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Shimizu E, Goto-Hirano K, Motoi Y, Arai M, Hattori N. Symptoms and age of prodromal Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2445-2460. [PMID: 38228941 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The diagnostic criteria for adult-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with Down syndrome (DS) have not been standardised. This study investigated the specific symptoms of AD in the prodromal stage of DS, the mean age at diagnosis at each stage of dementia, and the relationship between intellectual disability (ID) and dementia. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for studies on DS, AD, early-stage disease, initial symptoms, and prodromal dementia registered between January 2012 and January 2022. We also performed a meta-analysis of the differences between the mean age at prodromal symptoms and AD diagnosis and the proportion of mild cognitive impairment in patients with mild and moderately abnormal ID. We selected 14 articles reporting the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and memory- and language-related impairments as early symptoms of AD in patients with DS. The specific symptoms of BPSD were classified into five categories: irritability (agitation), apathy, abnormal behaviour, adaptive functioning, and sleep disturbance. The mean age at the diagnosis of prodromal symptoms and AD dementia was 52.7 and 56.2 years, respectively (mean difference, + 3.11 years; 95% CI 1.82-4.40) in the meta-analysis. The diagnosis of mild dementia tended to correlate with ID severity (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% CI 0.87-2.18). The features of behaviour-variant frontotemporal dementia may be clinically confirmed in diagnosing early symptoms of DS-associated AD (DSAD). Moreover, age-appropriate cognitive assessment is important. Further studies are required to evaluate DSAD using a combination of biomarkers and ID-related data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Goto-Hirano
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- The Medical Center for Dementia, Juntendo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Arai
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Martini AC, Gross TJ, Head E, Mapstone M. Beyond amyloid: Immune, cerebrovascular, and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Neuron 2022; 110:2063-2079. [PMID: 35472307 PMCID: PMC9262826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) have increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), presumably conferred through genetic predispositions arising from trisomy 21. These predispositions necessarily include triplication of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but also other Ch21 genes that confer risk directly or through interactions with genes on other chromosomes. We discuss evidence that multiple genes on chromosome 21 are associated with metabolic dysfunction in DS. The resulting dysregulated pathways involve the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation; the cerebrovascular system, leading to disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB); and cellular energy metabolism, promoting increased oxidative stress. In combination, these disruptions may produce a precarious biological milieu that, in the presence of accumulating amyloid, drives the pathophysiological cascade of AD in people with DS. Critically, mechanistic drivers of this dysfunction may be targetable in future clinical trials of pharmaceutical and/or lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Martini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Bazydlo AM, Zammit MD, Wu M, Lao PJ, Dean DC, Johnson SC, Tudorascu DL, Cohen A, Cody KA, Ances B, Laymon CM, Klunk WE, Zaman S, Handen BL, Hartley SL, Alexander AL, Christian BT. White matter microstructure associations to amyloid burden in adults with Down syndrome. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 33:102908. [PMID: 34902714 PMCID: PMC8672096 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). One of the early underlying mechanisms in AD pathology is the accumulation of amyloid protein plaques, which are deposited in extracellular gray matter and signify the first stage in the cascade of neurodegenerative events. AD-related neurodegeneration is also evidenced as microstructural changes in white matter. In this work, we explored the correlation of white matter microstructure with amyloid load to assess amyloid-related neurodegeneration in a cohort of adults with DS. METHODS In this study of 96 adults with DS, the relation of white matter microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and amyloid plaque burden using [11C]PiB PET were examined. The amyloid load (AβL) derived from [11C]PiB was used as a global measure of amyloid burden. AβL and DTI measures were compared using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and corrected for imaging site and chronological age. RESULTS TBSS of the DTI maps showed widespread age-by-amyloid interaction with both fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Further, diffuse negative association of FA and positive association of MD with amyloid were observed. DISCUSSION These findings are consistent with the white matter microstructural changes associated with AD disease progression in late onset AD in non-DS populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Bazydlo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Matthew D Zammit
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Minjie Wu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Lao
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ann Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karly A Cody
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Beau Ances
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles M Laymon
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sigan L Hartley
- Waisman Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Pivtoraiko VN, Racic T, Abrahamson EE, Villemagne VL, Handen BL, Lott IT, Head E, Ikonomovic MD. Postmortem Neocortical 3H-PiB Binding and Levels of Unmodified and Pyroglutamate Aβ in Down Syndrome and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:728739. [PMID: 34489686 PMCID: PMC8416541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.728739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a genetic predisposition for amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and earlier onset of Aβ deposits compared to patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Positron emission tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) detects fibrillar Aβ pathology in living people with DS and AD, but its relationship with heterogeneous Aβ forms aggregated within amyloid deposits is not well understood. We performed quantitative in vitro3H-PiB binding assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of fibrillar (insoluble) unmodified Aβ40 and Aβ42 forms and N-terminus truncated and pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and AβNpE3-42 forms in postmortem frontal cortex and precuneus samples from 18 DS cases aged 43–63 years and 17 late-onset AD cases aged 62–99 years. Both diagnostic groups had frequent neocortical neuritic plaques, while the DS group had more severe vascular amyloid pathology (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA). Compared to the AD group, the DS group had higher levels of Aβ40 and AβNpE3-40, while the two groups did not differ by Aβ42 and AβNpE3-42 levels. This resulted in lower ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 in the DS group compared to the AD group. Correlations of Aβ42/Aβ40 and AβNpE3-42/AβNpE3-40 ratios with CAA severity were strong in DS cases and weak in AD cases. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ levels were lower than unmodified Aβ levels in both diagnostic groups, but within group proportions of both pyroglutamate-modified Aβ forms relative to both unmodified Aβ forms were lower in the DS group but not in the AD group. The two diagnostic groups did not differ by 3H-PiB binding levels. These results demonstrate that compared to late-onset AD cases, adult DS individuals with similar severity of neocortical neuritic plaques and greater CAA pathology have a preponderance of both pyroglutamate-modified AβNpE3-40 and unmodified Aβ40 forms. Despite the distinct molecular profile of Aβ forms and greater vascular amyloidosis in DS cases, cortical 3H-PiB binding does not distinguish between diagnostic groups that are at an advanced level of amyloid plaque pathology. This underscores the need for the development of CAA-selective PET radiopharmaceuticals to detect and track the progression of cerebral vascular amyloid deposits in relation to Aβ plaques in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta N Pivtoraiko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamara Racic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Martinez JL, Zammit MD, West NR, Christian BT, Bhattacharyya A. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Linking Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:703876. [PMID: 34322015 PMCID: PMC8311593 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.703876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) is characterized by intellectual impairment at birth and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in middle age. As individuals with DS age, their cognitive functions decline as they develop AD pathology. The susceptibility to degeneration of a subset of neurons, known as basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs), in DS and AD is a critical link between cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in both disorders. BFCNs are the primary source of cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as the amygdala. They play a critical role in the processing of information related to cognitive function and are directly engaged in regulating circuits of attention and memory throughout the lifespan. Given the importance of BFCNs in attention and memory, it is not surprising that these neurons contribute to dysfunctional neuronal circuitry in DS and are vulnerable in adults with DS and AD, where their degeneration leads to memory loss and disturbance in language. BFCNs are thus a relevant cell target for therapeutics for both DS and AD but, despite some success, efforts in this area have waned. There are gaps in our knowledge of BFCN vulnerability that preclude our ability to effectively design interventions. Here, we review the role of BFCN function and degeneration in AD and DS and identify under-studied aspects of BFCN biology. The current gaps in BFCN relevant imaging studies, therapeutics, and human models limit our insight into the mechanistic vulnerability of BFCNs in individuals with DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Martinez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew D. Zammit
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole R. West
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bradley T. Christian
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Cellular and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Zammit MD, Tudorascu DL, Laymon CM, Hartley SL, Ellison PA, Zaman SH, Ances BM, Johnson SC, Stone CK, Sabbagh MN, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Cohen AD, Handen BL, Christian BT. Neurofibrillary tau depositions emerge with subthreshold cerebral beta-amyloidosis in down syndrome. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102740. [PMID: 34182407 PMCID: PMC8252122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tau deposition in Down syndrome follows the Braak staging pathology. Neurofibrillary tau emerges in individuals with very low amyloid burden. There is a short latency between the onset of amyloid and tau in Down syndrome. Elevated tau was observed in Braak stages I-II with very low amyloid burden, and in stages III-VI with greater amyloid burden.
Introduction Adults with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to develop Alzheimer’s disease and accumulate beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) early in life. While Aβ has been heavily studied in Down syndrome, its relationship with neurofibrillary tau is less understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate neurofibrillary tau deposition in individuals with Down syndrome with varying levels of Aβ burden. Methods A total of 161 adults with Down syndrome (mean age = 39.2 (8.50) years) and 40 healthy, non-Down syndrome sibling controls (43.2 (12.6) years) underwent T1w-MRI, [C-11]PiB and [F-18]AV-1451 PET scans. PET images were converted to units of standardized uptake value ratios (SUVrs). Aβ burden was calculated using the amyloid load metric (AβL); a measure of global Aβ burden that improves quantification from SUVrs by suppressing the nonspecific binding signal component and computing the specific Aβ signal from all Aβ-carrying voxels from the image. Regional tau was assessed using control-standardized AV-1451 SUVr. Control-standardized SUVrs were compared across Down syndrome groups of Aβ-negative (A-) (AβL < 13.3), subthreshold A+ (13.3 ≤ AβL < 20) and conventionally A+ (AβL ≥ 20) individuals. The subthreshold A + group was identified as having significantly higher Aβ burden compared to the A- group, but not high enough to satisfy a conventional A + classification. Results A large-sized association that survived adjustment for chronological age, mental age (assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test), and imaging site was observed between AβL and AV-1451 within each Braak region (p < .05). The A + group showed significantly higher AV-1451 retention across all Braak regions compared to the A- and subthreshold A + groups (p < .05). The subthreshold A + group showed significantly higher AV-1451 retention in Braak regions I-III compared to an age-matched sample from the A- group (p < .05). Discussion These results show that even the earliest detectable Aβ accumulation in Down syndrome is accompanied by elevated tau in the early Braak stage regions. This early detection of tau can help characterize the tau accumulation phase during preclinical Alzheimer’s disease progression in Down syndrome and suggests that there may be a relatively narrow window after Aβ accumulation begins to prevent the downstream cascade of events that leads to Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Zammit
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles M Laymon
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sigan L Hartley
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul A Ellison
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shahid H Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual Disability Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beau M Ances
- Washington University in St. Louis Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles K Stone
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Chester A Mathis
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ann D Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medical Physics, Madison, WI, USA
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Zammit MD, Laymon CM, Tudorascu DL, Hartley SL, Piro‐Gambetti B, Johnson SC, Stone CK, Mathis CA, Zaman SH, Klunk WE, Handen BL, Cohen AD, Christian BT. Patterns of glucose hypometabolism in Down syndrome resemble sporadic Alzheimer's disease except for the putamen. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 12:e12138. [PMID: 33490360 PMCID: PMC7804861 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adults with Down syndrome (DS) are predisposed to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the relationship between cognition and glucose metabolism in this population has yet to be evaluated. METHODS Adults with DS (N = 90; mean age [standard deviation] = 38.0 [8.30] years) underwent [C-11]Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) and [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography scans. Associations among amyloid beta (Aβ), FDG, and measures of cognition were explored. Interregional FDG metabolic connectivity was assessed to compare cognitively stable DS and mild cognitive impairment/AD (MCI-DS/AD). RESULTS Negative associations between Aβ and FDG were evident in regions affected in sporadic AD. A positive association was observed in the putamen, which is the brain region showing the earliest increases in Aβ deposition. Both Aβ and FDG were associated with measures of cognition, and metabolic connectivity distinguished cases of MCI-DS/AD from cognitively stable DS. DISCUSSION Associations among Aβ, FDG, and cognition reveal that neurodegeneration in DS resembles sporadic AD with the exception of the putamen, highlighting the usefulness of FDG in monitoring neurodegeneration in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M. Laymon
- Department of Radiology, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dana L. Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sigan L. Hartley
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison Waisman CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Sterling C. Johnson
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Charles K. Stone
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chester A. Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shahid H. Zaman
- University of Cambridge Intellectual Disability Research GroupCambridgeUK
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Benjamin L. Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ann D. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Mak E, Grigorova M, Beresford-Webb J, Malpetti M, Walpert M, Brown S, Jones E, Clare I, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Coles JP, Aigbirhio FI, Menon DK, Nestor PJ, Holland AJ, Zaman SH. Measuring cerebral perfusion with [ 11C]-PiB R1 in Down syndrome: associations with amyloid burden and longitudinal cognitive decline. Brain Commun 2020; 3:fcaa198. [PMID: 33543138 PMCID: PMC7849981 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography imaging of glucose hypometabolism and amyloid deposition are two well-established methods to evaluate preclinical changes in Alzheimer's disease and people with Down syndrome. However, the use of both imaging modalities may overburden participants, particularly those with intellectual disabilities and cognitive impairment. The relative tracer delivery of the [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B has been proposed as a viable surrogate for cerebral perfusion. Here, we studied the impact of amyloid pathology on perfusion changes in Down syndrome and evaluated its associations with cognitive impairment. In total, 47 adults with Down syndrome underwent the [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B imaging and structural imaging. The structural data were processed with Freesurfer to obtain anatomical segmentations and cortical thickness. The relative tracer delivery from [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B was derived using a simplified reference tissue model. The sample was stratified into those with minimal amyloid burden (n = 25) and those with elevated amyloid (n = 22). We found significant and widespread reductions of cerebral perfusion in those with elevated amyloid burden, independent of age, gender, cognitive function and cortical thickness. In addition, cerebral perfusion was associated with the cognitive impairment among the Down syndrome group with elevated amyloid burden. These findings highlight the promising utility of the relative tracer delivery of the [11C]-Pittsburgh Compound B as a surrogate index in clinical trials for monitoring disease progression or tracking physiologic changes over time in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Monika Grigorova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jessica Beresford-Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Madeline Walpert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Isabel Clare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan P Coles
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Nestor
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anthony J Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Shahid H Zaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Rafii MS, Ances BM, Schupf N, Krinsky‐McHale SJ, Mapstone M, Silverman W, Lott I, Klunk W, Head E, Christian B, Lai F, Rosas HD, Zaman S, Petersen ME, Strydom A, Fortea J, Handen B, O'Bryant S. The AT(N) framework for Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12062. [PMID: 33134477 PMCID: PMC7588820 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging in conjunction with the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) recently proposed a biological framework for defining the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. This new framework is based upon the key AD biomarkers (amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration, AT[N]) instead of clinical symptoms and represents the latest understanding that the pathological processes underlying AD begin decades before the manifestation of symptoms. By using these same biomarkers, individuals with Down syndrome (DS), who are genetically predisposed to developing AD, can also be placed more precisely along the AD continuum. The A/T(N) framework is therefore thought to provide an objective manner by which to select and enrich samples for clinical trials. This new framework is highly flexible and allows the addition of newly confirmed AD biomarkers into the existing AT(N) groups. As biomarkers for other pathological processes are validated, they can also be added to the AT(N) classification scheme, which will allow for better characterization and staging of AD in DS. These biological classifications can then be merged with clinical staging for an examination of factors that impact the biological and clinical progression of the disease. Here, we leverage previously published guidelines for the AT(N) framework to generate such a plan for AD among adults with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Rafii
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI)Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Center for Advanced Medicine NeuroscienceWashington University School of Medicine in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain/G.H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyNeurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sharon J. Krinsky‐McHale
- Department of PsychologyNYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandNew YorkUSA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ira Lott
- Department of PediatricsSchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of PathologyGillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brad Christian
- Department of Medical Physics and PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - H. Diana Rosas
- Departments of Neurology and RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustFulbourn HospitalCambridgeUK
| | - Melissa E. Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory UnitDepartment of NeurologyHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant PauBiomedical Research Institute Sant PauUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Benjamin Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sid O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research and Department of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
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10
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Snyder HM, Bain LJ, Brickman AM, Carrillo MC, Esbensen AJ, Espinosa JM, Fernandez F, Fortea J, Hartley SL, Head E, Hendrix J, Kishnani PS, Lai F, Lao P, Lemere C, Mobley W, Mufson EJ, Potter H, Zaman SH, Granholm AC, Rosas HD, Strydom A, Whitten MS, Rafii MS. Further understanding the connection between Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1065-1077. [PMID: 32544310 PMCID: PMC8865308 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Improved medical care of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has led to an increase in life expectancy to over the age of 60 years. In conjunction, there has been an increase in age-related co-occurring conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the factors that underlie symptom and age of clinical presentation of dementia in people with DS may provide insights into the mechanisms of sporadic and DS-associated AD (DS-AD). In March 2019, the Alzheimer's Association, Global Down Syndrome Foundation and the LuMind IDSC Foundation partnered to convene a workshop to explore the state of the research on the intersection of AD and DS research; to identify research gaps and unmet needs; and to consider how best to advance the field. This article provides a summary of discussions, including noting areas of emerging science and discovery, considerations for future studies, and identifying open gaps in our understanding for future focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Snyder
- Alzheimer’s Association, Medical & Scientific Relations, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa J. Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Elverson, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam M. Brickman
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria C. Carrillo
- Alzheimer’s Association, Medical & Scientific Relations, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna J. Esbensen
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fabian Fernandez
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, BIO5 Institute, and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juan Fortea
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
- Down Medical Center, Catalan Down Syndrome Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sigan L. Hartley
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - James Hendrix
- LuMind IDSC Foundation, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Florence Lai
- Department of Neurology, Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Lao
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Huntington Potter
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Shahid H. Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual & Developmental Disability Research Group, Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. Diana Rosas
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, LonDowns Consortium, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | - Michael S. Rafii
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutics Research Institute and Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Mapstone M, Gross TJ, Macciardi F, Cheema AK, Petersen M, Head E, Handen BL, Klunk WE, Christian BT, Silverman W, Lott IT, Schupf N. Metabolic correlates of prevalent mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12028. [PMID: 32258359 PMCID: PMC7131985 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruption of metabolic function is a recognized feature of late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We sought to determine whether similar metabolic pathways are implicated in adults with Down syndrome (DS) who have increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We examined peripheral blood from 292 participants with DS who completed baseline assessments in the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Consortium-Down Syndrome (ABC-DS) using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). Our sample included 38 individuals who met consensus criteria for AD (DS-AD), 43 who met criteria for mild cognitive impairment (DS-MCI), and 211 who were cognitively unaffected and stable (CS). RESULTS We measured relative abundance of 8,805 features using MS and 180 putative metabolites were differentially expressed (DE) among the groups at false discovery rate-corrected q< 0.05. From the DE features, a nine-feature classifier model classified the CS and DS-AD groups with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC) of 0.86 and a two-feature model classified the DS-MCI and DS-AD groups with ROC AUC of 0.88. Metabolite set enrichment analysis across the three groups suggested alterations in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. DISCUSSION Our results reveal metabolic alterations in DS-AD that are similar to those seen in LOAD. The pattern of results in this cross-sectional DS cohort suggests a dynamic time course of metabolic dysregulation which evolves with clinical progression from non-demented, to MCI, to AD. Metabolomic markers may be useful for staging progression of DS-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mapstone
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular BiologyGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Departments of Medical Physics and PsychiatryWaisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California‐ IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California‐ IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University and the New York Presbyterian HospitalNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyJoseph P. Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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12
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Rosenbloom M, Barclay T, Johnsen J, Erickson L, Svitak A, Pyle M, Frey W, Hanson LR. Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Investigation of the Safety of a Single Dose of Rapid-Acting Intranasal Insulin in Down Syndrome. Drugs R D 2020; 20:11-15. [PMID: 32077057 PMCID: PMC7067723 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-020-00296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Down syndrome are likely to develop clinical and neuropathological brain changes resembling Alzheimer’s disease dementia by the ages of 35–40 years. Intranasal insulin is a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disease that has been shown to reduce amyloid plaque burden and improve verbal memory performance in normal as well as memory-impaired adults. Investigations have shown that rapid-acting insulins may result in superior cognitive benefits compared with regular insulin. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to measure the safety and feasibility of intranasal rapid-acting glulisine in subjects with Down syndrome. Secondarily, we estimated the effects of intranasal glulisine on cognition and memory in Down syndrome. Methods A single-center, single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study was performed to test the safety of intranasal glulisine vs placebo in 12 subjects with Down syndrome aged ≥ 35 years. Intranasal administration utilized the Impel NeuroPharma I109 Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD®) device. The primary outcomes were the occurrence of any or related adverse and serious adverse events. Secondary post-treatment cognitive outcome measures included performance on the Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Results Intranasal glulisine was safe and well tolerated in the Down syndrome population. No adverse or serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions Further investigations are necessary to better evaluate the potential cognitive-enhancing role of intranasal insulin in the Down syndrome population. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02432716. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40268-020-00296-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbloom
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA.
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA.
| | - Terry Barclay
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
| | - Justin Johnsen
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
| | | | - Aleta Svitak
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
| | - Maria Pyle
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
| | - William Frey
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - Leah R Hanson
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, 295 Phalen Boulevard, Saint Paul, MN, 55130, USA
- HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
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13
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Kohlenberg TM, Trelles MP, McLarney B, Betancur C, Thurm A, Kolevzon A. Psychiatric illness and regression in individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:7. [PMID: 32050889 PMCID: PMC7014655 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-9309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic condition characterized by intellectual disability, speech and language deficits, hypotonia, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy. PMS is caused by 22q13.33 deletions or mutations affecting SHANK3, which codes for a critical scaffolding protein in excitatory synapses. SHANK3 variants are also known to be associated with an increased risk for regression, as well as for psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder and catatonia. This study aimed to further describe these phenomena in PMS and to explore any relationship between psychiatric illness and regression after early childhood. METHODS Thirty-eight people with PMS were recruited to this study through the Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation based on caregiver report of distinct development of psychiatric symptoms. Caregivers completed a clinician-administered semi-structured interview focused on eliciting psychiatric symptomatology. Data from the PMS International Registry were used to confirm genetic diagnoses of participants and to provide a larger sample for comparison. RESULTS The mean age of the 38 participants was 24.7 years (range = 13 to 50; SD = 10.06). Females (31 of 38 cases; 82%) and sequence variants (15 of 38 cases; 39%) were over-represented in this sample, compared to base rates in the PMS International Registry. Onset of psychiatric symptoms occurred at a mean age of 15.4 years (range = 7 to 32), with presentations marked by prominent disturbances of mood. Enduring substantial loss of functional skills after onset of psychiatric changes was seen in 25 cases (66%). Symptomst indicative of catatonia occurred in 20 cases (53%). Triggers included infections, changes in hormonal status, and stressful life events. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that individuals with PMS are at risk of developing severe neuropsychiatric illness in adolescence or early adulthood, including bipolar disorder, catatonia, and lasting regression of skills. These findings should increase the awareness of these phenotypes and lead to earlier diagnosis and the implementation of appropriate interventions. Our findings also highlight the importance of genetic testing in the work-up of individuals with intellectual disability and acute psychiatric illness or regression. Future research is needed to clarify the prevalence and nature of psychiatric disorders and regression among larger unbiased samples of individuals with PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Kohlenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - M Pilar Trelles
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Catalina Betancur
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Gross TJ, Doran E, Cheema AK, Head E, Lott IT, Mapstone M. Plasma metabolites related to cellular energy metabolism are altered in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:622-638. [PMID: 31419370 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Because individuals with DS almost universally develop heavy amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease (AD), biomarker discovery in this population may be extremely fruitful. Moreover, any AD biomarker in DS that does not directly involve amyloid pathology may be of high value for understanding broader mechanisms of AD generalizable to the neurotypical population. In this retrospective biomarker discovery study, we examined banked peripheral plasma samples from 78 individuals with DS who met clinical criteria for AD at the time of the blood draw (DS-AD) and 68 individuals with DS who did not (DS-NAD). We measured the relative abundance of approximately 5,000 putative features in the plasma using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). We found significantly higher levels of a peak putatively annotated as lactic acid in the DS-AD group (q = .014), a finding confirmed using targeted MS (q = .011). Because lactate is the terminal product of glycolysis and subsequent lactic acid fermentation, we performed additional targeted MS focusing on central carbon metabolism which revealed significantly increased levels of pyruvic (q = .03) and methyladipic (q = .03) acids in addition to significantly lower levels of uridine (q = .007) in the DS-AD group. These data suggest that AD in DS is accompanied by a shift from aerobic respiration toward the less efficient fermentative metabolism and that bioenergetically derived metabolites observable in peripheral blood may be useful for detecting this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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15
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Abrahamson EE, Head E, Lott IT, Handen BL, Mufson EJ, Christian BT, Klunk WE, Ikonomovic MD. Neuropathological correlates of amyloid PET imaging in Down syndrome. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:750-766. [PMID: 31379087 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results in an overproduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide associated with early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DS cases have Aβ deposits detectable histologically as young as 12-30 years of age, primarily in the form of diffuse plaques, the type of early amyloid pathology also seen at pre-clinical (i.e., pathological aging) and prodromal stages of sporadic late onset AD. In DS subjects aged >40 years, levels of cortical Aβ deposition are similar to those observed in late onset AD and in addition to diffuse plaques involve cored plaques associated with dystrophic neurites (neuritic plaques), which are of neuropathological diagnostic significance in AD. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss findings from amyloid PET imaging studies of DS in reference to postmortem amyloid-based neuropathology. PET neuroimaging applied to subjects with DS has the potential to (a) track the natural progression of brain pathology, including the earliest stages of amyloid accumulation, and (b) determine whether amyloid PET biomarkers predict the onset of dementia. In addition, the question that is still incompletely understood and relevant to both applications is the ability of amyloid PET to detect Aβ deposits in their earliest form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Benjamin L Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Departments of Medical Physics and Psychiatry, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Perez SE, Miguel JC, He B, Malek-Ahmadi M, Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD, Lott I, Doran E, Alldred MJ, Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ. Frontal cortex and striatal cellular and molecular pathobiology in individuals with Down syndrome with and without dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:413-436. [PMID: 30734106 PMCID: PMC6541490 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although, by age 40, individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) linked to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), not all people with DS develop dementia. Whether Aβ plaques and NFTs are associated with individuals with DS with (DSD +) and without dementia (DSD -) is under-investigated. Here, we applied quantitative immunocytochemistry and fluorescent procedures to characterize NFT pathology using antibodies specific for tau phosphorylation (pS422, AT8), truncation (TauC3, MN423), and conformational (Alz50, MC1) epitopes, as well as Aβ and its precursor protein (APP) to frontal cortex (FC) and striatal tissue from DSD + to DSD - cases. Expression profiling of single pS422 labeled FC layer V and VI neurons was also determined using laser capture microdissection and custom-designed microarray analysis. Analysis revealed that cortical and striatal Aβ plaque burdens were similar in DSD + and DSD - cases. In both groups, most FC plaques were neuritic, while striatal plaques were diffuse. By contrast, FC AT8-positive NFTs and neuropil thread densities were significantly greater in DSD + compared to DSD -, while striatal NFT densities were similar between groups. FC pS422-positive and TauC3 NFT densities were significantly greater than Alz50-labeled NFTs in DSD + , but not DSD - cases. Putaminal, but not caudate pS422-positive NFT density, was significantly greater than TauC3-positive NFTs. In the FC, AT8 + pS422 + Alz50, TauC3 + pS422 + Alz50, pS422 + Alz50, and TauC3 + pS422 positive NFTs were more frequent in DSD + compared to DSD- cases. Single gene-array profiling of FC pS422 positive neurons revealed downregulation of 63 of a total of 864 transcripts related to Aβ/tau biology, glutamatergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic metabolism, intracellular signaling, cell homeostasis, and cell death in DSD + compared DSD - cases. These observations suggest that abnormal tau aggregation plays a critical role in the development of dementia in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jennifer C Miguel
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | | | - Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ira Lott
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Eric Doran
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, The NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Virtually all adults with Down syndrome (DS) show the neuropathological changes of Alzheimer disease (AD) by the age of 40 years. This association is partially due to overexpression of amyloid precursor protein, encoded by APP, as a result of the location of this gene on chromosome 21. Amyloid-β accumulates in the brain across the lifespan of people with DS, which provides a unique opportunity to understand the temporal progression of AD and the epigenetic factors that contribute to the age of dementia onset. This age dependency in the development of AD in DS can inform research into the presentation of AD in the general population, in whom a longitudinal perspective of the disease is not often available. Comparison of the risk profiles, biomarker profiles and genetic profiles of adults with DS with those of individuals with AD in the general population can help to determine common and distinct pathways as well as mechanisms underlying increased risk of dementia. This Review evaluates the similarities and differences between the pathological cascades and genetics underpinning DS and AD with the aim of providing a platform for common exploration of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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Kulas JA, Franklin WF, Smith NA, Manocha GD, Puig KL, Nagamoto-Combs K, Hendrix RD, Taglialatela G, Barger SW, Combs CK. Ablation of amyloid precursor protein increases insulin-degrading enzyme levels and activity in brain and peripheral tissues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E106-E120. [PMID: 30422705 PMCID: PMC6417684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00279.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein widely studied for its role as the source of β-amyloid peptide, accumulation of which is causal in at least some cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is expressed ubiquitously and is involved in diverse biological processes. Growing bodies of evidence indicate connections between AD and somatic metabolic disorders related to type 2 diabetes, and App-/- mice show alterations in glycemic regulation. We find that App-/- mice have higher levels of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) mRNA, protein, and activity compared with wild-type controls. This regulation of IDE by APP was widespread across numerous tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle, and brain as well as cell types within neural tissue, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of APP in the SIM-A9 microglia cell line elevated IDE levels. Fasting levels of blood insulin were lower in App-/- than App+/+ mice, but the former showed a larger increase in response to glucose. These low basal levels may enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity, as App-/- mice failed to develop impairment of glucose tolerance on a high-fat, high-sucrose ("Western") diet. Insulin levels and insulin signaling were also lower in the App-/- brain; synaptosomes prepared from App-/- hippocampus showed diminished insulin receptor phosphorylation compared with App+/+ mice when stimulated ex vivo. These findings represent a new molecular link connecting APP to metabolic homeostasis and demonstrate a novel role for APP as an upstream regulator of IDE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Whitney F Franklin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Nicholas A Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Rachel D Hendrix
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock Arkansas
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
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19
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Lao PJ, Handen BL, Betthauser TJ, Cody KA, Cohen AD, Tudorascu DL, Stone CK, Price JC, Johnson SC, Klunk WE, Christian BT. Imaging neurodegeneration in Down syndrome: brain templates for amyloid burden and tissue segmentation. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:345-353. [PMID: 29752653 PMCID: PMC6230506 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The focus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuroimaging research has shifted towards an investigation of the earliest stages of AD pathogenesis, which manifests in every young adult with Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) resulting from a deterministic genetic predisposition to amyloid precursor protein overproduction. Due to morphological differences in brain structure in the DS population, special consideration must be given to processing pipelines and the use of normative atlases developed for the non-DS population. Further, the use of typical MRI to MRI template spatial normalization is less desirable in this cohort due to a greater presence of motion artefacts in MRI images. The diffuse nature of PiB uptake and comparatively lower spatial resolution of the PET image permits the purposing of this modality as a template for spatial normalization, which can substantially improve the robustness of this procedure in the cases of MRI images with motion. The aim of this work was to establish standardized methods for spatial normalization and tissue type segmentation using DS specific templates in order to perform voxel-wise analyses. A total of 72 adults with DS underwent [11C]PiB PET to assess brain amyloid burden and volumetric MRI imaging. A DS specific PiB template for spatial normalization and a set of DS specific prior probability templates were created with two-pass methods. With implementation of this DS specific PiB template, no participants were excluded due to poor spatial normalization, thus maximizing the sample size for PiB analyses in standardized space. In addition, difference images between prior probability templates created from the general population and the DS population reflected known morphological differences, particularly in the frontal cortex. In conclusion, DS specific templates that account for unique challenges improve spatial normalization and tissue type segmentation, and provide a framework for reliable voxel-wise analysis of AD biomarkers in this atypical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Lao
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Ben L. Handen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA ,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 201 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA ,Department of Instruction and Learning, University of Pittsburgh, 230 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Tobey J. Betthauser
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Karly A. Cody
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Annie D. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Dana L. Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Charles K. Stone
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1 South Park Street, Madison, WI 53715 USA
| | - Julie C. Price
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3600 Forbes @ Meyran Avenues, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bradley T. Christian
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA ,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719 USA
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20
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Head E, Powell DK, Schmitt FA. Metabolic and Vascular Imaging Biomarkers in Down Syndrome Provide Unique Insights Into Brain Aging and Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:191. [PMID: 29977201 PMCID: PMC6021507 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for developing Alzheimer disease (AD). Neuropathology consistent with AD is present by 40 years of age and dementia may develop up to a decade later. In this review, we describe metabolic and vascular neuroimaging studies in DS that suggest these functional changes are a key feature of aging, linked to cognitive decline and AD in this vulnerable cohort. FDG-PET imaging in DS suggests systematic reductions in glucose metabolism in posterior cingulate and parietotemporal cortex. Magentic resonance spectroscopy studies show consistent decreases in neuronal health and increased myoinositol, suggesting inflammation. There are few vascular imaging studies in DS suggesting a gap in our knowledge. Future studies would benefit from longitudinal measures and combining various imaging approaches to identify early signs of dementia in DS that may be amenable to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David K Powell
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Department of Neurology, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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