matter as reflected by hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI. Within the brain, fluid uptake by astrocytes is regulated by aquaporin 4 (AQP4). We test the hypothesis that expression of astrocytic AQP4 increases in grey matter and decreases in white matter with onset of CAA. AQP4 expression was quantitated by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy in post-mortem occipital grey and white matter from young and old non-demented human brains, in CAA and in WMH. Results: AQP4 expression tended to increase with normal ageing but AQP4 expression in severe CAA was significantly reduced when compared to moderate CAA (p = 0.018). AQP4 expression tended to decline in the white matter with CAA and WMH, both of which are associated with impaired IPAD. Adjusting the level of AQP4 activity may be a valid therapeutic target for restoring homoeostasis in the brain as IPAD fails with age and CAA.
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22
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Madadi S, Schwarzenbach H, Saidijam M, Mahjub R, Soleimani M. Potential microRNA-related targets in clearance pathways of amyloid-β: novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:91. [PMID: 31749959 PMCID: PMC6852943 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide synthesis and clearance results in Aβ deregulation. Failure to clear these peptides appears to cause the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, microRNAs have become established key regulators of biological processes that relate among others to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. This review article gives an overview on microRNAs that are involved in the Aβ cascade and discusses their inhibitory impact on their target mRNAs whose products participate in Aβ clearance. Understanding of the mechanism of microRNA in the associated signal pathways could identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Mahjub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meysam Soleimani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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23
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Denver P, D’Adamo H, Hu S, Zuo X, Zhu C, Okuma C, Kim P, Castro D, Jones MR, Leal C, Mekkittikul M, Ghadishah E, Teter B, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Frautschy SA. A Novel Model of Mixed Vascular Dementia Incorporating Hypertension in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1269. [PMID: 31708792 PMCID: PMC6821690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mixed dementia (MxD) comprise the majority of dementia cases in the growing global aging population. MxD describes the coexistence of AD pathology with vascular pathology, including cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Cardiovascular disease increases risk for AD and MxD, but mechanistic synergisms between the coexisting pathologies affecting dementia risk, progression and the ultimate clinical manifestations remain elusive. To explore the additive or synergistic interactions between AD and chronic hypertension, we developed a rat model of MxD, produced by breeding APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenes into the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) background, resulting in the SHRSP/FAD model and three control groups (FAD, SHRSP and non-hypertensive WKY rats, n = 8-11, both sexes, 16-18 months of age). After behavioral testing, rats were euthanized, and tissue assessed for vascular, neuroinflammatory and AD pathology. Hypertension was preserved in the SHRSP/FAD cross. Results showed that SHRSP increased FAD-dependent neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) and tau pathology, but plaque pathology changes were subtle, including fewer plaques with compact cores and slightly reduced plaque burden. Evidence for vascular pathology included a change in the distribution of astrocytic end-foot protein aquaporin-4, normally distributed in microvessels, but in SHRSP/FAD rats largely dissociated from vessels, appearing disorganized or redistributed into neuropil. Other evidence of SVD-like pathology included increased collagen IV staining in cerebral vessels and PECAM1 levels. We identified a plasma biomarker in SHRSP/FAD rats that was the only group to show increased Aqp-4 in plasma exosomes. Evidence of neuron damage in SHRSP/FAD rats included increased caspase-cleaved actin, loss of myelin and reduced calbindin staining in neurons. Further, there were mitochondrial deficits specific to SHRSP/FAD, notably the loss of complex II, accompanying FAD-dependent loss of mitochondrial complex I. Cognitive deficits exhibited by FAD rats were not exacerbated by the introduction of the SHRSP phenotype, nor was the hyperactivity phenotype associated with SHRSP altered by the FAD transgene. This novel rat model of MxD, encompassing an amyloidogenic transgene with a hypertensive phenotype, exhibits several features associated with human vascular or "mixed" dementia and may be a useful tool in delineating the pathophysiology of MxD and development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denver
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Heather D’Adamo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zuo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Castro
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mychica R. Jones
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Leal
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Mekkittikul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elham Ghadishah
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harry V. Vinters
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory Michael Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A. Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Xue Y, Zhang Z, Wen C, Liu H, Wang S, Li J, Zhuge Q, Chen W, Ye Q. Characterization of Alzheimer's Disease Using Ultra-high b-values Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging. Aging Dis 2019; 10:1026-1036. [PMID: 31595200 PMCID: PMC6764724 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the diffusion characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients using an ultra-high b-values apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC_uh) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). A total of 31 AD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) who underwent both MRI examination and clinical assessment were included in this study. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) was acquired with 14 b-values in the range of 0 and 5000 s/mm2. Diffusivity was analyzed in selected regions, including the amygdala (AMY), hippocampus (HIP), thalamus (THA), caudate (CAU), globus pallidus (GPA), lateral ventricles (LVe), white matter (WM) of the frontal lobe (FL), WM of the temporal lobe (TL), WM of the parietal lobe (PL) and centrum semiovale (CS). The mean, median, skewness and kurtosis of the conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), DKI (including two variables, Dapp and Kapp) and ADC_uh values were calculated for these selected regions. Compared to the HC group, the ADC values of AD group were significantly higher in the right HIP and right PL (WM), while the ADC_uh values of the AD group increased significantly in the WM of the bilateral TL and right CS. In the AD group, the Kapp values in the bilateral LVe, bilateral PL/left TL (WM) and right CS were lower than those in the HC group, while the Dapp value of the right PL (WM) increased. The ADC_uh value of the right TL was negatively correlated with MMSE (mean, r=-0.420, p=0.019). The ADC value and Dapp value have the same regions correlated with MMSE. Compared with the ADC_uh, combining ADC_uh and ADC parameters will result in a higher AUC (0.894, 95%CI=0.803-0.984, p=0.022). Comparing to ADC or DKI, ADC_uh has no significant difference in the detectability of AD, but ADC_uh can better reflect characteristic alternation in unconventional brain regions of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Xue
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Wen
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiru Liu
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Suyuan Wang
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiance Li
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- 2Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiong Ye
- 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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25
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APOE Genotype Specific Effects on the Early Neurodegenerative Sequelae Following Chronic Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 404:297-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Ren H, Ma L, Gong X, Xu C, Zhang Y, Ma M, Watanabe K, Wen J. Edaravone Exerts Brain Protective Function by Reducing the Expression of AQP4, APP and Aβ Proteins. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:651-658. [PMID: 33817204 PMCID: PMC7874750 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the changes of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), β-amyloid precursor proteins (APP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) in brain tissues after cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury (CIRI), and evaluate the effect of edaravone. The Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion was used to establish CIRI in rats. Rats were divided into control, model and edaravone groups. The neurological deficits in the model group were obvious and the neurological score increased compared to the control group, while the neurological deficits of the edaravone group were improved as the neurological score decreased compared to the model group. The number of pyramidel cells in the hippocampus of the model group was significantly decreased whereas edaravone could reverse this decrease. The model group had significantly higher levels of Aβ, APP and AQP4 than the control group and edaravone group, suggesting that they might be involved in the neuronal cell damage. Meanwhile, the increased AQP4 might enhance the permeability of cells, and thus cause cell damage and neurological deficit. Conclusively, edaravone could reduce brain edema, protect neuronal cells and improve the neurological impairment of rats possibly by decreasing the expression of Aβ, APP and AQP4. Therefore, edaravone may have the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ren
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Central Laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393, Xinyi Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
| | - Xueli Gong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393, Xinyi Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
| | - Chenbo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
| | - Yuge Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393, Xinyi Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
| | - Meilei Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata City 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata City 950-2181, Japan
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393, Xinyi Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi830011, P.R. China
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27
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Bai W, Zhou YG. Homeostasis of the Intraparenchymal-Blood Glutamate Concentration Gradient: Maintenance, Imbalance, and Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:400. [PMID: 29259540 PMCID: PMC5723322 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there is also a large amount of glutamate in the blood. Generally, the concentration gradient of glutamate between intraparenchymal and blood environments is stable. However, this gradient is dramatically disrupted under a variety of pathological conditions, resulting in an amplifying cascade that causes a series of pathological reactions in the CNS and peripheral organs. This eventually seriously worsens a patient’s prognosis. These two “isolated” systems are rarely considered as a whole even though they mutually influence each other. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the maintenance, imbalance and regulatory mechanisms that control the intraparenchymal-blood glutamate concentration gradient, discuss the interrelationships between these systems and further explore their significance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Cai Z, Wan CQ, Liu Z. Astrocyte and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol 2017; 264:2068-2074. [PMID: 28821953 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past several decades have given rise to more insights into the role of astrocytes in normal brain function and diseases. Astrocytes elicit an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious in the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impairments in astrocytes and their other functions, as well as physiological reactions of astrocytes to external injury, can trigger or exacerbate hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathologies, leading to the formation of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), as well as neuronal dysfunction. This review addresses the involvement of astrocytes in the Aβ pathology, where the main mechanisms include the generation and clearance of Aβ, and the formation of NFTs. It is also discussed that metabolic dysfunction from astrocytes acts as an initiating factor in the pathogenesis of AD and a contributor to the onset and development of clinical presentation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, No. 312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Qun Wan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, No. 312 Zhongshan First Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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