Changes in the Prevalence of Polypharmacy in People with and without Dementia from 2000 to 2014: A Nationwide Study

Global prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in older patients with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Older patients with dementia always need multiple drugs due to comorbidities and cognitive impairment, further complicating drug treatment and increasing the risk of potentially inappropriate medication. The objective of our study is to estimate the global prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) and explore the factors of PIM for older patients with dementia. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science databases to identify eligible studies from inception to 16 June 2023. We conducted a meta-analysis for observational studies reporting the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication and polypharmacy in older patients with dementia using a random-effect model. The factors associated with PIM were meta-analyzed. Results: Overall, 62 eligible studies were included, of which 53 studies reported the prevalence of PIM and 28 studies reported the prevalence of polypharmacy. The pooled estimate of PIM and polypharmacy was 43% (95% CI 38-48) and 62% (95% CI 52-71), respectively. Sixteen studies referred to factors associated with PIM use, and 15 factors were further pooled. Polypharmacy (2.83, 95% CI 1.80-4.44), diabetes (1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.65), heart failure (1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.37), depression (1.45, 95% CI 1.14-1.88), history of cancer (1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32), hypertension (1.46, 95% CI 1.05-2.03), ischemic heart disease (1.55, 95% CI 0.77-3.12), any cardiovascular disease (1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.17), vascular dementia (1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.72), and psychosis (1.91, 95% CI 1.04-3.53) are positively associated with PIM use. Conclusion: PIM and polypharmacy were highly prevalent in older patients with dementia. Among different regions, the pooled estimate of PIM use and polypharmacy varied widely. Increasing PIM in older patients with dementia was closely associated with polypharmacy. For other comorbidities such as heart failure and diabetes, prescribing should be cautioned.

Polypharmacy and associated factors: a gender perspective in the elderly Spanish population (2011-2020)

Background: Few studies have examined the epidemiology of polypharmacy in non-institutionalized elderly adults with regard to sex differences. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of polypharmacy among people ≥65 years old residing in Spain, analyze trends in that prevalence from 2011/12 to 2020, describe the use of the medicines involved and study the possible relationship between polypharmacy and certain sociodemographic, health-related variables, as well as the use of care services by sex. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study with 21,841 non-institutionalized people ≥65 years old from the Spanish National Health Survey (2011/2012 and 2017) and the European Health Survey in Spain (2014 and 2020) was performed. We used descriptive statistics, performing two binary logistic regressions to determine the factors related to polypharmacy. Results: The prevalence of polypharmacy was 23.2% (women: 28.1%, men: 17.2%; p < 0.001). The most commonly consumed medicines were analgesics and tranquillizers, relaxants or sleeping pills in elderly women, compared with antihypertensives, antacids and antiulcer drugs and statins for elderly men. In both sexs, the positive predictors of polypharmacy included average, poor and very poor self-perceived states of health, people with overweight and obesity, being severely/non-severely limited due to a health problem, having ≥ three chronic conditions, visits to the family doctor and hospitalization. Among elderly women, negative predictors were alcohol intake, whereas in elderly men positive predictors were being 75-84 years old, being current smokers and having 1, 2 chronic conditions. Conclusion: Polypharmacy has a prevalence of 23.2%, with women accounting for 28.1% and men 17.2% of the total. Knowledge of positive and negative predictors of polypharmacy have important implications for public health efforts to develop or improve health guidelines and strategies for promoting the proper use of medication, particularly in the elderly population by sex.

Changes in Polypharmacy and Psychotropic Medication Use After Diagnosis of Major Neurocognitive Disorders: A Population-based Study in Québec, Canada

BACKGROUND

Older adults with major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) are often exposed to polypharmacy. We aimed to assess the prescribing and discontinuation patterns of medications following diagnosis of MNCD among community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

Using the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System, we conducted a population-based cohort study comparing 1-year prediagnosis and postdiagnosis use of medications between a group of individuals older than 65 years newly diagnosed with MNCD in 2016-2017 and a control group without MNCD. The difference-in-difference method was used to estimate the prediagnosis and postdiagnosis variation in the number of medications prescribed and in the proportion of psychotropic and anticholinergic medication users.

RESULTS

In the MNCD group, the mean number of medications used (excluding Alzheimer disease treatments) increased by 1.25 in the year after the diagnosis. The respective increase was 0.45 in the control group, yielding an adjusted difference-in-differences of 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.74; 0.87) between groups. The adjusted difference-in-differences in the proportions of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anticholinergic medication users was 13.2% (12.5; 13.9), 7.1% (6.5; 7.7), and 3.8% (3.1; 4.6), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The medication burden among older adults tends to increase in the year following a diagnosis of MNCD. The use of antipsychotics and antidepressants may explain a part of the observed increase.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Drug-Related Problems in People With Dementia Living in the Community: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this systematic review were to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with of drug-related problems (DRPs) in people living with dementia in the community.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

People with dementia living in the community.

METHODS

Six databases (Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, and CINAHL) were searched using a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms with 4 concepts: dementia, older adults, DRPs, and community-dwelling. Primary outcomes were adverse drug reactions (ADRs), adverse drug events (ADEs), and medication errors (MEs).

RESULTS

There were 22 studies included: 4 cross-sectional studies and 18 cohort studies. The number of participants in these studies ranged from 81 to 21,795. The pooled prevalence for any ADEs, including ADRs, in people living with dementia was 19.0% (95% CI 11.6%-27.7%), whereas the pooled prevalence for specific types of ADEs ranged from 2.6% to 10.2%. Furthermore, the prevalence of MEs ranged from 0.9% to 41.3%. Psychotropic medications, polypharmacy, and inappropriate medications contributed to an increased risk of experiencing DRPs, whereas support with medication management was a protective factor.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The prevalence of overall DRPs experienced by people with dementia was highly variable in included studies. Awareness that certain medication, patient, and medication management factors are associated with the risk of people with dementia experiencing DRPs may guide clinicians to identify high-risk situations and implement suitable mitigation strategies.

Polypharmacy Among People Living with Dementia — Israel and 24 Countries in European Union, 2015–2019

What is already known about this topic?

With a growing number of people living with dementia (PLWD), the practice of taking multiple medications to manage symptoms or comorbidities, i.e., polypharmacy, among PLWD has become a global health challenge.

What is added by this report?

In 2015-2019, polypharmacy for PLWD varied substantially among 25 studied countries, with approximately 1 in 5 Estonian PLWD and 4 in 5 Cypriot PLWD having polypharmacy. In addition, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, and the Czech Republic have experienced a significantly increasing trend in polypharmacy for PLWD.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Countries should pay special attention to polypharmacy and make efforts to control polypharmacy among PLWD, especially in countries where the trend of polypharmacy among PLWD has been increasing.

The value of deprescribing in older adults with dementia: a narrative review

Introduction:Mitigating the burden of unnecessary polypharmacy or multiple medication use in people living with dementia has been recognized as a key priority internationally. One approach to reducing inappropriate polypharmacy is through medication withdrawal or deprescribing.Area covered:Non-systematic searches of key databases including PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were conducted from inception to 28 February 2021 for articles that assessed the safety and/or efficacy of deprescribing in older adults living with dementia. Personal reference libraries were also utilized. Information on current clinical trials was found in clinicaltrial.gov.Expert Opinion: There is limited direct evidence to inform deprescribing in older adults with dementia specifically. This review identified nineteen studies that have assessed the impact of deprescribing interventions to reduce inappropriate polypharmacy or direct deprescribing of specific medications. However, the current evidence is limited in scope as most studies focused on medication-related outcomes (e.g. discontinuation of high-risk medications) rather than patient-centered outcomes in individuals living with dementia. Furthermore, most studies focused on addressing inappropriate polypharmacy in older adults with dementia living in long-term care facilities, and interventions did not involve the person and their carer. Further evidence on the impact of deprescribing in this population across clinical settings is needed.

Polypharmacy in chronic neurological diseases: Multiple sclerosis, dementia and Parkinson's disease

Polypharmacy is an important aspect of medication management and particularly affects elderly and chronically ill people. Patients with dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis (MS) are at high risk for multimedication due to their complex symptomatology. Our aim was to provide an overview of different definitions of polypharmacy and to present the current state of research on polypharmacy in patients with dementia, PD or MS. The most common definition of polypharmacy in the literature is the concomitant use of ≥5 medications (quantitative definition approach). Polypharmacy rates of up to >50% have been reported for patients with dementia, PD or MS, although MS patients are on average significantly younger than those with dementia or PD. The main predictor of polypharmacy is the complex symptom profile of these neurological disorders. Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM), drug-drug interactions, poor treatment adherence, severe disease course, cognitive impairment, hospitalisation, poor quality of life, frailty and mortality have been associated with polypharmacy in patients with dementia, PD or MS. For patients with polypharmacy, either the avoidance of PIM (selective deprescribing) or the substitution of PIM with more suitable drugs (appropriate polypharmacy) is recommended to achieve a more effective therapeutic management.

Polypharmacy and the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

INTRODUCTION

The renal hazard of polypharmacy has never been evaluated in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to analyze the renal hazard of polypharmacy in predialysis CKD patients with stage 1-5.

METHOD

The data of 2,238 patients from a large-scale multicenter prospective Korean study (2011-2016), excluding 325 patients with various missing data, were reviewed. Polypharmacy was defined as taking 6 or more medications at the time of enrollment; renal events were defined as a ≥50% decrease in kidney function from baseline values, doubling of the serum creatinine levels, or initiation of renal replacement treatment. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 1,913 patients, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 53.6 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean medication count was 4.1, and the prevalence of polypharmacy was 27.1%. During the average period of 3.6 years, 520 patients developed renal events (27.2%). Although increased medication counts were associated with increased renal hazard with HR (95% CI) of 1.056 (1.007-1.107, p = 0.025), even after adjusting for various confounders, adding comorbidity score and kidney function nullified the statistical significance. In mediation analysis, 55.6% (p = 0.016) of renal hazard in increased medication counts was mediated by the kidney function, and there was no direct effect of medication counts on renal event development. In subgroup analysis, the renal hazard of the medication counts was evident only in stage 1-3 of CKD patients (p for interaction = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

We cannot identify the direct renal hazard of multiple medications, and most of the potential renal hazard was derived from intimate relationship with disease burden and kidney function.

Sex differences in multimorbidity and polypharmacy trends: A repeated cross-sectional study of older adults in Ontario, Canada

Background

Multimorbidity is increasing among older adults, but the impact of these recent trends on the extent and complexity of polypharmacy and possible variation by sex remains unknown. We examined sex differences in multimorbidity, polypharmacy (5+ medications) and hyper-polypharmacy (10+ medications) in 2003 vs 2016, and the interactive associations between age, multimorbidity level, and time on polypharmacy measures.

Methods and findings

We employed a repeated cross-sectional study design with linked health administrative databases for all persons aged ≥66 years eligible for health insurance in Ontario, Canada at the two index dates. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted; models included interaction terms between age, multimorbidity level, and time period to estimate polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy probabilities, risk differences and risk ratios for 2016 vs 2003. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy increased significantly over the 13 years. At both index dates prevalence estimates for all three were higher in women, but a greater absolute increase in polypharmacy over time was observed in men (6.6% [from 55.7% to 62.3%] vs 0.9% [64.2%-65.1%] for women) though absolute increases in multimorbidity were similar for men and women (6.9% [72.5%-79.4%] vs 6.2% [75.9%-82.1%], respectively). Model findings showed that polypharmacy decreased over time among women aged < 90 years (especially for younger ages and those with fewer conditions), whereas it increased among men at all ages and multimorbidity levels (with larger absolute increases typically at older ages and among those with 4 or fewer conditions).

Conclusions

There are sex and age differences in the impact of increasing chronic disease burden on changes in measures of multiple medication use among older adults. Though the drivers and health consequences of these trends warrant further investigation, the findings support the heterogeneity and complexity in the evolving association between multimorbidity and polypharmacy measures in older populations.

Declining Use of Potentially Inappropriate Medication in People with Dementia from 2000 to 2015: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Nationwide Register-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Studies have shown declining use of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM), medication where risks associated with use outweigh potential benefits in older people. However, the trend in people with dementia remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that the use of PIM has decreased in people with dementia in line with the declining use in the general older population.

METHODS

Repeated cross-sectional register-based study of the entire Danish population aged ≥65 years (2000: N = 802,106; 2015: N = 1,056,476). PIM was identified using the Danish "Red-yellow-green list". Changes in the use of PIM were examined by calculating the annual prevalence of filling prescriptions for at least one PIM in older people with and without dementia. Characteristics of the study population were examined annually including comorbidity.

RESULTS

From 2000 to 2015, the prevalence of PIM use decreased from 54.7%to 43.5%in people with dementia and from 39.5%to 28.8%in people without dementia; the decrease was significant across all age groups and remained so in a sensitivity analysis where antipsychotics were removed. During the same period, comorbidity scores increased in people with and without dementia.

CONCLUSION

The declining use of PIM in people with dementia from 2000 to 2015 parallels the trend in the general older population. The use of PIM decreased despite increasing levels of comorbidity and was not solely attributable to the decreasing use of antipsychotics in people with dementia. However, PIM use remained more widespread in people with dementia who may be more vulnerable to the risks associated with PIM.

Impact of the Goal-directed Medication Review Electronic Decision Support System on Drug Burden Index: A cluster-randomised clinical trial in primary care

AIMS

The Goal-directed Medication Review Electronic Decision Support System (G-MEDSS) assesses and reports a patient's goals, attitudes to deprescribing and Drug Burden Index (DBI) score, a measure of cumulative exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications. This study evaluated the effect of implementing G-MEDSS in home medicines reviews (HMRs) on DBI exposure and clinical outcomes.

METHODS

A cluster-randomised clinical trial was performed across Australia. Accredited clinical pharmacists were randomised into intervention (G-MEDSS with usual care HMR) or comparison groups (usual care HMR alone). Patients were recruited by pharmacists from those routinely referred by general practitioners for HMR. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with any reduction in DBI at 3-months follow-up. Secondary outcomes included change in DBI continuous score at 3-months, HMR recommendations to change DBI and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

There were 201 patient participants at baseline (n = 88 intervention, n = 113 comparison), with 159 followed-up at 3-months (n = 63 intervention, n = 96 comparison). The proportion of patients with a reduction in DBI was not significantly different at 3-months (intervention 17%, comparison 11%; adjusted odds ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 0.56-3.80). Regarding secondary outcomes, there was no difference in change in DBI score at 3-months. However, the HMR report made recommendations to reduce DBI for a significantly greater proportion of patients in the intervention than in the comparison group (intervention 37%, comparison 14%; adjusted odds ratio 3.20, 95% confidence interval 1.50-6.90). No changes were observed in clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Implementation of G-MEDSS within HMR did not reduce patients' DBI at 3 months compared with usual care HMR.

A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Dementia is one of the most common disorders and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. The present guideline addresses important medical management issues including systematic medical follow-up, vascular risk factors in dementia, pain in dementia, use of antipsychotics in dementia and epilepsy in dementia.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was carried out. Based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, we developed a guideline. Where recommendations based on GRADE were not possible, a good practice statement was formulated.

RESULTS

Systematic management of vascular risk factors should be performed in patients with mild to moderate dementia as prevention of cerebrovascular pathology may impact on the progression of dementia (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia (without previous stroke) and atrial fibrillation should be treated with anticoagulants (weak recommendation). Discontinuation of opioids should be considered in certain individuals with dementia (e.g. for whom there are no signs or symptoms of pain or no clear indication, or suspicion of side effects; Good Practice statement). Behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia should not be treated with mild analgesics (weak recommendation). In all patients with dementia treated with opioids, assessment of the individual risk-benefit ratio should be performed at regular intervals. Regular, preplanned medical follow-up should be offered to all patients with dementia. The setting will depend on the organization of local health services and should, as a minimum, include general practitioners with easy access to dementia specialists (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia and agitation and/or aggression should be treated with atypical antipsychotics only after all non-pharmacological measures have been proven to be without benefit or in the case of severe self-harm or harm to others (weak recommendation). Antipsychotics should be discontinued after cessation of behavioral disturbances and in patients in whom there are side effects (Good Practice statement). For treatment of epilepsy in individuals with dementia, newer anticonvulsants should be considered as first-line therapy (Good Practice statement).

CONCLUSION

This GRADE-based guideline offers recommendations on several important medical issues in patients with dementia, and thus adds important guidance for clinicians. For some issues, very little or no evidence was identified, highlighting the importance of further studies within these areas.

Potentially inappropriate medication in older participants of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) - Sex differences and associations with morbidity and medication use

Introduction

Multimorbidity in advanced age and the need for drug treatment may lead to polypharmacy, while pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes may increase the risk of adverse drug events (ADEs).

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of subjects using potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in a cohort of older and predominantly healthy adults in relation to polypharmacy and morbidity.

Methods

Cross-sectional data were available from 1,382 study participants (median age 69 years, IQR 67–71, 51.3% females) of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). PIM was classified according to the EU(7)-PIM and German PRISCUS (representing a subset of the former) list. Polypharmacy was defined as the concomitant use of at least five drugs. A morbidity index (MI) largely based on the Charlson Index was applied to evaluate the morbidity burden.

Results

Overall, 24.1% of the participants were affected by polypharmacy. On average, men used 2 (IQR 1–4) and women 3 drugs (IQR 1–5). According to PRISCUS and EU(7)-PIM, 5.9% and 22.6% of participants received at least one PIM, while use was significantly more prevalent in females (25.5%) compared to males (19.6%) considering EU(7)-PIM (p = 0.01). In addition, morbidity in males receiving PIM according to EU(7)-PIM was higher (median MI 1, IQR 1–3) compared to males without PIM use (median MI 1, IQR 0–2, p<0.001).

Conclusion

PIM use occurred more frequently in women than in men, while it was associated with higher morbidity in males. As expected, EU(7)-PIM identifies more subjects as PIM users than the PRISCUS list but further studies are needed to investigate the differential impact of both lists on ADEs and outcome.

Key points

We found PIM use to be associated with a higher number of regular medications and with increased morbidity. Additionally, we detected a higher prevalence of PIM use in females compared to males, suggesting that women and people needing intensive drug treatment are patient groups, who are particularly affected by PIM use.